• Title/Summary/Keyword: 표면선량

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두경부암의 6MV 광자선 치료 시 표면선량 증가를 위한 Spoiler의 유용성 평가

  • 이강혁;김원택;이화중;김대영
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 2002
  • 1.목적 두경부암(head and neck Ca)과 쇄골상부(Supraclavicular)에 6MV 광자선으로 치료 시 치료부위(Target volume)가 피부에서 대략 $1^{\sim}2mm$정도 깊이에 위치할 경우, 6MV 광자선의 선량분포는 표면선량이 낮아서 치료에 적합하지 않기 때문에 Bolus와 같이 사용하지만 Skin Sparing(피부보호)효과의 손실로 피부의 손상이 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 피부의 보호와 치료 시 표면선량의 증가를 위해 Spoiler(산란판)를 제작하여 측정 후 그 특성을 이해하고 선량의 분포를 통하여 Bolus와 비교한 후에 Spoiler의 유용성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 2.방법 Siemens사 선형가속기(PRIMUS)의 6MV 광자선을 사용하여 Spoiler의 사용여부 및 Spoiler의 사용 시에는 조사면의 크기를 $5{\times}5,\;7{\times}7,\;10{\times}10,\;15{\times}15,\;20{\times}20cm^2$로 하고 Spoiler와 표면과의 거리는 6, 10, 15cm로 바꾸어 가면서 물팬톰(PTW. 독일)을 이용해 깊이와 측방에 따른 선량분포를 Markus 전리함(PTW. 독일)으로 측정하였으며 전리함의 방수를 위해 씌어진 방수 캡 때문에 표면선량을 별도의 고형 팬톰으로 측정하였다. 표면의 측정선량은 전리함의 측면 벽 등에 의한 선량 측정치의 증가 현상으로 과 반응을 보였으며 이를 교정하였다. 그리고 측정된 데이터를 치료계획 시스템(Pinnacle 6.0m)으로 비교, 분석하였다. 3.결과 Spoiler의 사용 시 3cm깊이 측정선량 백분율과 Spoiler를 사용하지 않은 해당 치료 조사면의 3cm깊이 선량의 백분율에 일치하도록 하여 가상의 치료 깊이인 2mm에서 측정값을 비교하여 본 결과 조사면 $5{\times}5,\;10{\times}10,\;20{\times}20cm^2$에서 OPEN시 62, 64, $70\%$, Bolus는 97, 97, $99\%$로 Spoiler의 사용 시 표면과의 거리가 6cm에서 82, 98, $103\%$, 10cm에는 72, 89, $101\%$, 15m에 65, 79, $96\%$로 나타났으며 표면에서의 측정값을 비교하여 본 결과 OPEN시 11, 17, $27\%$, Bolus는 84, 84, $86\%$, Spoiler의 사용 시 6cm에서 40, 71, $93\%$, 10cm에는 25, 50, $81\%$, 15cm에 18, 36, $67\%$를 나타내었다. 또한 3m깊이에서의 측방 선량분포에서 Spoiler의 거리변화(6, 10cm)는 심부선량의 변화에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 위의 실험측정치를 치료계획 시스템에 입력하여 선량분포를 확인한 결과 Spoiler를 사용하는 경우 OPEN에 비해 선량분포 영역을 표면으로 끌어 올릴 수 있으며 Bolus 보다 피부 보호효과는 어느 정도 유지가 되는 것을 보여주었다. 4.결론 이와 같이 Spoiler는 Bolus와 비교하여 6MV 광자선의 build up 영역을 표면으로 증가시키는 동시에 Skin Sparing(피부보호)효과를 유지할 수 있으며 두경부암의 치료에서 Spoiler의 사용이 가능한 조건으로는 조사면이 $5{\times}5cm^2$에서 Spoiler와 표면과의 거리가 6cm일 때, $7{\times}7cm^2$에서 6cm, 10cm였고 $10{\times}10cm^2$는 10cm, 15cm로, $15{\times}15cm^2$는 15cm의 간격으로 평가되었다. 또한 $20{\times}20cm^2$의 조사면, Spoiler가 6cm 간격 인 경우 Bolus를 사용한 것 보다 더욱 높은 표면선량을 나타내었다. 그러나 Spoiler와 표면간의 거리를 다르게 함으로써 깊이에 따라 선량분포를 다양하게 나타낼 수 있기 때문에 표면선량의 증가와 피부의 보호를 위해 환자의 피부 두께, 실제 치료 부위의 깊이 등을 고려한다면 Spoiler를 사용하는 것이 bolus를 사용하는 것보다 더 유용하게 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

