• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.324-330
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• 2023

Aids to navigation, which provide information about a ship's position, direction, and the location of obstacles, are crucial for uninterrupted maritime services. This study aimed to analyze accidents involving aids to navigation that resulted in service disruptions and identify the key factors associated with these accidents. Aids to navigation accident data from 2000 to 2022 were utilized to achieve this. We categorized accidents by accident type, cause, region, season, and type of navigation aid and established a network through correlation analysis. Bayesian networks based on aids to navigation accidents were assigned prior probabilities, and the factors that increased the probability of accidents for different types of aids to navigation were identified. The findings can be used to infer the causes of unreported aids to navigation accidents and serve as foundational data for the prevention of such accidents.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.259-263
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• 2007

For the preparation of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC, $10{\sim}20\;{\mu}g/kg$ of Stannous(II) chloride and $10{\sim}40\;min$ of preparation was used. For finding out the effect of contrast agent, the blood samples were collected in three days, seven days, and 1 months after the diagnostic procedure. In the normal volunteer, the concentration of reducing agent and preparation time did not effect on the radiochemical yield. But in the patients, 10 mg of Stannous(II) chloride and 60 min incubation times was shown high radiochemical yield. Contrast agent has a significant effect on the radiochemical yield. Although the blood samples which were collected after seven days of diagnostic procedure did not effect on the radiochemical yield of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC, but the radiochemical yield of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC which was prepared with a sample of high concentration of contrast agent in blood led to low radiochemical yield. For these samples, the modified method showed high radiochemical yield than previous in vivo preparation method. The recommended method is followed. Blood collecting was performed at 30 minutes after injection of reducing agent, and it is centrifuged for removal of plasma. After addition of $^{99m}TcO^-_4$, sample reservoir was rotated. After addition of normal saline, and it is centrifuged for separation of saline. Then $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC was obtained after removal of saline.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.220-230
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• 2023

Aids to Navigation (AtoN) is an important tool for safe navigation, and the variety of information provided by AtoN is invaluable. The demand for standardized AtoN information for efficient utilization is gradually increasing, and for this purpose, the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) has developed S-201, a standard for the management of AtoN information, and recommends its application to member countries. Notably, since Korea defines AtoNs and manages the information according to the Aids to Navigation Act, the need for definition and information management according to the S-201 standard, an international standard, is even greater. Therefore, in this study, according to the recommendation of IALA, we aimed to suggest a way to manage AtoN information by applying the S-201 standard. To this end, after comparing the classification criteria of the AtoN information of the IALA, and that of Korea's classification standards, Korea's AtoN information management plan applying the S-201 standard was presented. The results of this study provide important basic data for managing standardized digital AtoN information that is easy to use worldwide.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.190-194
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• 2019

개체명 인식이란 주어진 문서에서 개체명의 범위를 찾고 개체명을 분류하는 것이다. 최근 많은 연구는 신경망 모델을 이용하며 하나 이상의 단어로 구성된 개체명을 BIO 표기법으로 표현한다. BIO 표기법은 개체명이 시작되는 단어의 표지에 B(Beginning)-를 붙이고, 개체명에 포함된 그 외의 단어의 표지에는 I(Inside)-를 붙이며, 개체명과 개체명 사이의 모든 단어의 표지를 O로 간주하는 방법이다. BIO 표기법으로 표현된 말뭉치는 O 표지가 90% 이상을 차지하므로 O 표지에 대한 혼잡도가 높아지는 문제와 불균형 학습 문제가 발생된다. 본 논문에서는 BIO 표기법 대신에 BIT 표기법을 제안한다. BIT 표기법이란 BIO 표기법에서 O 표지를 T(Tag) 표지로 변환하는 방법이며 본 논문에서 T 표지는 품사 표지를 나타낸다. 실험을 통해서 BIT 표기법이 거의 모든 경우에 성능이 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.75-96
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• 1998

