• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.14.2-15
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• 1982

Serous otitis media (SOM) is one of the most common otologic diseases which was first discribed by Politzer in 1869. Currentely, among many methods introduced to treat SOM, ventilation tube insertion is considered to be the most popular and standard method being used. However due to complication of it, there remains many disputable various problems. In order to review the clinical aspect of SOM and search for the effects and safety of ventilation tube, we studied 97 SOM patients, who had performed V-tube from Jan. 1981 to Feb. 1982 at ENT dept. of Severance Hospital. Analizing the clinical symptoms, age distribution, associated disease, otoscopic findings of ear drum, degree of hearing loss, hearing gain after insertion of V-tube and complications, following results were obtained. 1) As a subjective symptom, among 29 cases all patients had hearing loss, 19 cases (65.6%) had tinnitus, 12 cases (44.4%) had autophony and 10 cases (34.5%) of the patients had sensation of ear fullness. 2) In age distribution, 6 to 10 year old group was most numerous up to 42 cases (43.3%) and 20 years and over was 23 cases (23.5%) 3) In adult group SOM tend to be involved unilaterally whereas young child group had tendency involving bilaterally. 4) 49 cases (50.05%) were associated with tonsillitis and adenoid vegetation, 15 cases (15.5%) were associated with sinusitis, 4 cases (4.1%) had nasal allergy. 5) In preoperative otoscopic findings, 62 ears (47.7%) had retraction, 37 ears (23.6%) had bulging, 34 ears (21.7%) had color change, and 29 ears (19.7%) had no significant findings. 6) In characteristics of middle ear fluid, child group was tend to have mucinous content (84.2%) while adult group had serous content (62.5%). 7) Average preoperative air-bone gap of pure tone was 25.3 dB. 8) 24 ears (72.7%) had over 10 dB of postoperative hearing gain and average hearing gain was 17.2 dB. 9) There were 44 ears (28.1%) of complications. Among them 37 ears (23.6%) had infection, 3 ears had atelectasis, 2 ears had granulation tissue, 2 ears had permanent perforations. 10) Among 37 ears suffered from post-op. infection, 19 ears (51.4%) had initial infection just after insertion of ventilation tube, 18 ears (48.6%) were infected during the course of post-ventilation tube. Of 37 infected ears, 26 ears (70.3%) responded to conservative care, while 11 ears (29.7%) was cured after removal of ventilation tube.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.17.1-17
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• 1982

In 1965, Rosenberg reported that platinum compounds not only inhibit growth and cell division of E. coli but also has anti-tumor activity. Since then, through animal and clinical experiments by Welsch(1971), Speer(1972), Rossof(1972), Hill(1974), and Wittes(1975), it was proved that Cis-platinum has excellent supressive effects on malignant tumor, especially on head and neck cancer. Accordingly, Cis-platinum is now widely used, sometimes without any other durg, or sometimes with Bleomycin and Methotrexate etc. Inspite of the strong anticancer effect, the use of Cis-platinum is quite often discouraged because of the reports that Cis-platinum causes auditory impairment at high frequencies above the speech range due to inner ear damage and irreversible change in the renal tubules. Since Kohonen et al(1965), Standnicki et al(1974) reported that Cisplatinum has toxic effects at the basal turn of the cochlea using guinea pig, many studies on ototoxicity after infusion of Cis-platinum have been carried out using animals. But the studies on ototoxicity in human beings can hardly be found except in reports by Piel et al(1974) and Hong et al (1979). So the authors did a study which tried to clarify the ototoxic effect by comparing the hearing level after infusion of Cis-plastinum with the hearing level before infusion of Cis-plastinum in 30 patients who was treated with Cis-platinum and admitted to the dept. of otolaryngology of Yonsei University Hospital during 2 years and a half from July. 1979 to March. 1982 and the following results were obtained. 1) The results of auditory evaluation, using the pure tone average, hearing loss of 4kHz and 8kHz, Speech Reception Threshold, PB score, SISI showed that the difference of dosage does not change the hearing level after infusion of Cis-platinum and before infusion of Cis-platinum. 2) Cis-platinum had no effect on the hearing level of patients with conductive hearing loss, or with sensorineural hearing loss, as well as with normal hearing level. 3) The infusion of Cis-platinum did not cause any change in creatinine clearance, creatinine, uric acid, but only one case showed that Cis-platinum caused severe nephrotoxicity. 4) The infusion of Cis-plastinum did not cause any change in hemoglobin, leukocyte count, platelet count and there was no correlation with the amount of infusion. 5) To see the side effect of hydration practiced with the infusion of Cis-platinum, the electrolytes, particularly the K level in the serum was measured. But the results did not show any change. 6) Judging from the results of this study mentioned above, ototoxicity caused by infusion of Cis-platinum can be prevented by sufficient hydration. Also the results might say that the appropriate method of infusion of Cis-platinum might be effective in the patients with head and neck cancer who had sensorineural hearing loss for whom the infusion of Cis-platinum has been absolutely cotraindicated.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.13.2-14
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• 1982

