• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.285-297
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• 1995

The mammalian oviduct is a place where ontogeny of an animal begins. Nowadays, however, it is possilbe to manipulate a part of physiological events occurring in the oviduct so that fertilization of gametes and early embryonic development of zygotes could proceed outside oviductal environment. Rabbit zygotes readily develop to blastocysts in a conventional culture condition. Most of the mouse fertilized eggs do so when cultured under a specific environment, e.g., in a medium containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. Similarly, a significant number of zygotes from rat, sheep, pig or cattle can develop to blastocysts if they are cultured in the presence of particular component which appear to be somewhat species-specific. Instead of changing the components of medium, somatic cells including oviductal epithelial cells, have widely been used to improve mammalian embryonic development in vitro. Many investigators have reported that mammalian zygotes, whether fertilized in vivo or in vitro, could develop to blastocysts when they were cultured on a monolayer of various kinds of somatic cells or even in a somatic cell-conditioned medium. While little is known about the nature of embryotrophic factor(s) produced in vitro by somatic cells, the existence fo oviduct-specific protein(s) has consistently been demonstrated in many laboratories. Some of these proteins are reported to be associated with oviductal eggs. However, the physiological role of these proteins has still to be determined. Recently we observed that the perivitelline space of mouse oocytes was fluorescently stained with various fluorochrome-protein conjugates following ovulation into the oviducts or upon their expossure to oviductal extracts. Furthermore, it was also found that cattle or pig oviductal fluid gave similar results when examined using mouse ghost ZP. These observations lead to suggest that mammalian oviduct induces changes of biochemical properties of oocytes. Further studies are needed to clarify the nature of oviductal factor(s) and the physiological meaning of the reaction.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.275-284
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• 1995

In sexing early mammalian embryos, viability of biopsied embryos and accuracy of sexing are both important. We have been previously developed efficient methods for biopsy of mouse embryos and sex identification from a single blastomere by PCR. In this study, squeeze method used for biopsy of mouse embryos was applied to bovine embryos. Compact bovine morulae were obtained by flushing uteri on Day 6 after the onset of standing estrus. A small number of blastomeres could be isolated from bovine morulae by the biopsy method. All 13 biopsied morulae were survived and 10 embryos developed to normal blastocyst after 24 h of culture. Subsequently, sex of the bovien embryos was identified from a few blastomeres by PCR amplifying a Y-specific bovine DNA sequence. Among 13 embryos analyzed, 7 embryos were determined as males and 6 embryos as females. Thus, bovine embryos at morular stage could be successfully biopsied by the squeeze method and sex of the bovine embryos determined from biopsied material by PCR.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 1997

Histopathological and fine structural changes in mouse skin after injection of venoms extracted from the venom glands of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, were studied with light and electron microscopes. At this experiment the venoms were directly injected at the hairless abdominal skin of the mouse through the sting of the bee's venomous organ. Main changes appeared within one hour after injection at both epithelial and connective tissues as considerable hyperemia and angioedema, and slight edema and fibrosis. High magnified electron micrographs reveal not only increase of diameter but also deposition of electron dense grains (which seems to be an auto immunoglobulin) at the collagenous fibers characteristically. This kinds of histological and fine structural responses were diminished from 12 hour after injection, and the pathological symptoms disappeared within 3 days at most cases. So, the skin responses induced by honeybee venom seem to be not severe compare to other cases reported by other venomous arthropods.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2001

SOX9과 SRY 유전자는 척추동물에서 남성고환의 형성을 유도하는 요소로 알려졌다. SOX9 유전자는 SRY related HMG box gene중 하나로 유전질환의 XY성전환 및 성을 결정하는 데에 관여하며 성결정시기에 그 양에 따른 성전환 발생등 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 이 유전자가 성별판정에 유용할 지는 확실치 않다. 반면 SRY 유전자는 포유동물에서의 배형성시기 고환형성을 결정하는 Y염색체 유전자로 남성에만 존재하고 여성에는 존재 않는다. 현재까지 이을 이용하여 법의학적 검체에서 남성판별에 유용하게 사용되고 있다. 본 실험에서는 X, Y와 같은 성염색체가 아닌 상동염색체상에 있으면서 SRY 유전자와 더불어 남성고환을 결정하는 또다른 요소로서의 기능을 가진 SOX9 유전자를 치아에서 검출하여 법의학적 성별판정에 유용할 수 있는지 알아보고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 남녀각각 5개의 치아에서 치수와 상아질을 분리한 후 DNA를 추출하여 SOX9과 SRY 유전자의 특이적인 시발체를 제작하고 중합효소연쇄반응을 시행하여 증폭하고 전기영동을 시행하였다. 그 결과 SOX9 유전자는 남녀모두에서 유전자가 검출되었고, SOX9 유전자산물과 SRY 유전자를 혼합하여 사용시 남자에서만 유전자가 검출되었다. 이는 법의치과학적 성별판정에 있어 SOX9 유전자는 사람의 치아에서는 남녀 모두 존재하며 남녀 구별을 위한 성별판정에는 이용할 수 없으며 SRY 유전자와 함께 적용시 남성 특이적 SRY 유전자 검사중 발생할 수 있는 가성 음성 반응여부를 확인하는 데 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 1988