The local arrangement of sensory nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers in the brain stem, spinal ganglia and nodose ganglia were observed following injection of cholera toxin B subunit(CTB) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase(WGA-HRP) into the rat intestine. The tracers were injected in the stomach(anterior and posterior portion), duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon or descending colon. After survival times of 48-96 hours, the rats were perfused and their brain, spinal and nodose ganglia were frozen sectioned ($40{\mu}m$). These sectiones were stained by CTB immunohistochemical and HRP histochemical staining methods and observed by dark and light microscopy. The results were as follows: 1. WGA-HRP labeled afferent terminal fields in the brain stem were seen in the stomach and cecum, and CTB labeled afferent terminal fields in the brain stem were seen in all parts of the intestine. 2. Afferent terminal fields innervating the intestine were heavily labeled bilaterally gelalinous part of nucleus of tractus solitarius(gelNTS), dorsomedial part of gelNTS, commissural part of NTS(comNTS), medial part of NTS(medNTS), wall of the fourth ventricle, ventral border of area postrema and comNTS in midline dorsal to the central canal. 3. WGA-HRP labeled sensory neurons were observed bilaterally within the spinal ganglia, and labeled sensory neurons innervating the stomach were observed in spinal ganglia $T_2-L_1$ and the most numerous in spinal ganglia $T_{8-9}$. 4. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the duodenum were observed in spinal ganglia $T_6-L_2$ and labeled cell number were fewer than the other parts of the intestines. 5. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the jejunum were observed in spinal ganglia $T_6-L_2$ and the most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were $T_{12}$ in left and $T_{13}$ in right. 6. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the ileum were observed in spinal ganglia $T_6-L_2$ and the most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were $T_{11}$ in left and $L_1$ in right. 7. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the cecum were observed in spinal ganglia $T_7-L_2$ and the most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were $T_{11}$ in left and $T_{11-12}$ in right. 8. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the ascending colon were observed in spinal ganglia $T_7-L_2$ in left, and $T_9-L_4$ in right. The most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were $T_9$ in left and $T_{11}$ in right. 9. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the descending colon were observed in spinal ganglia $T_9-L_2$ in left, and $T_6-L_2$ in right. The most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were $T_{13}$ in left and $L_1$ in right. 10. WGA-HRP labeled sensory neurons were observed bilaterally within the nodose ganglia, and the most numerous labeled sensory neurons innervating the abdominal organs were observed in the stomach. 11. The number of labeled sensory neurons within the nodose ganglia innervating small and large intestines were fewer than that of labeled sensory neurons innervating stomach These results indicated that area of sensory neurons innervated all parts of intestines were bilaterally gelatinous part of nucleus tractus solitarius(gelNTS), dorsomedial part of gelNTS, commissural part of NTS (comNTS), medial part of NTS, wall of the fourth ventricle, ventral border of area postrema and com NTS in midline dorsal to the central canal within brain stem, spinal ganglia $T_2-L_4$ and nodose ganglia. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the intestines except the stomach were observed in spinal ganglia $T_6-L_4$. The most labeled sensory neurons from the small intestine to large intestine came from middle thoracic spinal ganglia to upper lumbar spinal ganglia.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.899-915
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• 2018

In this study, in order to construct an eco-friendly advanced road transportation network, the multi-layer tunnel, which is a small-sized car road, is designed to have a height of less than 60 cm. However, the shape of the tunnel is low and the height of the traffic sign is small. In order to solve these problems, traffic sign characters were designed in three dimensions, and the possibility of applying the design of the three - dimensional sign that can obtain greater visibility than the existing signs at the same distance and the possibility verification through virtual simulation were performed. The three-dimensional sign is horizontally installed on the ceiling of the multi-layer tunnel. To be seen vertically, it is enlarged by a certain ratio by the perspective, and the width and height are enlarged. Respectively. In addition, 3D simulation was performed to verify the visibility of the stereoscopic signs when the driver ran through the stereoscopic sign design specifications. As a result of the design and experimental study, it was confirmed that the stereoscopic sign could be designed through the theoretical formula and that it could provide the driver with a larger traffic sign character because there is no limitation of the facility limit compared to the existing vertical traffic sign. Also, we confirmed that it can be implemented in the side wall by using the stereoscopic sign design principle installed on the ceiling part. It was confirmed that the design of the stereoscopic sign can be designed to be smaller as the distance that the driver visually recognizes the sperm is shorter, the height of the protrusion vertically at the lower part of the stereoscopic sign becomes higher. As a result of 3D simulation running experiment based on the design information of the stereoscopic sign, it was confirmed that the stereoscopic sign is visually the same as the vertical sign at the planned distance. Although the detailed research and institutional improvement of stereoscopic signs have not been made in Korea and abroad, it is evolved into a core technology of new road traffic facilities through various studies through the possibility of designing and applying stereoscopic signs developed through this study Expect.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.347-353
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• 2020

