• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change of body shape and the patient alignment state during image-guided volumetric modulated arc therapy in head and neck cancer patients, Materials and Methods: We performed a image-guided volumetric modulated arc therapy plan for 89 patients with head and neck cancer who underwent curative radiotherapy. Ten of them were evaluated for set up error. The landmarks of the ramus, chin, posterior neck, and clavicle were specified using ARIA software (Offline review), and the positional difference was analyzed. Results: The re-CT simulation therapy was performed in 60 men with $17{\pm}4$ cycles of treatment. The weight loss rate was $-6.47{\pm}3.5%$. 29 women performed re-CT simulation at $17{\pm}5$ cycles As a result, weight loss rate was $-5.73{\pm}2.7%$. The distance from skin to C1, C3, and C5 was measured, and both clavicle levels were observed to measure the skin shrinkage changes. The skin shrinkage standard deviations were C1 (${\pm}0.44cm$), C3 (${\pm}0.83cm$), and C5 (${\pm}1.35cm$), which is about 1 mm shrinkage per 0.5 kg reduction. Skin shrinkage according to the number of treatments was 1 ~ 4 fractions (no change), 5 ~ 13 fractions (-2 mm), 14 ~ 22 fractions (-4 mm) and 23 ~ 30 fractions (-6 mm). Conclusion: When the body shape changes about 5 mm, the central dose starts to differ about 3 % or more. Therefore, the CT simulation treatment for the adaptive therapy should be additionally performed. In addition, it is necessary to actively study the CT simulation therapy method and set up method of the lower neck and to examine the use of a new immobilization device.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the long term results(local control, survival, failure, and complications) after radiation therapy for skin cancer in elderly patients. Material and Methods: The study spanned from January 1990 to October 2002. Fifteen elderly patients with skin cancer were treated by radiotherapy at the Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center. The age distribution of the patients surveyed was 72 to 95 years, with a median age of 78.8 years. The pathologic classification of the 15 patients included squamous cell carcinoma(10 patients), basal cell carcinoma(3 patients), verrucous carcinoma(1 patient) and skin adnexal origin carcinoma(1 patient). The most common tumor location was the head(13 patients). The mean tumor diameter was 4.9 cm(range 2 to 9 cm). The radiation dose was delivered via an electron beam of 6 to 15 MeV. The dose range was adjusted to the tumor diameter and depth of tumor invasion. The total radiation dose ranged from $50{\sim}80$ Gy(mean: 66 Gy) with a 2 Gy fractional dose prescribed to the 80% isodose line once a day and 5 times a week. One patient with lymph node metastasis was treated with six MV photon beams boosted with electron beams. The length of the follow-up periods ranged from 10 to 120 months with a median follow-up period of 48 months. Results: The local control rates were 100%(15/15). In addition, the five year disease free survival rate(5YDFS) was 80% and twelve patients(80%) had no recurrence and skin cancer recurrence occurred in 3 patients(20%). Three patients have lived an average of 90 months($68{\sim}120$ months) without recurrence or metastasis. A total of 9 patients who died as a result of other causes had a mean survival time of 55.8 months after radiation therapy. No severe acute or chronic complications were observed after radiation therapy. Only minor complications including radiation dermatitis was treated with supportive care. Conclusion: The results suggest that radiation therapy is an effective and safe treatment method for the treatment of skin cancer in elderly patients who achieved a good survival rate and few minor complications.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1992

This study was carried out to determine the plasma vitamin $D_3$($D_3$) of 3 weeks old broiler chicks (Hubbard line), whose dorsal skin was exposed to different dose of 310 m UV light. The irradiated doses were 0~0.79 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$(6 doses$\times$5 replica＝30 chicks). The blood samples were collected 2 days after exposure. The lipid in plasma isolated was extracted with ethyl acetate. The $D_3$ was purified by $C_{18}$ cartridge and analyzed by HPLC. The average $D_3$ content in plasma of control chicks was 20 ng /$m\ell$. When 0.32 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of dose was treated, the highest amount of 43 ng /$m\ell$ was found among those of chicks experimented, corresponding to 2.15 times that of control. However, When more doses than 0.32 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ were exposed to the skin, D$_3$ contents were decreased gradually. The similar to control level of $D_3$ was observed when 0.79 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was applied.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2020