The relationship between cumulus cell expansion, cocyte maturation and metabolic cooperativitiy was investigated by using mouse and pig cocyte-cumulus complexes in vitro. Cocyte germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and cumulus expansion were manipulated with hormones or reagents which increase intracellular cAMP leveL Metabolic cooperativity between oocyte and cumulus cells was assessed by determination of the fraction of radiolabelled uridine marker that was transferred from the cumulus mass to the oocyte. Uptake of uddine marker by mouse and pig cumulus mass was increased by about fourfold of basal level with the stimulation of hormones (human choriononic gonadotrophin, HCG; follicle stimulating hormone, FSH) or cyclic AMP sttmulators (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, IBMX; forskolin) during culture. However, the fraction of uridine that was transferred from the cumulus mass to the cocyte (transfer ratio) was gradually decreased during culture, irrespective with the presence of hormones or stimulators. The decrease of the transfer ratio was not correlated with the state of occyte whether they have GV or not, or with the degree of cumulus expansion. In mouse complexes, HCG induced more significant reducton of transfer ratio than other treatments. These results do not support the idea that modulations of metabolic cooperativity between cumulus cells and oocytes are important for the regulation of meiotic resumption in mammals.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.420-428
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• 1989

Pseudogobio esocinus의 심장, 신장 및 간 조직은 하부단위체 C를 함유하는 젖산수소이탈효소를 갖고 있음이 확인되었다. 하부단위체 A 및 B에 대한 유전자들의 조직 발현은 다른 포유동물의 것과 유사하였으며 분자량은 140,000 정도로 추정되었다. Oxamate gel을 사용한 chromatography결과 A4 동위효소는 NAD+보다는 column buffer에 의해 용출되었다. B4 동위효소는 CM-Sepharose column을 사용하여 부붙 정제되었다. B4 동위효소는 물론 A4 동위효소도 고농도의 Pyruvate에 의해 저해되었다. A4 동위효소의 affinity chromatography 상 행동과 Pyruvate 저해 정도로 보아 A4 등위효소는 B4 동위효소 두 역학적으로 유사하다고 사료된다. P. esainus A4 동위효소에 대한 항체는 mouse A4 등위효소와 반응하지만 동종의 B4 동위 효소와는 반응하지 않는 특성으로 보아 하부단위체 B는 진화과정에서 보존성이 낮은 것으로 사료된다. Three tissues of heart, kidney and liver of a primitive cvprinid Pseudogobio esocinus were found to have lactate dehydrogenase isozyme(5) containing subunit C. Tissue expressions of genes for subunits A and B were similar to those of mammalian species. Molecular weight of the isozymes were estimated to be 140,000 approximately. Affinity chromatography of the isozymes on the immobilized oxamate gel revealed that A4 isozyme was not elected in NAD+ but in column buffer. B4 isozune was isozpnatically purified by subjecting kidney extract to a CM-Sepharose column. Ae isozvme as well as B4 isozvme was inhibited by high concentrations of pyruvate. The affinity chromatographic behavior and susceptibility to pyruvate inhibition of the A4 isorpne suggest that A4 isozwne is similar to B4 isozyme kinetically. Antibodies against p. esocinus A4 isogyme reacted with mouse At isozyme but not with p. esocinus B4 isogyme, reflecting that subunit B is less conservative in its evolution.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.314-321
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• 1989

