• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.436-445
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• 1993

2단계하소법에 의해 낮은 하소온도에서 미세하고도 균일한 PZT분말을 합성하였다. 우선 Zr $O_{2}$와 Ti $O_{2}$ 혼합분말을 1차하소하여 (Z $r_{0.53}$ $Ti_{0.47}$) $O_{3}$(ZTO) 분말을 합성하고 이 ZTO 고용분말에 PbO와 N $b_{2}$ $O_{5}$을 혼합한 후 650-800.deg.C에서 2시간 하소하여 PZT 분말을 합성하였는데 얻어진 분말은 고상반응법에 비해 미세할 뿐만 아니라 XRD 분석결과 710.deg.C의 낮은 하소온도에서도 PZT 단일상을 나타내었다. 2단계하소법에 의해 하소온도를 낮출 수 있는 주된 이유로는 고상반응법에서는 중간생성물인 PbTi $O_{3}$상의 생성이 수반됨으로 850.deg.C 이상 되어야만 안전한 PZT가 생성될 수 있는 점을 들 수 있다. 또 2단계하소법에 의하면 950.deg.C이하의 낮은 소결온도에서도 치밀화가 미루어지는 소결이 가능함을 알 수 있었는데 이와같이 소결온도를 낮출 수 있는 것은 고상반응법에 비해 미세한 PZT 분말을 사용하였기 때문이라 풀이된다.이된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.323-323
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• 2008

Hydro-thermal 방법으로 만들어진 200nm, 300nm, 400nm, 500nm의 $BaTiO_3$를 800 ~ $1100^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 하소하여 하소온도에 따른 결정 구조, 비표면적, 입경의 크기를 조사하였다. 고유전율이면서 안정적 전기적 특성을 가지는 하이브리드 복합체를 만들기 위하여 에폭시와 경화제에 분말의 크기와 하소 온도를 달리한 $BaTiO_3$를 혼합하여 전기적 특성을 조사하였다. 연구 결과 분말의 크기에 의한 영향보다는 하소온도에 따른 영향이 크게 나타남을 볼 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과는 하소 온도가 증가할 수록 유전체 분말의 응집이 많이 발생하고 이를 에폭시와 혼합시 유전체 함량에 의한 영향보다는 체적비 영향을 크게 받아 나타난 결과로 예상된다.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.91-94
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• 2003

하소온도에 따른 (Zn/sub 0.8.Mg/sub 0.2/)TiO₃ 마이크로파 유전체 세라믹스의 소결거동과 마이크로파 유전특성의 변화를 연구하였다. 저온소결을 위하여 0.45 wt.％Bi₂O₃와 0.55wt.％V₂O/sub 5/를 첨가하였으며, 1000℃이하의 온도에서 소결하여 치밀한 소결체를 얻을 수 있었다. 800℃～1000℃의 범위의 여러 온도에서 하소를 하고 소결 전ㆍ후의 존재상과 미세구조의 분석을 통하여, 하소한 분말에 존재하는 미반응상 및 이차상이 최소화 될 때 높은 Q×f/sub o/값을 갖는 것을 알 수 있었다. 1000℃에서 하소한 후 900℃에서 소결했을 때, 주상이 Hexagonal이고 미세구조가 균일하였으며, 이때 Q×f/sub o/ = 42,000㎓, ε/sub r/ = 22를 나타냈다.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2005

Worldwide magnesium market has been considerably growing recently due to adoption as light materials for automobile engines and electronic devices such as mobile phones. In this study, it is to prepare magnesium oxide, which is the first-step product in smelting of magnesium from the ore, using magnesite of Yongyanag mines in North Korea as raw ores. MgO grade of the magnesite was about 45 wt%, and SiO$_2$, CaO, Al$_2O_3$ and Fe$_2O_3$ were contained as impurities. The sample ore was crushed, classified and thermally analyzed to determine its calcination temperature. The sample of 45-75 ${\mu}m$ size was calcined at 600-900$^{\circ}C$, and effect of temperature on calcination and change of the particle shape was investigated. Optimum temperature of the calcination was about 750$^{\circ}C$, and 30 minutes was sufficient to obtain over 99% conversion. The purity of the calcined MgO was about 95 wt%.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.234-239
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• 2002

The spinel was calcined at temperatures in the range of $1000^{\circ}C$ to $1300^{\circ}C$ with $100^{\circ}C$ interval to evaluate the effect of calcination temperature on mechanical properties of spinel-glass dental composites. Although the average particle size of spinel calcined at temperatures from $1000^{\circ}C$ to $1200^{\circ}C$ was within 2.8~3.0 $\mu\textrm{m}$, the spinel calcined at $1300^{\circ}C$ was 4.66 $\mu\textrm{m}$ due to abnormal grain growth. Shrinkage and pore size of the spinel preform decreased and increased, respectively, as calcination temperature increased, indicating that the calcination temperature was significant to the powder compaction and the densification of the composites as a result of particle size and distribution. The optimum strength and the fracture toughness of the composite calcined at $1200^{\circ}C$ were 284$\pm$40 MPa, 2.5$\pm$0.1 MPaㆍ$m^{1/2}$ respectively. Optical experimental results showed that transmittance of the spinel-glass composite in the visible region was twice higher than that of the alumina-glass composite, suggesting that the spinel-glass composites possessed better aesthetic properties for all-ceramic dental crown application.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.288-288
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• 2007

