• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.344-353
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• 1998

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Tc-99m labeled antigranulocyte antibody immunoscintigrapy in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis and compare with the results of triphasic bone scan. Materials and Methods: The study population was 39 patients (22 male, 17 female) who had uncertain diagnoses of osteomyelitis. Fifteen patients had history of orthopedic surgery, and 5 had previous fracture. One milligram of monoclonal antibody against NCA-95 was labeled with 370 MBq of Tc-99m, injected intravenously, and 4 hour images were obtained. Triphasic bone scan images were obtained in 30 patients. The final diagnosis was confirmed by bacteriologic culture, biopsy or long term clinical follow up. Results: Twenty one patients were confirmed to have osteomyelitis (1 acute, 20 chronic). Eighteen patients were without osteomyelitis. Antigranulocyte antibody immunoscintigraphy had a sensitivity of 71% (15/21), and a specificity of 89% (16/18), while the sensitivity and specificity of triphasic bone scan was 93% (13/14) and 38% (6/16), respectively. Antigranulocyte antibody scan showed higher specificity of 100% (11/11) in comparison with 33% (3/9) of triphasic bone scan in patients with history of orthopedic surgery or fracture. Conclusion: Antigranulocyte antibody immunoscintigraphy is more specific than that of triphasic bone scan and may be helpful in patients with history of surgery or fracture. However, sensitivity is lower than triphasic bone scan in the detection of chronic osteomyelitis.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 1998

Purpose: The conventional gamma camera is not ideal for scintimammography because of its large detector size (${\sim}500mm$ in width) causing high cost and low image quality. We are developing a small gamma camera dedicated for breast imaging. Materials and Methods: The small gamma camera system consists of a NaI (T1) crystal ($60 mm{\times}60 mm{\times}6 mm$) coupled with a Hamamatsu R3941 Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tube (PSPMT), a resister chain circuit, preamplifiers, nuclear instrument modules, an analog to digital converter and a personal computer for control and display. The PSPMT was read out using a standard resistive charge division which multiplexes the 34 cross wire anode channels into 4 signals ($X^+,\;X^-,\;Y^+,\;Y^-$). Those signals were individually amplified by four preamplifiers and then, shaped and amplified by amplifiers. The signals were discriminated ana digitized via triggering signal and used to localize the position of an event by applying the Anger logic. Results: The intrinsic sensitivity of the system was approximately 8,000 counts/sec/${\mu}Ci$. High quality flood and hole mask images were obtained. Breast phantom containing $2{\sim}7 mm$ diameter spheres was successfully imaged with a parallel hole collimator The image displayed accurate size and activity distribution over the imaging field of view Conclusion: We have succesfully developed a small gamma camera using NaI(T1)-PSPMT and nuclear Instrument modules. The small gamma camera developed in this study might improve the diagnostic accuracy of scintimammography by optimally imaging the breast.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.374-381
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• 1998

Purpose: I-131 labeled (2'-deoxy-2'-iodo-${\beta}$-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine (IAD) may be involved in DNA synthesis during active proliferation of tumor cells. We conducted this study to find out the biodistribution of IAD and it's feasibility for scintigraphic tumor imaging. Materials and Methods: Tosyl acetyl-adenosine was dissolved in acetonitrile, and I-131-NaI was added and heated to synthesize IAD. Female Fisher 344 rats innoculated with breast tumor cells were injected with 0.27 MBq of IAD. Rats were sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 24h and the % of injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) was determined. For scintigraphy, rats bearing breast cancer were administered with 1.11 MBq of IAD and imaging was performed after 2 and 24h. Then, rat body was fixed and microtomized slice was placed on radiographic film for autoradiography. Results: %ID/g of tumor was 0.74 (0.5h),0.73 (1h), 0.55 (2h), 0.38 (4h), and 0.05 (24h), respectively. At 1h after injection, %ID/g of tumor was higher than that of heart (0.34), liver (0.42), spleen (0.47), kidney (0.69), muscle (0.14), bone (0.33) and intestine (0.51). However, %ID/g of tumor was lower than blood (1.06), lung (0.77), and thyroid (177.71). At 4h, %ID/g of tumor in comparison with other tissue did not change. Tumor contrast expressed by tumor to blood ratio was 0.69 and tumor to muscle ratio was 5.11 at 1h. However, these ratios did not improve through 24h. On autoradiogram and scintigraphy at 2 and 24 hour, the tumor was well visualized. Conclusion: This results suggest that IAD may have a potential for tumor scintigraphy. However, further work is needed to improve localization in tumor tissue.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.541-547
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• 1996

