• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 1999

Grain-size distribution and accumulation rate of surface sediments on the tidal flats in Hampyong Bay, southwestern coast of Korea, were investigated in a sequential interval of 2 months for the period of 27 months (1994. 10~1996. 12). Seasonal variation of grain-size distribution is prevalent on the Shimock tidal flat in the southern side of the innerbay, rather than the Anarc tidal flat in the northern side around the baymouth. This variation, in particular, more distinctive in the areas around the both high and low tide water levels. The Shimock tidal flat shows typical seasonal variation of sedimentary processes, expected under monsoonal climate. Deposition of tine-grained sediments in summer dominates over erosion in winter, resulting in an annual accumulation rate of 3.7 mm/yr. In contrast, sedimentary processes on the Anarc tidal flat is abnormal that have experienced slight deposition of fine-grained sediments in the winter and severe erosion in the summer time, showing a negative annual accumulation rate of -49.6 mm/yr. Erosional processes in this area is interpreted due mainly to change of strength and direction of tidal currents, caused by the artificial construction of dyke for reclamation in the mid-tidal flat. As a result, It is immoderate to conclude whether sedimentary processes of Hampyong Bay is erosional or depositional at current situation. Further studies on sedimentary budget at the entrance to the bay are needed.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.533-542
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• 2015

The Gochang beach is located in the southwestern coast of Korea along the eastern part of the Yellow Sea, comprising the Donghori, Gwangseungri, and Myeongsasipri beaches from north to south. The Gochang beach is characterized by macro-tide, open-coast, linear shoreline, and sand substrates. This study has investigated annual and seasonal characteristics of surface topography variation and sediment accumulation rate in the Gochang beach. During the five seasons of winter (Feb.), spring (May), summer (Aug.), and fall (Nov.) in 2014 and winter (Feb.) in 2015, the topographic elevation of total 315 sites was measured along three survey lines. It consists of 21 sites at 30 m intervals in each transverse line perpendicular to the shoreline, respectively. Annual accumulation rate of the Gochang beach in 2014 was -0.081 m/yr, indicative of erosional condition. Annual accumulation rates of the comprising beaches represent -0.091m/yr of the Donghori, -0.051 m/yr of the Gwangseungri, and -0.10 m/yr of the Myeongsasipri.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.83-92
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• 2004

A continuous monitoring of textural characteristics of surface sediments, sedimentation rates and beach profile was carried out to investigate the seasonal variations of sedimentary processes in the Imjado beach, southwestern coast of Korea for two years. The beach profiles consist of steep beach face and relatively flat middle and low tide beaches. The slope of the beach face increases in summer and decreases in winter, in good accordance with the standard beach cycle. Ridge and runnel systems are well developed in the middle and low tide beaches during the summer, but these structures are replaced by mega-ripples during the winter. The sediments are fining southward as well as landward. The mean grain-size tends to be increasingly coarser during seasons of autumn and winter on the north beach and during seasons of winter and spring on the south one. In addition, the sediments are eroded on the north beach and accumulated on the south one as a whole. These are probably due to southward transportation of the sediments as long-shore current (NE-SW) runs around the coastal line of the beach. However, the seasonal variations in accumulation rates are very complex and irregular. It is considered that the Imjado beach represents in non-equilibrium state, as a result of coastal and submarine topographic changes by artificial agents and sea-level uprising associated with global warming.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.253-267
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• 2005

Seasonal and spatial variations of tidal flat sediments were studied in Yeoja Bay. Results of the yearly observation of tidal flat transect lines indicated that the monthly change of grain size composition was not distinct from each tidal flat transect line, but it was quite clear that clay covered $40\~70\%$ of the sediment composition. Clay composed most highest in the northern part of the bay, and lowest in the western. As clay content increased, water and organic matter showed a tendency of increase, while the mean grain size was fixed per clay amount. Shear strength came out as 0 kPa as a whole. Seasonal variations of clay contents in each tidal flat were higher in winter and spring, but lower in summer and autumn. Thefine sediments were likely to be accumulated in the winter and spring. The average accumulation rate of each tidal flat was $-14.62\~38.57mm{\cdot}yr^{-1}$. The numbers showed $32.13mm{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the northern, $-14.62mm{\cdot}yr^{-1}$in the western, and $6.46mm{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the eastern part. During the coarse of this study sediment accumulation rates indicated that the sediments deposited continuously in the northern part of tidal flat, whereas erosion occurred in the western part. However, there was no distinct change in the eastern part. It was due to the clockwise lateral circulation in Yeoja Bay. Seasonally, sedimentation happened during the dry season (winter and spring) and erosion during the wet season (summer and autumn).