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고선량율 근접조사치료용 이리듐-192 방사성동위원소의 교정방법 비교 ${\cdot}$ 연구

  • Heo, Hyeon-Do;Park, Seong-Yong;Lee, Re-Na;Sin, Dong-O;Gwon, Su-Il;No, Jun-Gyu;Choe, Jin-Ho
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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    • 2004.11a
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    • pp.78-80
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    • 2004
  • 본 연구에서는 쐐기형태의 선량분포를 구현할 수 있도록 고안된 미국 Varian사 동적쐐기(EDW ; Enhanced Dynamic Wedge)의 표면선량(surface dose)과 주변선량(peripheral dose) 특성을 분석하였다. 쐐기각도 15${\circ}$, 30${\circ}$, 45${\circ}$, 50${\circ}$를 대상으로 금속쐐기를 사용했을 경우와 동적쐐기를 사용했을 경우에 대해 해당 선량특성을 비교, 분석하였다. 표면선량 측정 결과, 동적쐐기가 금속쐐기보다 더 높은 선량 분포를 보였으며, 주변선량의 경우, 금속쐐기가 동적쐐기보다 더 높은 선량분포를 보였다. 이는 금속쐐기의 빔 필터링에 의한 빔 경화(hardening) 현상과 광자선과의 산란 현상에 기인한 결과로 방사선치료 계획 시 동적쐐기의 적용에 있어 고려해야 할 주요 특성이라 사료된다.

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A study on the Radiation exposure of simple abdomen x-ray in Radiography (복부 단순 X선검사시 피복 선량에 관한 연구)

  • Ko In Ho;Lee Kyung Sung;Shin Dong Yong
    • Journal of The Korean Radiological Technologist Association
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.57-65
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    • 2001
  • This study was performed to measure about exposure dose during simple abdomen x-ray Radiography. The exposure dose was measured by PDD, surface dose, percentage scatter dose, respectively. The result was as followed: 1. When tube voltage were increased wi

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The Effect of Aquaplast on Surface Dose of Photon Beam (Aquaplast가 광자선의 표면선량에 미치는 영향)