The previous monoclonal antibody labeling method for bone marrow immunoscintigrapy was complicated and laborious for clinical application. Also it showed a relatively low labeling efficiency. To improve this procedure, we compared several direct labeling methods of $^{99m}Tc$. 1) The labeling efficiency in the method using gluconate as a transchelator was low (40-70%), but immunoscintigraphy using this radiotracer produced a clear image. 2) To improve labeling efficiency, ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol was removed after reduction. The labeling efficiency was improved up to 70-80%, but the radioactivity of the blood pool was high. 3) The higest labeling efficiency (>90%) and best quality images could be obtained by using MDP as a transchelating agent. It did not require additional procedures for separation of labeled antibodies. The immunoreactivity of this antibody was 60%. Residual MDP which can be taken up by the bone could be removed by PD-10 column. The reduced antibodies were stable with a high labeling efficiency (>90%) for up to 47 days by deep freezing. We concluded that the improved procedure for $^{99m}Tc$ labeling of anti-NCA-95 monoclonal antibody using MDP as a transchelating agent will be a simple and useful method for clinical application.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2007

Risk assessment was carried out in order to improve the remediation and management strategy on a contaminated gunnery site, where a flood control reservoir is under construction nearby. Six chemicals, including explosive chemicals and heavy metals, which were suspected to possess risk to humans by leaching events from the site were the target pollutants for the assessment. A site-specific conceptual site model was constructed based on effective, reasonable exposure pathways to avoid any overestimation of the risk. Also, conservative default values were adapted to prevent underestimation of the risk when site-specific values were not available. The risks of the six contaminants were calculated by API's Decision Support System for Exposure and Risk Assessment with several assumptions. In the crater-formed-area(Ac), the non-carcinogenic risks(i.e., HI values) of TNT(Tri-Nitro-Toluene) and Cd were slightly larger than 1, and for RDX(Royal Demolition Explosives), over 50. The total non-carcinogenic risk of the whole gunnery range calculated to a significantly high value of 62.5. Carcinogenicity of Cd was estimated to be about $10^{-3}$, while that of Pb was about $5\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$, which greatly exceeded the generally acceptable carcinogenic risk level of $10^{-4}{\sim}10^{-6}$. The risk assessment results suggest that an immediate remediation practice for both carcinogens and non-carcinogens are required before the reservoir construction. However, for more accurate risk assessment, more specific estimations on condition shifts due to the construction of the reservoir are required, and more over, the effects of the pollutants to the ecosystem is also necessary to be evaluated.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2010

In order to rehabilitate forest sites damaged by wildfire via natural or artificial restoration, it is important to determine right tree species, which can acclimate to biogeoclimatic environment at the sites. The objectives of this study were to develop site index equation of different tree species for estimating forest productivity and to provide information on species selection for post-wildfire restoration. Site index equation was developed based on environmental information from wildfire damaged areas in Gangneung, Goseong, Donghae, and Samcheok, where were located in east coastal areas of South Korea. Despite the small numbers (4~5) of environmental variables used for the development of the site index equations, statistical analysis (e.g. mean difference, standard deviation of difference, and standard error of difference) showed relatively low bias and variation, suggesting that those equations can provide relatively high capability of estimation and practical applicability with high effectiveness. The small numbers of the variables enabled the model to be applied in a wide range of usages including determination of appropriate tree species for post-wildfire restoration. The estimation of forest site productivity showed the possibility of large distribution in east coastal region as the best site for Korean ash (Fraxinus rhynchophylla) and original oak (Quercus variabilis) that can be used for firebreak in the region. These results imply that damages by forest fire can be reduced significantly by replacing existing pure coniferous forests in the area with ones dominated by broad-leaved deciduous stands, which can play an important role as fire break and/or prevent a transition from surface fire to crown fire.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.406-410
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• 2005

This study was conducted to establish the efficient protocols of the germination and cryopreservation of dehisced Korean ginseng seeds for long-term germ­plasm conservation. $GA_3$ and BA treated on seed for 24 hr facilitated germination at 5 and $10^{\circ}C$. Germination percentage of desiccated seeds was decreased under moisture content (MC) of below $7.2\%$. Dehisced ginseng seeds were dried under airflow of laminar floor cabinet and seed drying room. The high levels (more than $90\%$) of germination after cryogenic exposure were obtained after drying under vertical airflow of laminar floor for 12-30 hours (MC $10.6{\~}7.2\%$). Decrease in germination percentage of ginseng seeds due to desiccation damage and freezing injury was observed at MC of below $7.2\%$ and of above $12.1\%$, respectively. Therefore, MC of ginseng seeds need to be controlled with a range of $8{\~}10\%$ to avoid damages from both desiccation and freezing.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2010