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 2003

A continuous monitoring of sedimentation rate and textural characteristics of surface sediments was carried out on the tidal flats in Kwangyang Bay, middle South Sea for two years on an every-two-monthly basis. This study shows that during the winter the tidal flats receive a thin surface layer of which texture becomes finer. In summer, the surface sediments were subject to rather abrupt erosion by occational typhoons and heavy rainfall resulting in a coarse-silt dominated texture. Due to nearly closed geomorphology of Kwangyang Bay, local waves created in the bay during winter are much subdued, in contrast to the rough wave climate and associated sedimentary cycle for open-type tidal flats in the Yellow Sea. In addition, unexpected artificial effects on the tidal-flat sedimentation by construction of a huge industrial complex along the shoreline of the bay are observed from a nearby tidal flat. Here, the sediments were consistently eroded without any sign of natural seasonal variations.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2003

This study focused on relationships between Pb and Cd concentrations and the difference of success reproductive progress in urban (Seoul) and industrial complex (Ansan) areas. Results of the Pb analysis for the feral pigeons from Seoul (egg contents:1.64 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$, adults in bones: 29.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$ and the Ansan industrial complex (egg contents: 1.13 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$, adults in bones: 10.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet g-1) showed that the Pb level of eggs and adults is significantly different between the two colonies (p<0.05). Cd concentrations in liver and kidneys of adult pigeons were also significantly different between Seoul(liver: 0.24 ${\mu}g$ wet $g^{-1}$, kidney: 1.05 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$ and the Ansan (liver: 0.14 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$, kidney: 0.43 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$ colonies (P<0.05). Clutch size of Feral Pigeons living in Seoul was similar between the two colonies, 1.9$\pm$0.3 in Seoul and 2.0$\pm$0.0 in Ansan. The length, breadth, and thickness of eggs were not significantly different between the two colonies (p>0.05). Incubation period in Seoul (17.8 days) did not differ from the Ansan (17.4 days). No difference in growth rate (body weight, wing length, and tarsus length) was found between the two test groups (p>0.05). In Seoul, 65.2% were hatching, and 42.1% fledging. The Proportion of hatching and fledging in the Ansan was 60.7% and 45.0%, respectively. The significant differences between the two colonies for reproductive sucess were not found (p>0.05). With regard to the reproductive effects to the heavy metals, the Pb and Cd concentrations feund in the two colonies were not as high as those considered in results of toxic effects in other species.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the change of chemical properities and, microorganism due to continual cropping and to find the influences to physiological disordered eggplant fruits. Accumulation of soil nutrients seemed to be increased with the plastic film house duration and decreased with soil depth. The longer the period of eggplant cultivation duration, the lower the ratio of bacteria to fungi(B/F) and actinomycetes to the fungi(A/F) in rhizosphere soils. The soil EC and available $P_2O_5$ were significally correlated with the population densities of fungi($r=0.423^{**}$) and actinomycetes($r=0.438^{**}$), respectively. The ratio of split or drupaceous fruit showed tendency to increase with low soil moisture, and that of hypertrophy fruit showed tendency to increase in fields with longer cultivation years and high soil EC. The soil EC significally correlated with the ratio of hypertrophy fruit ($r=0.719^{**}$, Y=0.210X+0.578)and total physiological disordered fruits ($r=0.656^{**}$, Y=0.769X+7.097). And value of soil (Ca+Mg)/K was correlated with the ratio of physiologically disordered fruits($R^2=0.356^{*}$, Y=-1.333Ln(X)+12.26).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.536-544
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• 2001