  • Oh, Do-Hoon;Bae, Hoon-Sik
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.95-100
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    • 1995
  • Purpose : To evaluate the effect on surface dose due to Aquaplast used for immobilizing the patients with head and neck cancers in photon beam radiotherapy Materials and Methods: To assess surface and buildup region dose for 6MV X-ray from linear accelerator(Siemens Mevatron 6740), we measured percent ionization value with the Markus chamber model 30-329 manufactured by PTW Frieburg and Capintec electrometer, model WK92. For measurement of surface ionization value, the chamber was embedded in $25{\times}25{\times}3cm^3$ acrylic phantom and set on $25{\times}25{\times}5cm^3$ polystyrene phantom to allow adequate scattering. The measurements of percent depth ionization were made by placing the polystyrene layers of appropriate thickness over the chamber. The measurements were taken at 100cm SSD for $5{\times}5cm^2$, $10{\times}10cm^2$ and $15{\times}15cm^2$ field sizes, respectively. Placing the layer of Aquaplast over the chamber, the same procedures were repeated. We evaluated two types of Aquaplast: 1.6mm layer of original Aquaplast(manufactured by WFR Aquaplast Corp.) and transformed Aquaplast similar to moulded one for immobilizing the patients practically. We also measured surface ionization values with blocking tray in presence or absence of transformed Aquaplast. In calculating percent depth dose, we used the formula suggested by Gerbi and Khan to correct overresponse of the Markus chamber. Results : The surface doses for open fields of $5{\times}5cm^2$, $10{\times}10cm^2$, and $15{\times}15cm^2$ were $79\%$, $13.6\%$, and $18.7\%$, respectively. The original Aquaplast increased the surface doses upto $38.4\%$, $43.6\%$, and $47.4\%$, respectively. For transformed Aquaplast, they were $31.2\%$, $36.1\%$, and $40.5\%$, respectively. There were little differences in percent depth dose values beyond the depth of Dmax. Increasing field size, the blocking tray caused increase of the surface dose by $0.2\%$, $1.7\%$, $3.0\%$ without Aquaplast, $0.2\%$, $1.9\%$, $3.7\%$ with transformed Aquaplast, respectively. Conclusion: The original and transformed Aquaplast increased the surface dose moderately. The percent depth doses beyond Dmax, however, were not affected by Aquaplast. In conclusion, although the use of Aquaplast in practice may cause some increase of skin and buildup region dose, reductioin of skin-sparing effect will not be so significant clinically.

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Radiation Exposure Dose on Persons Engaged in Radiation-related Industries in Korea (한국에서 방사선 관련 종사자들의 개인피폭선량 실태에 관한 연구)

  • Lim, Bong-Sik
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.185-195
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    • 2006
  • Purpose: This study investigated the status of radiation exposure doses since the establishment of the "Regulations on Safety Management of Diagnostic Radiation Generation Device" in January 6, 1995. Method: The level of radiation exposure in people engaged or having been engaged in radiation-related industries of inspection organizations, educational organizations, military units, hospitals, public health centers, businesses, research organizations or clinics over a 5 year period from Jan. 1, 2000 to Dec. 31, 2004 was measured. The 149,205 measurement data of 57,136 workers registered in a measurement organization were analysed in this study. Frequency analysis, a Chi-square test, Chi-square trend test, and ANOVA was used for data analysis. Results: Among 57,136, men were 40,870(71.5%). 50.3% of them were radiologic technologists, otherwise medical doctors(22.7%), nurse(2.9%) and others(24.1%). The average of depth radiation and surface radiation during the 5-year period were found to decrease each year. Both the depth radiation and surface radiation exposure were significantly higher in males, in older age groups, in radiological technologists of occupation. The departments of nuclear medicine had the highest exposure of both depth and surface radiation of the divisions of labor. There were 1.98 and 2.57 per 1,000 person-year were exposed more than 20 mSv(limit recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection) in depth and surface radiation consequently. Conclusion: The total exposure per worker was siginifcantly decreased by year. But Careful awareness is needed for the workers who exposed over 20 mSv per year. In order to minimize exposure to radiation, each person engaged in a radiation-related industry must adhere to the individual safety management guidelines more thoroughly. In addition, systematic education and continuous guidance aimed at increasing the awareness of safety must be provided.

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A Study on the Presentation of Entrance Surface Dose Model using Semiconductor Dosimeter, General Dosimeter, Glass Dosimeter: Focusing on Comparative Analysis of Effective Dose and Disease Risk through PCXMC 2.0 based on Monte Carlo Simulation (반도체 선량계, 일반 선량계, 유리 선량계를 이용한 입사표면선량 모델 제시에 관한 연구: 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션 기반의 PCXMC 2.0을 통한 유효선량과 발병 위험도의 비교분석을 중심으로)

