• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.77-84
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• 2024

Aging and damaged underground utilities cause cavity and ground subsidence under roads, which can cause economic losses and risk user safety. This study used infrared cameras to assess the thermal characteristics of such cavities and evaluate their reliability using a CNN algorithm. PVC pipes were embedded at various depths in a test site measuring 400 cm × 50 cm × 40 cm. Concrete blocks were used to simulate road surfaces, and measurements were taken from 4 PM to noon the following day. The initial temperatures measured by the infrared camera were 43.7℃, 43.8℃, and 41.9℃, reflecting atmospheric temperature changes during the measurement period. The RP algorithm generates images in four resolutions, i.e., 10,000 × 10,000, 2,000 × 2,000, 1,000 × 1,000, and 100 × 100 pixels. The accuracy of the CNN model using RP images as input was 99%, 97%, 98%, and 96%, respectively. These results represent a considerable improvement over the 73% accuracy obtained using time-series images, with an improvement greater than 20% when using the RP algorithm-based inputs.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.29
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• pp.11-19
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• 2011

This research gives weight to establish practical improvement based on analysis of the landscape ecological character and value to realize the importance of small wetland and stream in cultivated areas functioning as a residual landscape element in rural landscape and to deal with ecological depression effectively. The results of summary are as follows. 1) The results of landscape ecological character analysis of wetlands biotop in total of 7 sites, for example, size of surface in site 5 was widely formed about $10,600m^2$, which was assessed satisfactory in terms of slope of waterfront, width of hedgerow, vegetation condition of composition and so on. Also, The number of flexibility showed 2 in site 8-1, the highest, and morphological diversity showed 1.47, the highest. 2) The results of problem analysis of wetland biotop, most of wetlands are analyzed that the width of hedgerow was below 1m. Also, the 4 wetlands in site 8 are appeared that hard to live slope vegetation in there because of slope of waterfronts are above $45^{\circ}$. 3) The results of landscape ecological character analysis of stream in total of 6 sites, for example, width of waterfront in site 4 showed 55m, the widest, and investigated consist of natural ingredients such as soil, rock, gravel. However, width of waterfront in site 2-2 showed 4m, the narrowest, and inclined angle of slope was formed a right angle. 4) The results of problem analysis of stream, width of waterfront hedgerow in site 2-1 showed about 5m, which was very narrower than width of waterfront, and toxic chemicals discharged from near cultivated area without any filtering. Also, all areas of site 2-2 was formed concrete, and was assessed dissatisfactory in terms of capacity of nature purification, flood control, habitat living space because of straight stream. 5) Based on the result above landscape ecological character and problem analysis, main improvement guidelines are set in terms of shape, vegetation, topography in case of wetlands, and which are set in terms of vertical, horizontal structure in case of stream.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.388-395
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• 2016

This paper explores the photocatalytic sensitivity of cement mortar incorporated with recycled $TiO_2$ from waste water sludge. Basically, $TiO_2$ cluster sank down slowly to the bottom of cement mortar specimen before setting and hardening process. This leads the mismatch of $TiO_2$ concentration on the top and the bottom faces of a specimen. This poorly dispersed $TiO_2$-cement mortar naturally exhibits poor NOx removal efficiency especially on the top of cementitious structure. In architectural engineering application such as building or housing structures, one can simply filp over from the bottom so that more $TiO_2$ concentrated surface can be placed outward into the air. However, in highway pavement case, this could not be applicable due to in-situ installation of concrete pavement. Hence, the dispersion of $TiO_2$ cluster inside the cementitous material is getting important issue onto road construction application. To elaborate this issue, according to our results, silica fume, high-ranged water reducer, viscosity agent, blast furnace slag were not enhanced much of dispersion characteristics of $TiO_2$ cluster. The combination of foaming agent and accelerator of hardening with viscosity agent and small grain size of fine aggregate may help the dispersion of $TiO_2$ inside cementitious materials. Even though the enhanced dispersion were applied to the specimen, NOx removal efficiency doest not change much for the top surface of the specimen. This concurrently affected by the presence of tiny air voids and the dispersion of $TiO_2$ in that these voids could easily adsorbed NOx gas with the aid of large surface area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 2012

This study is determined by tree vigor of analyzing of each object's growth condition in Locational Characteristics and compare the result with impediment extent rate in crown area to provide the management Study about the influence of man-made structures in numbers of protected trees. 68 places where are in the list of Kimpo protected trees were researched in Natural environments, vital degree of trees, number of trees. Crown area was calculated surveying it around the directions of North, East, South and West branching out. Impediment in the area was analyzed after classified into artificial impediment like paved surface(ascon, concrete, block, etc.), a building and a breast wall and natural impediment like soil, stonework and gravel and conclusions are as follow. In analyzing of natural environments, he ground where protected trees have located is consist of 72.05 of manmade structure and artificial in all. There are many protected trees which have less space than crown area for growth suggested by Woo-kyung Sim and Se-kyun Shin in 1992. And it was analyzed that making growth space for protected trees and management of impediment are urgently needed because of that the proportion of impediment covering the crown area has increased as cities are becoming more urbanized results in transforming of trees and weakness of tree vigor. This research shows that under 20% of in crown area is tree vigor determination 1-2 grade 21-50% under is 2-3 grade, higher than 50% is 3-5 grade. More impediment have more difficulty for growing, with the management of root system of protected trees need to be under 20% of rate of land is necessary was improved. As follows are suggested about the standard of management in artificial impediment which influence the number of trees. Firstly, impediment in crown area must be restricted under 20%, but in case outside of the area is not artificial the rate could be higher considerable. Secondly, protected trees growth space secured as much as crown area and impediment must be installed outside the crown area. Thirdly, to move the protected trees, condition of growth space secure must be considered. Fourthly, to develope land, the area around protected trees should be utilized in a park, the area of impediment installation in crown area should be limited as well. Fifthly, As many shown in previous research, for the improvement of old big trees and protected trees, need the tax favor of landowner and purchase of around land, to manage, it needs the budget of local government and advice of expert. Also the study on how various kind of impediment nearby protected trees influence on them has to be continued.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2010