본 연구에서 내환원성 $BaTiO_3$의 PTCR(Positive Temperation Coefficient Resistance) 특성 및 미세구조에 대한 분쇄 및 출발 원료들의 하소 조건의 영향을 연구하였다. $BaCO_3$, $TiO_2$, $CeO_2$를 Attrition milling 하여 1차 혼합 및 분쇄한 후 건조하여 혼합분말을 얻었으며, $(Ba_{1-x}Ce_x)TiO_3$를 합성하기 위하여 $1000^{\circ}C{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$ 공기중에서 하소하였다. 각 하소온도에서 제조한 $(Ba_{1-x}Ce_x)TiO_3$에 첨가제를 2차 혼합하고 초미분쇄하여 분말을 제조하였다. 직경 5mm 의 시편을 제조하여 환원 및 재산화 분위기에서 소결을 한 후 상온저항값 및 R-T특성을 측정하였고 SEM 을 통해 미세구조를 관찰하였다. 또한 하소 후 온도에 따른 상분석을 XRD를 통하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 하소온도가 증가함에 따라 상온저항값은 감소하는 경황을 보였으며 PTC특성은 감소하다가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 초미분쇄에 따른 입자크기는 $1{\mu}m$이하로 작아졌으며 미립화가 됨에 따라 하소/소결온도에 앙향을 줄 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.749-754
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• 2001

마이크로파 추출 및 하소 공정을 통하여 카올린으로부터 베타 알루미나 전구체 및 베타 알루미나 분말을 합성하였다. 황산 알루미늄 및 가성소다의 혼합 용액을 교반되는 에탄올 용액 중에 적하시켜서 $Al_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$.17$H_2O$ 및 $Na_2$SO$_4$.10$H_2O$의 균일한 침전물을 얻었다. $\beta$- 및 $\beta$\"-Al$_2$O$_3$상으로 구성된 베타 알루미나를 얻기 위하여 재래식 및 마이크로파 하소법으로 주어진 온도에서 약 2h 동안 침전물 시료를 하소하였다. 재래식 하소된 시료에 비하여 마이크로파 하소된 시료는 $\beta$\"-Al$_2$O$_3$상이 상대적으로 많이 존재하였다. 또한, 재래식 하소된 시료와 마이크로파 하소된 시료의 미세구조는 매우 상이하였다. 매우 상이하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.432-440
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• 1996

ZrO2 gel was prepared under pH 10 alkaline condition by sol-gel process and was investigated as a function of calcination temperature and effect of calcination temperature on cobalt adsorption capacity. The ZrO2 powder prepared by sol-gel process was calcined at 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 140$0^{\circ}C$ and analyzed by X-ray diffractometry. SEM specific surface area by BET nitrogen adsorption FT-IR and TG-DTA technique. It was shown that cobalt adsorption capacity of ZrO2 prepared under pH 10 alkaline condition and then calcined at $600^{\circ}C$ in high temperature was determined to be larger than that of ZrO2 at various calcination temperature. The specific surface area of ZrO2 calcined at $600^{\circ}C$ was 24.03m2/g and cobalt adsorption capacity at 25$0^{\circ}C$ high-temperature water was 0.16m-eq/g.

• Composites Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.289-296
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• 2023

In this study, we investigated the electromagnetic properties and microwave absorption characteristics of M-type hexagonal ferrites, which are known as millimeter-wave absorbing materials, according to their calcination temperature. The M-type ferrites synthesized using a molten salt-based sol-gel method exhibited a single-phase M-type crystal structure at calcination temperatures above 850℃. The synthesized particle size increased as well with the calcination temperature. Saturation magnetization increased gradually with increasing calcination temperature, but coercivity reached a maximum at 1050℃ and then rapidly decreased. After preparing a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite containing 70 wt% of M-type ferrites, we measured the complex permittivity and permeability in the Q-band (33-50 GHz) and V-band (50-75 GHz) frequency ranges, where ferromagnetic resonance occurred. Strong magnetic loss from ferromagnetic resonance occurred in the 50 GHz band for all composite samples. Based on the measured results, we calculated the reflection loss of the TPU/M-type ferrite composite. By calculating the reflection loss of the M-type ferrite composite, the M-type ferrite calcined at 1250℃ showed excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance of more than -20 dB at 52 GHz with a thickness of about 0.5 mm.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.735-742
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• 2009

The bone of spinal animals has a hydroxylapatite ($Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$, HAp) structure which is well known as an excellent inorganic ion exchanger for various heavy metal ions in solutions. In this study, the reusability of cow-bone, pig-bone and fish-bone as a potential material for the removal of heavy metals in solutions was evaluated from the removal of Cu(II) ion in batch tests. The surface properties of three bones, calcined at different temperatures, were measured with SEM, XRD, FT-IR analyses. From the SEM analysis, a clear development of heterogeneity as well as pores having small diameter was observed as the calcination temperature increased. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis showed well developed crystallinity on the surface of calcined bones obtained at higher temperatures, suggesting a transform of amorphous type to crystalline type. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis showed disappearance of water molecule on the surface of HAp and organic functional groups of the HAp with increasing the calcination temperatures. Cu(II) removal in the control test was below 15%. By the way, additional 40% increase of Cu(II) removal was observed in the presence of calcined bones. For three bones, Cu(II) removal was decreased as the calcined temperature increased. Cu(II) removal was increased as the solution pH increased due to a favorable condition for the cation exchange as well as precipitation.