Comprehensive studies on seedling production and transplanting cultivation of waxy corn are necessary to fulfill the comsumer's preference for the high quality whole ear waxy corn and its year-round supply for higher price, and to escape marketing in a short period at harvest season. Two waxy corn hybrids (cv. Chalok# 1 and Chalok# 4) were used to study the effects of seeding date, nursery days and plug cell size on growth and yield of waxy corn, and to clarify the reliable transplanting date at the Experimental Field of the National Institute of Crop Science in 2007. The number of days from seeding to silking was increased as nursery days were extended, but the number of days from transplanting to silking was shortened comparing to the direct seeding. Number of days from seeding to silking was shorter by 9~12 days for Chalok# 1 than for Chalok# 4, while the number of days from seeding to silking was shorter by 12~15 days in the second cropping than in the first cropping. Culm length of transplanted waxy corns was decreased as the nursery days were extended. Culm length of seeded Chaok# 1 and Chaok# 4 were decreased by 17% and 24%, respectively, in the second cropping compared to those in the first cropping. Ear length was somewhat decreased as the nursery days were extended. Chalok# 1 in the second cropping the degree of decrease was much higher in second cropping than in first cropping of Chalok# 1. Comparing to the first cropping, number of marketable ears per 10a of Chalok# 1 decreased as high as 64%, while that of seeded Chalok# 4 decreased mere 12% in the second cropping.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 1979

Ninety-five strains of Shigella, 70 of Salmonella paratyphi A, and 230 of Salmonella typhi were tested for their resistance to drugs. Also studied was the inhibition and elimination of drug resistance. All except one strain of Shigella consisted of 79 Sh. flexneri and 16 Sh. sonnei were multiply resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, and splfisomidine. Among them, 70 strains were resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin, 80 to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 22 to nalidixic acid, and one to kanamycin, but strain resistant to gentamicin, cephaloridine, and rifampin was not encountered. All strains of S. paratyphi A and S. typhi were susceptible to drugs tested, except sulfisomidine and rifampin, for which all S. paratyphi A were slightly resistant to sulfisomidine and the majority of S. paratyphi A and S. typhi were slightly resistant to rifampin. Approximately 80% of multiply drug-resistant Shigella transferred their resistance to E. coli by conjugation, and the resistance was considered to be mediated by R plasmids. The frequency of transfer of drug resistance varied by donor strains and recipients, but not by selecting drugs. Resistance to nalidixic acid was not transferred by conjugation to the recipients. Drug-resistant Shigella strains successively subcultured in nutrient agar stabs contained clones resistant to drugs and those susceptible to drugs, but the ratio of resistant and susceptible clones varied by strains. The multiply drug-resistant S. typhi and Shigella strains were found to not lose completely their drug resistance by subculture in media. Acriflavine has some effect on the elimination of drug resistance mediated by R plasmids, but the effect varied markedly by strains. Atabrine has no effect among strains tested. The combination of drugs increased the drug actions in majority of cases with synergistic or additive effects.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2016

Cymbidium kanran Makino is being threatened in its own habitats due illegal collecting and habitat changes by vegetation growth along historical landuse change. In this study, we established habitat restoration model for conservation of C. kanran based on ecological diagnosis. Through exploration to Jeju Island in 2014 and 2015, we identified 27 unknown habitats of C. kanran and in there, abiotic variables and vegetation structure and composition were quantified. Altitudinal distribution of C. kanran was between 200 m~700 m a.s.l. and compared to distribution in 2004, Area of Occupation (AOO) decreased at 82%. Specific habitat affinity was not observed by evenly found in mountain slope and valley and summergreen and evergreen broadleaved forests, but likely more abundant in valley habitats with higher soil and ambient moisture. Total of 96 individual of C. kanran was observed with an average density of $942.6individuals\;ha^{-1}$. The plants showed relatively short leaf length (average=$10.7cm{\pm}1.1cm$) and small number of pseudo bulbs ($1.2{\pm}0.2$). Flowering and fruiting individuals were not observed in field. C. kanran was classified into endangered plant species as CR (Critically Endangered) category by IUCN criteria. Phenotypic plasticity of C. kanran was likely support to sustain in more shaded habitat environment and recent habatat changes to closed canopy and low light availability may exhibit negatively effects to C. kanran's life history. Restoring C. kanran habitat should create open environment as grassland and low woody species density.