• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2006

Objectives: This article reported three patients developed anterior open bite seemed to be related to TMJ anterior disc dislocation without reduction(ADD WO R), but no evidence of condylar destructive or collapse and analyzed the craniofacial skeletal structure by means of cephalometric analysis. Results: All patients suddenly developed a centric relation/centric occlusion discrepancy, an increased overjet and an anterior open bite following ADD WO R. All patients had Angle's Class I occlusion and shallow bite, but they had skeletally Class III and Class II pattern and all were vertically significant hyperdivergent type. Conclusions: These 3 patients had characteristics of common facial morphology including:(1)Angle classification Class I and shallow bite,(2)high mandibular plane angle,(3)high gonial angle. Developed anterior open bite resulted from clockwise rotation of the mandible related TMJ ADD WO R, rather than a result from the eruption of posterior teeth. We hypothesize rotation may relate to attached direction of masticatory muscle.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.675-681
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• 2005

The Horseshoe appliance was introduced by Dr. Schwarz, and it is used to correct sagittal relationships by elastic force in class III malocclusion. It minimizes the increment of lower anterior facial height and allows the mandible to be repositioned harmoniously with the soft tissue and muscle matrix of the jaw It has the advantages of better patient cooperation, easier construction, and more effective modification. In the patients who were treated with Horseshoe appliance, forward growth of maxilla and counterclockwise rotation of occlusal plane with labioversion of maxillary incisors and linguoversion of mandibular incisors were obtained. Minimum downward and backward rotation of mandible was accepted, so increasing of lower anterior facial height was minimized.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.245-259
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• 2007

Improvements in jaw relationship through clockwise rotation of the mandible may be desirable in some Class III patients with short low facial height. The aim of this study was to examine the treatment effect of face mask for Class III malocclusion patients according to their low facial morphology. Methods: Class III patients in their pubertal growth period were divided into two groups (Group 1, high LFH; Group 2, low LFH) according to lower facial height (LFH) by Ricketts (norm, 47). treatment changes between groups after face mask treatment was compared not only for hard tissue but also for soft tissue. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups for the skeletal and soft tissues of the maxilla. There were no significant differences between the two groups for the skeletal posterior movement of the mandible, but posterior movement of the mandibular soft tissues in group 2 was larger than group 1. There were no significant differences between the two groups for the vertical hard tissue proportion changes of the mandible, but the vertical soft tissue proportion changes of the mandible in group 2 was larger than group 1. There was a significant correlation between the sagittal hard tissue and soft tissue changes of the maxilla and mandible, but there was no significant difference in the vertical changes. Conclusion: The clockwise rotation of the mandible occurred from use of the face mask, and posterior movement of soft tissues of the mandible was higher in Cl III patients with low LFH than with high LFH.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.323-330
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• 1999

It is well recognized that a cross-bite tends to occur more frequently among Japanese, Chinese and Koreans more than among Europeans. A variety of functional appliances have already invented for the treatment of cross-bites. One of them is the FR III(by Rolf $Fr\ddot{a}nkel$) which applies a quite different philosophy based on the using vestibular region compared with other methods which utilize muscular forces applied directly on the teeth. The FR III also increases both the lack of muscular tension against the dental arch and the dentition and muscular forces which can then influence the teeth indirectly. This mechanism can achieve favorable developments with the basal bone, teeth, and alveolar bone. After using FR III to the anterior cross-bite patient with the eruption of a maxillary incisor the results were as follows: 1. Forward growth of maxilla and proclination of the upper incisor 2. Downward and backward rotation of the mandible 3. Increase the facial height 4. The case which was normal mandible, underdevelopmental maxilla, deeper overbite and more nagative overjet exhibited good prognosis

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.306-313
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• 2012

Class III malocclusion or anterior crossbite is commonly seen in Asian. This problem is easily recognized by dentists and parents. During the primary dentition period, anterior crossbite with functional shift and deep overbite could develop to skeletal protrusive mandible. So, early and proper diagnosis of anterior crossbite which needs prompt treatment is important. These cases showed the early management of crossbite with functional shift in primary dentition using intraoral removable appliance resulting in improvement of intermaxillary relationship. And I analyzed the positional change and the dimensional change during treatment with lateral cephalometric x-ray analysis. Our patients showed vertical dimensional change of lower anterior facial height and clockwise rotation which results crossbite correction in 1 year of treatment period.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.267-279
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• 1996