Otitis media with effusion, described first by Politzer (1867), is closely related with the function of auditory tube, but its etiology and pathogenesis are not clearly defined yet. There are many theories about its pathogenesis including hydrops ex vacuo theory which was most reliable nowadays. In this paper, using cats in experimental animals, hydrops ex vacuo theory was proved and cytological study of the effusion and light microscopic observation of the middle ear mucosa in otitis media with effusion were done. The results were as follows: 1) The effusion was found in all experimental groups after eighteen hours of the auditory tube obstruction. 2) In the cytological study of effusion by smear technic, Polymorpholeukocytes were dominant in earlier days but monoculear cells were soon increased and no eosinophils were found. 3) In the culture of the effusion, no bacteria was cultured. 4) By opeating microscope, hypertrophy of the middle ear mucosa observed especially in the fourteen days after auditory tube obstruction and effusion was most remarkable in the fourteen days, also. 5) By light microscopy, there were epithelial hyperplasia, proliferation of goblet cells, capillaries and infiltration of inflammatory cells which showed same distribution as smear technic.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.6.1-6
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• 1982

Papilloma is the common benign tumor of the larynx and the incidence of its malignant change was variable. The authors recently experienced 2 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx which were considered to be transformed from laryngeal papilloma. Case 1. A 58 year old male patient visited O.P.D. of Department of Otolaryngology of Busan National University Hospital, because of hoarseness for 3 years on May 13th, 1980. At that time, local finding of indirect laryngoscopy revealed whitish hypertrophic papillomatous mass on both vocal cords and anterior commissure, and dirty gray white pseudomembrane on left aryepiglottic fold, and the result of biopsy was squamous cell papilloma. So the laryngeal papilloma was removed under suspension laryngoscopy and then he had no specific treatment in spite of being recommended 5-FU topical spray. On March 5th, 1981, he visited O.P.D. again because of progressive exacerbation of hoarseness with mild dyspnea and histopathological finding was revealed squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Seven days later from that day, he visited emergency room due to severe dyspnea, and emergency tracheostomy was performed on sitting position. On April 7th 1981, total laryngectomy was performed successfully and postoperative irradiation therapy was recommended. Case 2. A 47 year old male patient visited our O.P.D. because of hoarseness for 5 years on Sep. 27, 1978. At that time, local finding of indirect laryngoscopy revealed papillomatous mass on left vocal cord and left ventricle and result of biopsy was squamous cell papilloma. So he had been treated with 11 times removal of papilloma, topical spray of 5-Fu and estrogen for 3 years, but the papilloma had been recurred. On Sep. 9th, 1981, he visited O.P.D. because of severe dyspnea and emergency tracheostomy and biopsy was performed. The result of biopsy was squamous cell carcinoma of larynx and total laryngectomy was performed successfully.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.11.2-12
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• 1982