배의 발생과 분화에 따른 혈청 alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)의 생리적 기능 규명을 위한 기초실험의 일환으로, 모체와는 완전히 독립된 상태에서 발생과 분화가 이루어지는 계배의 혈청을 재료로 하여 CM-Sephadex C-50, hydroxyapatite 및 DEAE-Sepharose A-25등의 크로마토그라피 방법에 의해 닭 혈청 AFP를 분리하였다. 계 AFP는 분자량이 약 60 Kd로 사람 및 다른 포유동물 AFP의 분자량 (64-74 Kd)보다 작았다. 닭 AFP, 계배혈청 및 닭 혈청 등을 토끼에 면역하여 항체를 제조하였고, 이를 이용하여 닭의 배발생 단계에 따른 혈청 AFP 함량의 변화를 전기영동 및 면역학적 방법으로 정성 및 정량 분석을 실시하였다. 혈청 AFP 함량은 발생 7일-배 (AFP 농도 : 0.81 mg/ml)부터 점차 증가하여 13일-배에서 최고치인 2.46 mgfml로 나타났으며 그 이후 급격히 감소되어 부화 직후에는 매우 낮은 농도 (0.22mg/ml)였고 부화 4일에 거의 없어 졌으며, 이와 같은 AFP 함량의 변화는 혈청 알부민 함량의 변화와 거의 반비례 함을 알았다. For the preliminary step to investigate the site of AFP synthesis, the ontogenic characteristics and the physiological function of AFP, alpha-fetoprotein was isolated from chick embryo serum through the procedures of CM-Sephadex C-50, hvdroxvapatite and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chro-matography. The isolated AFP was proved to be pure and its molecular weight was found to be about 60 Kd. With this purified AFP, rabbit anti-chick hor was produced. The serum AFP level in chick embryo has been investagated by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoelec-trophoresis and single radial immunodiffusion from 7 days of incubation until 4 days after hatch-ing. It was found that the AFP level is increased from 0.81 mg/ml at daw-7 embryo to maximum value of 2.46 mg/ml at day-13 embryo, followed by rapid decreases until hatching.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 1992

These experiments were investigate the effects of bacterial infection of uterus and vagina during bovine embryo transferring on the development of embryo. We examined the distribution of reproductive disordered cow by akind of disease, identified the bacteria isolated from the vagina of those cows and bacterial infectin of media and its treatment with several kinds of antibiotics at that. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The total 592 reproductive disordered cows were caused by ovarian dysfunction(43.4%), ovary-uterus complication(24.5%), endometrities(17.7%), and repeat breeder(12.0%). 2. The main bacteria among 11 kinds of bacteria(113 colonies) was E. coli(38 colonies, 33.6%). Likewise, E. coli was propotioned to 23 and 22.7% among bacteria from vagina of endometritis and repeat breeder, respectively. 3. The sensitivities of viginal bacteria to pencillin and streptomycin were 6.2 and 4.4% respectively, but those to gentamycin and chloramphenicol were 22.1 and 16.8%, respectively. The similar sensitivities were found in the embryo recovery media. 4. The rates of bacterial infection of recovery medim and that of abnormal development of embryo were 75 and 80%, respectively. 5. The antibiotic sensitivity assay of ova recovery media showed gentamicin and chloramphenicol gave better results than streptomycin and penicillin. 6. The developmental rate of 1-cell stage mice embryos was 34.0% in bacterial infected culture media, but was 40.0, 58.0, 40.0 or 30.0% with the treatment of kanamycin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, or penicillin, respectively.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2010

Collagen is the most abundant animal protein in mammals, accounting for about 30 % of all proteins. It is present in connective tissue and contributes to the structural framework of most organs. The tripeptide (glycineproline-hydroxyproline) with the INCI name Tripeptide-29 is main component of collagen type I. The palmitoyl tripeptide (palmitoyl-glycine-proline-hydroxyproline) with the INCI name Paimitoyi Tripeptide-29 is a synthetic material that was designed as a topical agent to stimulate collagen production. We synthesized the palmitoyl tripeptide as a potential anti-wrinkle compound. This compound has been characterized using HPLC. This compound proved, through in vitro tests, to stimulate collagen production and fibroblast proliferation. These results were very promising, so human studies were subsequently performed. We investigated the skin improvement effect of the palrnitoyl tripeptide on human skin by using non-invasive instruments. We measured physiological effects such as skin wrinkles and elasticity after volunteers applied the cosmetic products for 8 weeks. We observed significant improvement in skin wrinkles and elasticity after use of the cosmetic products for 8 weeks. We concluded that the palmitoyl tripeptide had an anti-aging effect on human facial skin.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.550-553
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• 2018

The lifespan of bats is longer compared to that of other similarly sized mammals, and it is recorded that some bats' lifespan is more than 30 years. However, it is known that the lifespan of Pipistrellus abramus using human residential areas as their habitats is less than five years. We have put aluminum rings on the forearms of 284 P. abramus starting from 2008. Interestingly, in June 2018, a female adult bat was recaptured ten years after the aluminum ring was attached. The results of this study on the lifespan of P. abramus is new and it's likely to form the baseline for lifespan studies and habitat management of P. abramus in the future.