Aids to Navigation (AtoN) contribute to preventing marine accidents and protecting marine environment by providing various information such as location information etc. to ships. Recognizing the importance of the AtoN, a 24 won of the AtoN service fee is charged for ships entering and leaving international trade ports. However, while the 24 won of the AtoN service fee has been maintained since its establishment in 1999, the demand for new roles of the AtoN service for autonomous shipping and smart port operations, etc. has gradually increasing with the change of shipping and port 4.0. Thus the purpose of this study was to estimate the appropriate level of the AtoN service fee in accordance with such changes in the shipping and port industries. To accomplish this, a method of recovering the total cost was introduced to the PROOF (Pyeongtaek Regional Office of Ocean and Fisheries). It is estimated that there are four cases in which estimation of the AtoN service fee is estimated in two cases year by year and conversion year, the AtoNs of PROOF are classified into the all and part of a ship using the trade port. As a result of the estimation, the AtoN service fee of PROOF is estimated at 53.78-71.62 won (as of 2019), and 29.78-47.62 won is higher than the today at 24 won. The results of this study can be used as useful basic data for the operation of budgets and policy management considering the role of the AtoN.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.915-926
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• 2017

The subway is the transportation means most commonly used by the citizens of the metropolitan area along with the buses in the metropolitan area and major metropolitan municipalities. However, satisfaction with the signboards is low and the signboards need to be improved. In this study, we investigated the problem of guide signs of city hall and exchange area with L - shaped history structure for guide signs affecting route finding. As a result, it is necessary to confirm whether the moving distance is long and moving accurately to the desired destination due to the L - shaped historical structure in both the station and the alternate area. In both stations, the number of the guide signs, Problems such as installation position, height, other. In this study, the movement within the subway station is classified according to the space. The type of guide sign installation was defined, and the specific principles for guiding the movement route were proposed. This research is expected to be useful as an important basic data for the types and layout of subway stations.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.361-368
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• 2019

Aid to Navigation (AtoN) is the artificial facilities to facilitate the ship's safe navigation using light, shape, color, sound, and radio waves. IALA has developed and operated the educational course for expert groups for the design, deployment, and management of AtoN. Also, maritime educational institutes have operated various educational courses for safe navigation through the ship's operation and ECDIS curriculum for seafarers. However, education using the AtoN Simulator System is needed to prevent marine accidents caused by misunderstanding of the AtoN according to various topographical, environmental, and maritime traffic environments. In this study, the existing ship handling simulator and AtoN simulator were applied to develop educational modules for accurate understanding and application of AtoN in various environments, enhancing the quality of education from the existing theoretical point of view and improving practical use to maximize educational efforts.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.91-98
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• 2011

Road signs are part of the traffic facilities intended to guide drivers to their destinations in a safe and comfortable manner. Due to the creation of new routes, changes to the old routes, and the deterioration of road signs, road signs do require efforts to do ongoing field investigations and put the results in a database. The purpose of this study was to propose methodologies to do field investigations and build a database for road signs efficiently. For that purpose, a mobile mapping system was designed for field investigations. The designed mobile mapping system was comprised of three cameras to produce image information about road signs, GPS/IMU/DMI to obtain information about the position and attitude of a vehicle, and a laser scanner to generate information about the locations of road signs and routes. Also proposed in the study was a procedure to automatically detect the areas of road signs in the road signs images and recognize their characters.