The major advancement in phonosurgery due to recent development of laryngomicrosurgery enabled more accurate diagnosis and treatment of patient with voice disorders. Among large proportion of voice disordered patients, prominent linear furrow running parallel along the free edge of vocal cord extending from the vocal process to anterior commissure can be seen as well as incomplete closure during phonation. These cases were illustrated and coined as sulcus vocalis by Salvi in 1901, since then other similar paper was reported in Europe and Japan, but has not been reported in Korea. The exact etiology and therapeutic methods of sulcus vocalis has not been elaborated. At Department of Otolaryngology of Yonsei University College of Medicine a series of voice analysis were performed among those 35 patients with sulcus vocalis visited to Vocal Dynamics Laboratory from May, 1981 to March, 1982. Following is the result of clinical statistical investgation and therapeutic modality. 1) The incidance of sulcus vocalis among 290 patients with voice disorder visited to Vocal Dynamics Laboratory was approximately 12%(35 cases). 2) Onset of this voice disorder was most frequent among patient under 10 year-old groups; 19 cases (54%) followed by second decade, third decade groups in decreasing frequency respectably. 3) The etiology of sulcus vocalis was mostly unknown. The sequelae after measle (4 cases) and severe upper respiratory infection (3 cases) and congenital deformity (2 cases) were the possible causes of sulcus vocalis. 4) These patients were involved bilaterally in 25 cases (71%), left side only in 8 cases (23%) and right side only in 2 cases (6%). 5) Almost all patients complained hoarseness and 7 patients were suffering from chronic laryngitis. 6) In aerodynamic analysis, Maximal Phonation Time was decreased in 20 cases (57%), Phonation Quotient was increased in 22 cases (63%) and Mean Air Flow Rate was increased in 23 cases (66%). 7) Among them, 33 cases were analyzed with stroboscopy. The findings were as follows; incomplete glottic closure during phonation in 31 cases (93%), regular vocal cord movement in whole cases, asymmetric cord movement in 4 cases (12%), decreased amplitude in 5 cases (21%) and small mucosal wave in 24 cases (73%). 8) Intracordal Teflon injection in 5 cases and Sulcusectomy in 1 cases were performed as therapeutic management, however, the therapeutic results were not effective except one case with Teflon injection.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.10.1-10
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• 1982

The use of phonosurgery in the recent development of laryngomicrosurgery has enabled the restoration of a normal voice in respect to functional laryngeal surgery which in Korea in the past limited to simple removal of benign laryngeal tumor such as laryngeal polyp or nodules and cordal injection of $Teflon^{{\circledR}}$ for the treatment of recurrent nerve paralysis under the vision of suspension laryngoscopy. Performance of phonosurgery for the treatment of cord paralysis, mutational dysphonia, vocal cord atrophy, hyperkinetic dysphonia and sulcus vocalis is a happy event in the view point of development of phonosurgery in Korea. In this aspect thyroplasty to change the position and physical characteristics of the cord outside the glottis instead of the direct handling of the vocal cord through direct endoscopy is popular. Among the 4 types of thyroplasty, classified by Insshiki(1974), type I thyroplasty(1ateral compression of vocal cord) and type IV thyroplasty(lengthening of vocal cord) were effective in the treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Advantages of this operation are the fine adjustment of the degree of lateral compression under local anesthesia according to the phonation of the patient during operation and avoidance of dyspnea and intralaryngeal hemorrhage due to the manipulation outside the internal perichondrium of the thyroid cartilage. We did 7 cases of thyroplasty for the treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis in the 7 months from September 1981 to March 1982. Before the operation aerodynamic study, psychoacoustical evaluation, stroboscopy and sound spectrographic analysis were done. Two months after the operation the above procedures were performed again. Results of preoperative and postoperative examination were compared and the following results were obtained. 1) In the aerodynamic study, maximum phonation time increased to 158% of the preoperative value and the phonation quotient and the mean flow rate decreased to 58% and 54% of preoperative values. 2) The degree of hoarseness improved in the psychoacoustical evaluation and the glottic chink during phonation was decreased in the stroboscopic examiantion. 3) In the sound spectrographic analysis, periodicity was much restored and noise distribution decreased especially in the high frequency area.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.10-10
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• 2012