This study was investigated the changes during treatment and retention period in the Class III malocclusion patients and explored the correlationship between factors that showed relapse tendencies and pre-treatment skeletal pattern and the changes during treatment period. Numbers of total sample were 24 and their Hellman's dental age at the start of treatment was over III B and were retained at least over 1 year 6 months. The following conclusion were obtained by comparing the differences between treatment period and retention period, and after analysing the correlationship of factors that manifested relapse tendencies. 1. The angles formed by FH plane and occlusal plane, FH plane and mandibular plane, and mandibular incisor and mandibular plane changes showed rebound effect during retention period and among them occlusal plane angle and IMPA show reverse correlationship. 2. Upward displacement of the occlusal plane at the end of treatment has returning tendency, is proportional to the displacement during treatment period, but the angle between maxillary and mandibular 1st molar to its basal bone have been constantlsy maintained during the retention period. 3. Mandibular plane decrease during retention period and downward backward rotation during treatment period show correlationship.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 2012

In case of treating the functional type of anterior cross bite, removing the cause in early stage prevents from turning to skeletal type, leads to perform normal function, and has improved facial appearance. Functional Regulator III (FR III), one kind of the Functional regulator(FR)s suggested by R$\ddot{o}$lf Fr$\ddot{a}$nkel in 1966, applied to patients with the functional and skeletal anterior crossbite in early mixed, and permanent dentition. This appliance improves unbalanced power condition by blocking abnormal muscle-power effect, so that normal growth can be expected. In this case report, favorable results were obtained by selecting clinical cases of children in their early mixed dentition with functional cross bite. 1. FR IIIs were applied to patients with anterior crossbite for 5~6 months. Anterior crossbite patients were corrected favorably, nevertheless they didn't show any horizontal skeletal-changes by buccal shields. 2. Normal occlusion and esthetic facial contour were achieved from dental movement of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth while the mandible rotates to posterior and inferior direction.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.652-661
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal and dental effects obtained by the Frankel functional regulator III in growing children with Class III malocclusions. Cephalometric changes in thirty children at the time of mixed dentition malocclusions (initial mean age, $7.9{\pm}1.1$ years; mean treatment duration, $1.5{\pm}0.8$ years) were analysed. The results were as follows : 1. The skeletal effects on the maxilla showed a significant downward displacement whereas forward displacement was not significant in comparison with the control group. 2. The skeletal effects on the mandible showed statistically significant backward and downward displacement. 3. The dental effects showed statistically significant backward movement in the mandibular incisor tip and increase of overjet The results suggested that forward displacement on the maxilla was insufficient and treatment effects were caused mainly by downward displacement of the maxilla, backward and downward rotation of the mandible, and the increase of overjet during short period.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.219-232
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate treatment effects of bionator in Class II division 1 malocclusion by FEM(Finite Element Method). The 73 subjects were classified into good result group and poor result group in reference to posttreatment molar relation, posttreatment overbite and overjet, posttreatment profile, and relapse. Pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were taken and FEM was performed. The results were as follow; 1. There was no statistical significance in treatment changes between the sexes, and between the treatment result groups. 2. Treatment changes were not significantly different among the age groups. 3. The effect of treatment period groups on skeletal and dentoalveolar changes were analyzed using ANOVA. Body of maxilla, upper incisor, anterior face, ramus, upper anterior face, lower anterior face and treatment effect were correlated with the treatment period, but correlation coefficients were low. 4. The results of present investigation confirm that Class II bionator can assist in the correction of Class II division 1 malocclusion, mainly due to dentoalveolar changes. 5. There is significant difference in skeletal and dentoalveolar pattern between good result group and poor result group. In poor result group, maxilla was relatively downward and backward rotated, mandible was relatively backward rotated, upper incisor was in relatively lingual position, lower incisor was in relatively labial position.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of facemask therapy and to compare the anchorage of a bonded expander in patients with Class III malocclusion and different vertical skeletal patterns. Twenty subjects with Class III malocclusion were included in this study and were treated with a facemask and bonded expander. Based on the FMA, subjects were divided into two groups of 10 patients each: a high vertical group (HV; mean FMA $33.56^{\circ}$) and an average vertical group (AV; mean FMA $24.88^{\circ}$). Lateral cephalograms were taken and evaluated before and after treatment. In both groups, forward movement of the maxilla and backward rotation of the mandible were observed after treatment, with no statistical differences between the groups. Vertical skeletal variables increased in both groups, but the increase of FMA was significantly larger in the HV group than the AV group. Mesial movement of maxillary molars and proclination of maxillary incisors which indicate anchorage loss of bonded expander were observed in both groups, with no significant differences between the groups. In conclusion, facemask therapy resulted in effective maxillary protraction in both HV and AV groups. However, the open bite tendency was increased more in the HV group.