Commercial plate bolus is generally used for treatment of surface tumor and required surface dose. We fabricated 3D-printed bolus by using 3D printing technology and usability of 3D-printed bolus was evaluated. RT-structure of contoured plate bolus in the TPS was exported to DICOM files and converted to STL file by using converting program. The 3D-printed bolus was manufactured with rubber-like translucent materials using a 3D printer. The dose distribution calculated in the TPS and compared the characteristics of the plate bolus and the 3D printed bolus. The absolute dose was measured inserting an ion chamber to the depth of 5 cm and 10 cm from the surface of the blue water phantom. HU and ED were measured to compare the material characteristics. 100% dose was distributed at Dmax of 1.5 cm below the surface when was applied without bolus. When the plate bolus and 3D-plate bolus were applied, dose distributed at 0.9 cm and 0.8 cm below the surface of the bolus. After the comparative analysis of the radiation dose at the reference depth, differences in radiation dose of 0.1 ~ 0.3% were found, but there was no difference dose. The usability of the 3D-printed bolus was thus confirmed and it is considered that the 3D-printed bolus can be applied in radiation therapy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.315-333
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• 1990

This study was performed to measure the skin absorbed doses from full mouth standard intraoral radiography (l4 exposures) in bisecting angle and paralleling techniques. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used in a phantom. Circular tube collimator(60㎜ in diameter, 20㎝ in length) and rectangular collimator(35㎜ × 44㎜, 40㎝ in length) were set for bisecting angle and paralleling techniques respectively. All measurement sites were classified into 8 groups according to distance from each point of central rays. The results were as follows: 1. The skin absorbed doses from the paralleling technique were significantly decreased than those from the bisecting technique in both points at central ray and points away from central ray. The percentage rates of decrease were greater at points away from central ray than those at central ray. 2. The skin absorbed doses at the lens of eye, parotid gland, submandibular gland and thyroid region were significantly decreased in paralleling techniuqe, but those of the midline of palate remained similar in both techniques. 3. The highest doses were measured at the site 20mm above the point of central ray for the mandibular premolars in bisecting angle technique and at the point of central ray for the mandibular premolars in paralleling techniques. The lowest doses were measured at the thyroid region in both techniques.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2019

Whole Spine Scanography (WSS) using the Digital Radiography (DR) system is an examination that requires whole body X-ray exposure, which involves more exposure to radiation for patients than other general radiographies. This can affect the occurrence of breast cancer. This research measured radiation dose when breasts were shield and not shield using the Auto Exposure Control (AEC) mode. The radiation dose without a shield was 1.540 mGy, and that using a collimator was measured 0.506 mGy. Moreover, 0.733 mGy was measured when 1 shield (0.3 mm) was used, and $0.523{\mu}Gy$ when 5 of them (1.5 mm) were used. The results showed that the radiation dose with 5 shields and the radiation dose with a collimator were similar. Moreover, 0.233 mGy was measured when 8 shields (2.4 mm) were used. The standard deviation were 0.081 when using collimator and 0.014 when 5 shields were used. Also, when 8 shields were used, it was found to be 0.002. Most patients who go under a scoliosis test are children or young people who are highly sensitive to radiation. In the research results, the case where the organs sensitive to radiation, women's breasts, were shielded showed more distinct differences compared to without shields. It is considered that using shields can provide more constant shield than using a collimator and lower the risk of breast cancer caused by exposure to radiation.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.247-251
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• 1988

Total body irradiation has been applied to treat acute leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia.20 patients with acute leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia were treated with total body irradiation using 6 MV linear accelerator before bone marrow transplantation at the Division of Therapeutic Radiology, Department of Radiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College from August 1987 to September 1988. Among 20 patients, 8 patients received 6 fractions of 200 cGy (total 1200 cGy),10 patients received a single 850 cGy radiation,1 patient received 4 fractions totalling 850 cGy (200, 200, 200, 250), and 1 patient received 1100 cGy in 2 fractions (850, 250).17 patients received allogenic grafts, 2 patients received autologous grafts, and only one patient received one locus mismatched graft. 13 patients are still alive and 7 patients died. The complications induced by total body irradiation were nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, skin erruption, mucositis, and pneumonitis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2021