독일의 와인 생산지는 라인 강과 그의 지류를 따라 대개 서남쪽에 산재해 있다. 독일은 102,000 헥타르(2005년, 전 세계 포도밭의 1.3%)의 포도밭을 가지고 있으며, 매년 약 915만 3천 헥토리터(2005년, 전 세계 생산량의 3.24%)의 와인을 생산하고 있다. 이는 독일이 포도 재배면적으로는 세계 13번째 국가이며, 와인 생산량으로는 세계 8위를 나타내는 수치이다. 독일은 원래 화이트와인의 나라였으나, 레드와인의 생산이 1990년대와 2000년대에 급속히 증가하였다. 현재(2011년) 독일 포도밭의 64%가 화이트와인을 위해 경작되고 있으며, 36%가 레드와인을 위해 경작되고 있다. 화이트와인을 위한 주요품종이 리슬링(Riesling, 22%), 레드와인을 위한 주요품종은 쉬페트부르군더(Sp$\ddot{a}$tburgunder, Pinot Noir, 11.5%)로 알려져 있다. 독일은 다양한 형태의 와인을 생산한다. 드라이(dry), 세미스위트(semi-sweet)와 스위트한 화이트와인들(sweet white wines), 로제와인, 레드와인과 발포성 와인인 젝트(Sekt, 독일형 샴페인)이다. 독일 포도밭의 위치가 북쪽이므로, 독일은 유럽의 다른 나라와는 전혀 다른 다수의 훌륭한 품질의 와인을 생산한다. 오늘날 독일의 포도재배는 1세기에서 4세기쯤의 고대 로마시대부터 시작된 것으로 알려져 있다. 카롤루스 대제(Carolus Magnus, 747/748-814)의 시대 전에 독일의 포도재배는 비록 독점적이지는 않았으나 라인의 서부지역에서 주로 경작되었다. 카롤루스 대제는 포도재배를 라인가우에 보급한 것으로 추측되고 있다. 1787년에 아우스레제(Auslese)로 시작한 수확된 성숙도에 기반을 둔 와인의 후속 분류는 품질보증 고급와인 체계의 초석을 놓았다. 대부분의 현재 독일 와인법은 1971년에 도입되었으며, 그 이후 사용되어온 바와 같이 품질보증 고급와인의 이름이 정의되었다. 독일와인 지역은 세계에서 가장 북쪽인 북위 $50^{\circ}$도 부근에 위치한다. 북쪽의 기후이기 때문에 적합한 포도 품종에 대한 연구가 되어왔으며, 가이젠하임 포도 육종 연구소에서 뮐러-투르가우와 같은 많은 교배종이 개발되어 왔다. 최근에 지역 및 국제 수요가 높은 품질의 와인을 요구함으로서 리슬링의 재배가 증가해 왔다. 와인은 모두 자주 산맥으로 보호된 주로 라인 강과 그 지류인 강 주변에서 생산된다. 강들은 온도를 조절하는 충분한 미기후 효과를 갖는다. 토양은 태양의 열을 흡수해서 그것을 밤에 보존하는 점판암이다. 독일 와인산업은 다수의 작은 포도밭 소유자로 이루어져 있다. 1989/90년에 서부독일에 76,683개의 크고 작은 기업이 있었으나, 1999년에는 68,598로 줄어들었으며, 2010년도의 조사에 의하면 48,009개의 기업이 조업 중인 것으로 나타났다. 그들 자신의 와인을 팔지 않거나 상업화할 수 없는 더 작은 포도 재배자는 여러 가지 선택이 가능하다. 즉 포도를 팔거나, 와인-생산 조합의 기본 와인으로서 그것을 사용하는 와인제조 회사에게 대량으로 와인을 판다. 정말로 좋은 장소에 포도밭을 가진 사람들도 포도밭을 전체적으로 경작하기를 원하는 대량 생산자들에게 빌려주는 선택을 할 수 있다. 2010년에 각각 5ha 이상을 지닌 5,974개의 포도밭 소유자가 독일 전 포도밭 면적의 70.3%를 소유하며, 생업 와인생산자와 기업이 여기에 속한다. 그러나 그들 자신의 포도밭을 지닌 진정으로 큰 와인 양조장은 독일에서는 희귀하다. 2007년의 고에 묘 와인가이드(Gault & Millau Weinguide)에 의한 독일에서 가장 좋은 것으로 생각되는 10개의 와인 양조장 중에 10개가 10.2-19ha의 포도밭, 하나(Weingut Robert Weil, 산토리 소유)가 75ha의 포도밭을 소유하였다. 이것은 대부분의 높은 순위의 독일 와인 양조장 각각 매년 약 100,000병의 와인을 생산한다는 것을 의미한다. 가장 큰 포도밭 소유자는 헤센의 주 와인 양조장(Hessische Staatsweing$\ddot{u}$ter)으로 헤센의 연방주에 의한 소유이며, 200ha의 포도밭을 지니고, 3개의 별도 와인 양조장에서 제조된다. 가장 큰 개인이 소유한 와인 양조장은 팔츠에 있는 85.5ha를 지닌 독토르 뷔르클린-볼프(Weingut Dr. B$\ddot{u}$rklin-Wolf)이다. 2009년도의 독일에서 총 와인 생산량은 910만 헥토리터였으며, 그중에 206만 8천 헥토리터를 수출하였다. 그러나 그해에 총 수입와인 양은 1,266만2천 헥토리터였다.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1379-1385
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• 2007