Three harmful algal bloom species with similar morphology, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Gyodinium impudicum and Gymodinium catenatum have damaged to aquatic animals or human health by either making massive blooms or intoxication of shellfishes in a food chain. Eco-physiological and hydrodynamic studies on the harmful algae offer useful informations in the understanding their bloom mechanism by giving promising data for the prediction and modelling of harmful algal blooms event. Thus, we studied the abundance of these species in the coastal area of South Sea of Korea and their effects of temperature, salinity, irradiance and nutrient on the growth for the isolates. The timing for initial appearance of the three species around the coastal area of Namhaedo, Narodo and Wando was between Bate July and late August in 1999 when water temperature ranged from $22.8^{\circ}C\;to\;26.5^{\circ}C$ Vegetative cells of C. polykrikoides and G. impudicum were abundant until late September when water temperature had been dropped to less than $23^{\circ}C$. By contrast, vegetative cell of G. catenatum disappeared before early September, showing shorter period of abundance than the other two species in the South Sea. Both G. impudicum and G. catenatum revealed comparatively low density with a maximal cell density of 3,460 cells/L and 440 cells/L, respectively without making any bloom, while C. polykrikoides made massive blooms with a maximal cell density more than $40\times10^6$cells/L, The three species showed a better growth at the relatively higher water temperature ranging from 22 to $28^{\circ}C$ with their maximal growth rate at $25^{\circ}C$ in culture, which almost corresponded with the water temperature during the outbreak of C. polykrikoides in the coastal area of South Sea. Also, they all showed a relatively higher growth at the salinity from 30 to $35\%$. Specially, G. impudicum showed the euryhalic characteristics among the species, On the other hand, growth rate of G. catenatum decreased sharply with the increase of water temperature at the experimental ranges more than $35\%$. The higher of light intensities showed the better growth rates for the three species, Moreover, C. polykrikoides and G. impudirum continued their exponential growth even at 7,500 lux, the highest level of light intensity in the experiment, Therefore, It is assumed that C. polykrikoides has a physiological capability to adapt and utilize higher irradiance resulting in the higher growth rate without any photo inhibition response at the sea surface where there is usually strong irradiance during its blooming season. Although C. poiykikoides and G. impudicum continued their linear growth with the increase of nitrate ($NO_3^-$) and ammonium ($NH_4^-$) concentrations at less than the $40{\mu}M$, they didn't show any significant differences in growth rates with the increase of nitrate and ammonium concentrations at more than $40{\mu}M$, signifying that the nitrogen critical point for the growth of the two species stands between 13.5 and $40{\mu}M$. Also, even though both of the two species continued their linear growth with the increase of phosphate ($PO_4^{2-}$) concentrations at less than the $4.05{\mu}M$, there were no any significant differences in growth rates with the increase of phosphate concentrations at more than $4.05{\mu}M$, signifying that the phosphate critical point for the growth of the two species stands between 1.35 and $4.05{\mu}M$. On the other hand, C. polykrikoides has made blooms at the oligotrophic environment near Narodo and Namhaedo where the concentration of DIN and DIP are less than 1.2 and $0.3{\mu}M$, respectively. We attributed this phenomenon to its own ecological characteristics of diel vertical migration through which C. polykrikoides could uptake enough nutrients from the deep sea water near bottom during the night time irrespective of the lower nutrient pools in the surface water.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.615-628
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• 2004

In order to elucidate seasonal sedimentary characteristics and depositional environment after construction of seawall on macrotidal flat, a seasonal observations of surface sediments (total 450) and sedimentation rates on 4 transects have been investigated for 2 years. The eastern area of Iwon tidal flat, has been changed from semi-closed coast to open coast by construction of seawall, shows general seasonal changes similar to characteristics of open coast type, which represented both fining and bad sorted distribution due to deposition of fine sediments under low energy condition in the summer, and relatively coarser and better sorted distribution because of erosion of fine sediments in the winter. In considering angles of transects, distribution patterns of surface sediments, the northern and southern parts of eastern tidal flat are dominantly influenced by wave and tidal effects, respectively. As time goes by, the eastern tidal flat shows coarsening-trend of surface sediments caused by direct effect of tidal current, were and typhoon. Meanwhile the western area of seawall, which has been re-formed by construction seawall, is sheltered from northwesterly seasonal wind. The seasonal change pattern of western area of seawall is slightly different from that of eastern tidal flat. Mean grain size and sorting of surface sediments during spring is finer and worse than those during summer. This seasonal change pattern maybe influenced by topographic effects caused from the construction of seawall. In consideration of all result, the transport of fine sediments in the study area, which is supplied to limited sediments, shows clockwise circulation pattern that fine sediments are transported from the eastern tidal flat to the western area of seawall because of blocking of seawall in the winter and are transported reversed direction the summer. As a result, many changes have been observed in the study area after construction of seawall; however, this change is still in progress and is expected to need continuous monitoring.