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory skin disease that is a well-known allergic disease with severe itching, making daily life difficult. Since the immunomodulatory action of vitamin D has been reported, several researchers have attempted to determine the correlation between vitamin D and atopic dermatitis. In this review, 41 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected and reviewed from the articles published to date. Several studies have reported that low vitamin D levels are associated with the onset of atopic dermatitis and severe atopic dermatitis, but the opinions remain conflicting. Similarly, there are conflicting opinions on the improvement effect of oral vitamin D supplementation on atopic dermatitis, but some possibilities have been suggested. To apply vitamin D as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis, a more systematically designed experiment should be conducted, and an appropriate intake dose for an immunomodulatory function should be obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2021

Proton therapy using the Bragg peak is one of the radiation therapies and can deliver its maximum energy to the tumor with giving least energy for normal tissue. A cross-sectional image of the human body taken with the computed tomography (CT) has been used for radiation therapy planning. The HU values change according to the tube voltage, which lead to the change in the boundary and thickness of the anatomical structure on the CT image. This study examined the changes in the Bragg peak of the brain region according to the thickness variation in the head phantom composed of several materials using the Geant4. In the phantom composed of a single material, the Bragg peak according to the type of media and the incident energy of the proton beams were calculated, and the reliability of Geant4 code was verified by the Bragg peak. The variation of the peak in the brain region was examined when each thickness of the head phantom was changed. When the thickness of the soft tissue was changed, there was no change in the peak position, and for the skin the change in the peak was small. The change of the peak position was mainly changed when the bone thickness. In particular, when the bone was changed only or the bone was changed together with other tissues, the amount of change in the peak position was the same. It is considered that measurement of the accurate bone thickness in CT images is one of the key factors in depth-dose distribution of the radiation therapy planning.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2001

Purpose : Changes in the balance between MMP and TIMP can have a profound effect on the composition in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and affect various cellular functions including adhesion, migration, differentiation of cells, and fibrosis and invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Radiation therapy is a popular treatment modality for benign and malignant tumor, but the study for radiation effect on MMP and TIMP is scarce. In the current study, we have examined the expression of TIMP in fibrosis-prone (C57BL/6) mice after radiation. Methods and Materials : Adult female mice of $10\~12$ weeks were used. The whole body were irradiated using a Varian CL-4/100 with 2 and 10 Gy. Immunohistochemical staining was peformed according to Avidin Biotin complex method and evaluated by observing high power field. For TIMP-1, TIMP-2 antibodies, reactivity was assessed in the parenchymal cell and in the stromal cell. The scale of staining was assessed by combining the quantitative and qualiative intensity of staining. Results : TIMP-1 immunoreactivity did not change in lung. But, in liver, TIMP-1 immunoreactivity was localized in cytoplasm of hepatocyte and Kupffer cell. in kidney, TIMP-1 immunoreactivity was localized in cytoplasm of some tubular cell. Temporal variations were not seen. Dose-response relationship was not seen except kidney. TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in lung was a score (++) at 0 Gy and elevated to a score (+++) at 2 Gy. TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was a score (++) in liver at 0 Gy. TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was localized in cytoplasm of hepatocyte and Kupffer cell as same as patterns of TIMP-1 immunoreactivity. The TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in liver was elevated to (+++) at 2 Gy. Immunoreactivity to TIMP-2 in kidney was a score (+++) at 0 Gy and was not changed at 10 Gy. The score of TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was reduced to (++) at 2 Gy. TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was confined to tubules in kidney. Temporal variation of TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was irregular. Dose-response relationship of TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was not seen. Conclusions : Differences between intensity of expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in each organ was present. Expression of TIMP was localized to specific cell in each organ. Irradiation increased TIMP-1 immunoreactivity in the liver and the kidney. Irradiation increased TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in the lung. But, in the liver and the kidney, TIMP-2 expression to radiation was irregular. Temporal variation of TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was irregular. Dose-response relationship of TIHP-2 immunoreactivity was not seen. In the future, we expect that the study of immunohistochemical staining of longer period of postirradiation and quantitative analysis using western blotting and northern blotting could define the role of TIMP in the radiation induced tissue fibrosis.