  • Hwang, Jun-Ho;Lee, Kyung-Bae
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.149-157
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    • 2018
  • One of the purposes of radiation protection is to minimize stochastic effects. PCXMC 2.0 is a Monte Carlo Simulation based program and makes it possible to predict effective dose and the probability of cancer development through entrance surface dose. Therefore, it is especially important to measure entrance surface dose through dosimeter. The purpose of this study is to measure entrance surface dose through semiconductor dosimeter, general dosimeter, glass dosimeter, and to compare and analyze the effective dose and probability of disease of critical organs. As an experimental method, the entrance surface dose of skull, chest, abdomen was measured per dosimeter and the effective dose and the probability of cancer development of critical organs per area was evaluated by PCXMC 2.0. As a result, the entrance surface dose per area was different in the order of a general dosimeter, a semiconductor dosimeter, and a glass dosimeter even under the same condition. Base on this analysis, the effective dose and probability of developing cancer of critical organs were also different in the order of a general dosimeter, a semiconductor dosimeter, and a glass dosimeter. In conclusion, it was found that the effective dose and the risk of diseases differ according to the dosimeter used, even under the same conditions, and through this study it was found that it is important to present an accurate entrance surface dose model according to each dosimeter.

A study on dose attenuation in bone density when TBI using diode detector and TLD (전신방사선조사(TBI)시 다이오드 측정기(Diode detector) 및 열형광선량계(TLD)를 이용한 골조직 선량감쇄에 대한 고찰)

  • IM Hyun Sil;Lee Jung Jin;Jang Ahn Ki;Kim Wan Seon
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.67-77
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    • 2003
  • I. Purpose Uniform dose distribution of the whole body is essential factor for the total body irradiation(TBI). In order to achieved this goal, we used to compensation filter to compensate body contour irregularity and thickness differences. But we can not compensate components of body, namely lung or bone. The purpose of this study is evaluation of dose attenuation in bone tissue when TBI using diode detectors and TLD system. II. Materials and Methods The object of this study were 5 patients who undergo TBI at our hospital. Dosimetry system were diode detectors and TLD system. Treatment method was bilateral and delivered 10MV X-ray from linear accelerator. Measurement points were head, neck, pelvis, knees and ankles. TLD used two patients and diode detectors used three patients. III. Results Results are as followed. All measured dose value were normalized skin dose. TLD dosimetry : Measured skin dose of head, neck, pelvis, knees and ankles were $92.78{\pm}3.3,\;104.34{\pm}2.3,\;98.03{\pm}1.4,\;99.9{\pm}2.53,\;98.17{\pm}0.56$ respectably. Measured mid-depth dose of pelvis, knees and ankles were $86{\pm}1.82,\;93.24{\pm}2.53,\;91.50{\pm}2.84$ respectably. There were $6.67\%{\sim}11.65\%$ dose attenuation at mid-depth in pelvis, knees and ankles. Diode detector : Measured skin dose of head, neck, pelvis, knees and ankles were $95.23{\pm}1.18,\;98.33{\pm}0.6,\;93.5{\pm}1.5,\;87.3{\pm}1.5,\;86.90{\pm}1.16$ respectably. There were $4.53\%{\sim}12.6\%$ dose attenuation at mid-depth in pelvis, knees and ankles. IV. Conclusion We concluded that dose measurement with TLD or diode detector was inevitable when TBI treatment. Considered dose attenuation in bone tissue, We must have adequately deduction of compensator thickness that body portion involved bone tissue.

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Skin Dose Distribution with Spoiler of 6 MV X-ray for Head and Neck Tumor (두경부암 치료를 위한 6 MV X-선 산란판의 제작과 산란분포 측정)