In domestic transitional zone design, there is regulation to prevent generation of irregular substructure behaviors that negatively influence in prevention of plasticity settlement on approach section and contact section as well as relieve overall track rigidity by reducing sectional foundation and track stiffness difference, but design guideline that considers dynamic behavior of transitional track in actual service line is very insignificant. Therefore in this study, characteristics of transitional track dynamic behaviors by substructure stiffness are researched and measured dynamic response of transitional track by substructure stiffness in order to prove correlation between substructure and track and calculate elasticity(stiffness) and track load of transitional track by using measurement and formula to provide basic information for developing design guideline considering dynamic behavior of service line transitional track.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.517-528
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• 2007

Domestic or international existing researches regarding rail damage factors are focused on laying, vehicle conditions, driving speed and driving habits and overlook characteristics of track structure (elasticity, maintenance etc). Also in ballast track, as there is no special lateral spring stiffness of track also called as ballast lateral resistance in concrete track, generally, existing study shows concrete track has 2 time shorter life cycle for rail replacement than ballast track due to abrasion. As a result of domestic concrete track design and operation performance review, concrete track elasticity is lower than track elasticity of ballast track resulting higher damage on rail and tracks. Generally, concrete track has advantage in track elasticity adjustment than ballast track and in case of Europe, in concrete track design, it is recommended to have same or higher performance range of vertical elastic stiffness of ballast track but domestically or internationally review on lateral spring stiffness of track is very minimal. Therefore, through analysis of service line track on site measurement and analysis on performance of maintenance, in this research, dynamic characteristic behaviors of commonly used ballast and concrete track are studied to infer elasticity of service line track and experimentally prove effects of track lateral spring stiffness that influence curved rail damage as well as correlation between track elasticity by track system and rail damage to propose importance of appropriate elastic stiffness level for concrete and ballast track.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1141-1151
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• 2007

In this paper through Honam high-speed railroad which is planned with the north and south axis, we will verify the feasibility of the coordinate conversion using railroad control points after regarding current planned-railroad as the linear central axises. From analysis, distortion of Y axis varies 21cm to 40cm diminishing to a gentle straight line, distortion of X axis varies 14cm to 29cm. Through a revision, the deviation value between the coordinates were 6mm to 9mm and it satisfied the allowable error of national geographic information institute which is following ITRF (International Terrestrial Reference Frame) and cadastral boundary survey(10cm). consequently the coordinate conversion is possible using railroad control points as common control points.