Law-protected trees are our precious asset as natural resources with history and tradition and natural heritage which should be protected and maintained well to bequeath next generation. Law-protected trees have not only thremmatologic and genetic meaning but also environmental and emotional meaning for their value to be high. This study investigated location, vitality, wrapping condition of root area and status of maintenance of the trees to figure out their growth environment and status of maintenance in a small-middle city through survey on those of law-protected trees in Je-cheon. There showed 300 more year old trees in Je-cheon mostly and the number of trees located in flat fields was the highest. For location type, village, hill and road types were presented in the order and for degree of development, land for building was found most frequently. The average electric resistance of the formative layer was measured to be $8.4k{\Omega}$ and four trees showed bark separation. Most law-protected trees underwent tree surgery, and complete bareness of root area was observed in a tree. The root area of two trees was covered with concrete. pH of soil was recorded to be 5.0~8.4 with its average of 7.1 and electric conductivity(EC) was less than 0.5 dS/m. For status of maintenance rearing facilities were placed for 16 trees out of totally 48 ones and stone fence was done for three ones. Tree surgery was conducted for 33 trees to prevent and to treat decomposed parts of holes. Direction boards were installed for 23 trees. Based on these results, measures to manage systematically law-protected trees in Jecheon could be suggested as follows. First, a sufficient space for growth of low part of trees should be secured. Second, a voluntary management should be induced by advertising them to residents in a community. Third, rearing facilities and direction boards of law-protected trees should be placed and related education should be conducted. Fourth, through operation of the department for law-protected trees consisting of related professions and cooperation among related departments the trees should be maintained continuously.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2012

The object of the study, Yousang-Dae(流觴臺) and engraved Go broad text on the flat rock in Gangneung-si Yungok-myun Yoodung-ri Baemgol, reveals that the place was for appreciating arts like Yusang Goksu and Taoist hermit's games. three times of detail reconnaissance survey brought about the results as follows. There is a the text, Manwolsan(滿月山) Baegundongcheon(白雲洞天), engraved on the rock in Baegunsa(白雲寺) that had been built by Doun at the first year of King Hungang(in 875) of the United Shilla, became in ruins in the middle of Joseon, and then was rebuilt in 1954. The text is an invaluable evidence indicating that the tradition of Taoist hermit and Sunbee(classical scholars) culture has been generated in Baemgol Valley. According to the 2nd vol. of Donghoseungram(東湖勝覽), the chronicle of Gangneung published by Choi Baeksoon in 1934, there is a record saying that 'Baegunsa in Namjeonhyeon is the classroom where famous teachers like Yulgok Lee Yi or Seongje Choi Ok were teaching' that verifies the historic property of the place. In addition, the management of Nujeong(樓亭) and Dongcheon can be traced through Baegunjeong(白雲亭) constructed by Kim Yoonkyung(金潤卿) in Muo year, the 9th year of Cheoljong(1858) according to Donghoseungram and the completed version of Jeungboyimyoungji(增補臨瀛誌). Also, Baegundongdongcheon(白雲亭洞天), the text engraved on the standing stone across the stream from Yousang-Dae stone, was created 3 years after the Baegunjeong construction in the 12th year of Cheoljong(1861), which refers a symbolic sign closely related with Yousang-Dae. Based on this premise and circumstance, with careful studying the remains of 'Yusang-dae' Goksuro, we discovered that the Sebun-seok(細分石) controling the amount and the speed of moving water and the remains of furrows of Keumbae-soek(擒盃石) and Yubae-gong(留盃孔) containing water stream with cups through the mountain stream and rocks around Yusang-Dae. In addition, as 21 people's names engraved under the statement of 'Oh-Seong(午星)' were discovered on the bottom of the rock, this clearly confirms that the place was one of the main cultural footholds of tasting the arts which have characteristics of Yu-Sang-Gok-Su-Yeon(流觴曲水宴) until the middle of the 20th century. It implies that the arts tasting culture of Sunbees had been inherited centering on Yusang-dae in this particular place until the middle of the 20th century. It is necessary to be studied in depth because the place is a historic and unique cultural place where 'Confucianism, Buddhism, and Zen'were combined together. Based on the result of the study, the identification of 23 people as well as the writer of Yusang-Dae text should be carefully studied in depth in terms of the characteristics of the place through gathering data about appreciation of arts like Yusanggoksu. Likewise, we should make efforts to discover the chess board engraved on the rock described on the documents, thus we should consider to establish plans to recover the original shape of the place, for example, breaking the cement pavement of the road, additional excavation, changing the existing route, and so fourth.