  • Lee Kyung-Ja;Chu Sung Sil
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.339-345
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    • 1996
  • Purpose : This study was performed for adequate irradiating tumor area when 6 MV linear accerelator photon was used to treat the head and neck tumor. The skin surface dose and maximum build-up region was measured by using a spoiler which was located between skin surface and collimator. Methods : A spoiler was made of tissue equivalent material and the skin surface dose and maximum build-up region was measured varing with field size, thickness of spoiler and interval between skin and collimator. The results of skin surface dose and maximum build-up dose was represented as a build-up ratio and it was compared with dose distribution by using a bolus. Results : The skin surface dose was increased with appling spoiler and decreased by distance of the skin-spoiler separation. The maxium build-up region was 1.5 cm below the skin surface and it was markedly decreased near the skin surface. By using a 1.0-cm thickness spoiler, Dmax moved to 5, 10.2, 12.3 13.9 and 14.8 mm from the skin surface by separation of the spoiler from the skin 0, 5, 10, 15. 20 cm, respectively. Conclusion : The skin surface dose was increased and maximum build-up region was moved to the surface by using a spoiler. Therefore spoiler was useful in treating by high energy photon in the head and neck tumor.

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Reduction of Electron Contamination Using a Filter for 6MV Photon Beam (6MV 광자선에서 전자오염 감소에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Choul-Soo;Yoo, Myung-Jin;Yum, Ha-Yong
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.159-165
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    • 1997
  • Purpose : Secondary electrons generated by interaction between Primary X-rar beam and block tray in megavoltage irradiation, result in excess soft radiation dose to the surface layer To reduce the surface dose from the electron contamination, electron filters were attached under the tray when a customized block was used. Materials and Methods : Cu, Al or Cu/Al combined Plate with different thickness was used as a filter and the surface dose reduction was measured for each case. The measurement to find optimal filter was performed with $10m\times10cm$ field size and 78.5cm source to surface distance. The measurement points are positioned with 2mm intervals from surface to maximum build-up point. To acquire the effect of field size dependence on optimal electron filter, the measurement was performed from $4cm\times4cm\;to\;25cm\times25cm$ field sizes. Results : The surface dose was slowly increased by increasing irradiation field but rapidly increased beyond $15cm\times15cm$ field size. Al plate was found to be inadequate filter because of the failure to have surface dose kept lowering than the dose of deep area. Cu 0.5mm plate and Cu/Al=0.28mm/1.5mm combined plate were found to be optimal filters. By using these 2 filters, the absorbed dose to the surface layer was effectively reduced by $5.5\%,\;11.3\%,\;and\;22.3\%$ for the field size $4cm\times4cm,\;10m\times10cm,\;and\;25cm\times25cm$, respectively. Conclusion : The surface dose attributable to electron contamination had a dependence on field size. The electron contamination was increased when tray was used. Specially the electron contamination in the surface layer was greater when the larger field was used. 0.5mm Cu Plate and Cu/Al=0.28mm/15mm combined plates were selected as optimal electron filters. When the optimal electron filter was attached under the tray, excessive surface dose was decreased effectively The effect of these electron filters was better when a larger field was used.

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Evaluation of Surface Dose for Field-in-Field (FIF) Technique in Breast Radiotherapy (유방암 방사선치료에서 Field-in-Field (FIF) 기법의 조사면 주변 선량 분석)

  • Il-Hoon, Cho;Daehong, Kim
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.16 no.7
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    • pp.851-856
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    • 2022
  • The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of reducing the surface dose around the radiation field in breast cancer radiotherapy using the Field-in-Field (FIF) technique. X-ray was exposed from a linear accelerator (Linac) was used for irradiation, and the surface dose was measured with a glass dosimeter. The source-to-surface distance (SSD) was 90 cm, the field size is 10 × 10 cm2, and the X-ray energy was 6 MV and 10 MV, respectively. The surface dose of the FIF was compared with the dose measured in the physical wedge (PW) and dynamic wedge (DW). Wedge angles of 15° and 30° were used in the PW and DW, respectively. Surface dose was measured at 1 cm, 3 cm, and 5 cm from the center of the field size, respectively. According to the results, FIF showed lower surface dose compared to PW and DW regardless of the energy of the X-ray beam, wedge angle, and dose measurement point. Since FIF could reduce the radiation dose in periphery of the field size in breast cancer treatment, it is expected to be able to reduce the secondary damage caused by the radiation beam as well as to obtain a uniform dose distribution on the target.