• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1991

Effective dose equivalents resulting from inhalation of indoor radon-222 daughters at 12 residential areas in Korea were assessed by a simple mathematical lung dosimetry model based on the measurements of long-term averaged radon concentrations at 340 dwellings. The long-term averaged indoor radon-222 concentrations and corresponding eqilibrium equivalent radon $concentration(EEC_{Rn})$ measured by passive time-integrating CR-39 radon cups are in the range of $33.82{\sim}61.42Bq/m^3(median\;:\;48.90Bq/m^3)$ and of $13.53{\sim}24.57Bq/m^3(median\;:\;19.55Bq/m^3)$, respectively. The effective dose equvalent conversion factor for the exposure to unit $EEC_{Rn}$ derived in this study was estimated $1.07{\times}10^{-5}mSv/Bq\;h\;m^{-3}$ for a reference adult and agreed well with those recommended by the ICRP and UNSCEAR. The annual average dose equivalent to the lung $(H_{LUNG})$ from inhalation exposure to measured $EEC_{Rn}$ was estimated to be 20.90 mSv and resulting effective dose $equivalent(H_E)$ was to be 1.25 mSv, which is about 50% of the natural radiation exposure of 2.40 mSv/y to the public reported by the UNSCEAR.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.34-34
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• 2003

목적 : 폐암 환자 세기변조방사선치료 과정을 소개하고, 방사선치료계획의 최적화를 위한 빔 수와 방향, 가상장기 설정 (virtual organ delineation, VOD) 및 선량 제한 인자들의 이용에 대해 평가함으로써 폐, 심장 등에 조사되는 선량을 최소화하는데 사용하는 세기변조방사선치료 (intensity modulated radiotherapy, IMRT) 기술의 유용성을 평가하고자한다. 대상 및 방법 : 종양이 종격동을 침범하여 상대적으로 장기움직임에 의한 오차가 적은 폐암환자 5 명을 대상으로 하였다. 환자고정장치는 상반신을 편안하게 유지함과 동시에 팔의 위치를 고정시킴으로써 기대할 수 있는 환자고정효과와 벨트를 이용하여 환자 상복부를 압박해줌으로써 호흡운동에 의한 장기 움직임을 감소시킬 수 있는 형태로 고안하였다. 치료계획시 빔 수와 방향은 5,7,9 문 (from 200 to 160, equispaced field, arbitrary field), 4 문 (anterior, posterior, bilateral posterior oblique field) 과 비등방 7, 9 문 (non-equispaced field, arbitrary field) 등을 사용하였다. 선량제한 ($V_{20}V_{25}$)은 문헌에 기초하여 설정하였으며, 가상장기를 적절히 사용하여 최적화된 치료계획 결과를 얻었다. 방사선치료계획 평가는 선량-체적간 히스토그람 (DVH), 등선량곡선 및 선량통계 등을 이용하여 수행하였다. 특히 가상장기 설정 전, 후의 결과 값을 분석함으로써 그 유용성을 확인하였다. 결과 : 9문 등방-IMRT와 7문 비등방-IMRT 방법이 치료계획용적의 선량균질성 (PTV dose homogeneity), 평균 폐선량 (mean lung dose) 및 $V_{20}V_{25}$ 모두에서 20% 이내의 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있었고, 가상 장기를 설정함으로써 같은 결과를 가져옴을 알 수 있었다. 또한 폐암 세기변조방사선치료 프로토콜을 작성하여 임상에 사용함으로써 치료과정 중 발생할 수 있는 오류를 보완할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 결론 : 폐암 세기변조방사선치료 시 사용할 수 있는 프로토콜을 작성하였고, 적절한 가상 장기 및 조사계획 설정으로 치료계획의 최적화를 얻을 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1995

Assesment of dose equivalent given by inhaled $^{222}Rn$ and its progeny has been carried out based on the concentrations of $^{222}Rn$ and its daughters in indoor air, and equilibrium factor between them measured by charcoal canister method and alpha spectrometry. Assuming the occupancy factor to be 0.8, and breathing rate to be $0.75m^3\;h^{-1}$ for public and $1.2m^3\;h^{-1}$ for occupational exposure, respectively, the regional lung dose 대valent and the resulting annual effective dose equivalent due to the inhalation of $^{222}Rn$ and its daughters in indoor air were evaluated by use of three different lung models, namely, Jacobi-Eisfeld, James-Birchall and ICRP model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1102-1110
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• 2008

This research was performed to analyze the characteristics of wood wastes from origin and to suggest grade-classification for them. Korean proximate analysis was conducted, and heating value, heavy metals and Cl concentrations were analyzed for gradeclassification. Wood wastes were sampled from forest, living, construction and demolition, and industrial areas with origin. Moisture content of most wood wastes was ranged in 5$\sim$10%. VS (volatile solids) and ash contents of them showed > 95% and < 5%, respectively. Most wood wastes except wood for growing mushroom permitted the standard (low heating value $\geq$ 3,500 kcal/kg) for refusederived fuel. CCA (Cr, Cu, As) concentration of wood wastes used in bench, wasted fishing boat, and railroad crosstie was higher than that of the other ones. Cl content showed approximately 1.3% in wood box for fish and $\leq$ 0.2% in the other wood wastes. Cl content of all wood wasted used in this research permitted the standard (Cl $\leq$ 0.2%, dry weight basis) for refuse-derived fuel. If the wood wastes were classified in 3-grade, plywoods would be in 2nd grade, and MDF (medium density fiber), wooden bench, painted electric wire drum, wasted fishing boat, and railroad crosstie be in 3rd grade.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.10-17
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• 1989

A study for the assessment of dose given by outdoor radon to respiratory system has been carried out by making use of radon-cups containing CR-39 plastic track detectors. Detection efficiencies were determined by irradiation of the radon-cups in a standard radon chamber of known concentration. Thus determined detection factors of CR-39 plastic track detector in bare, open cup and filtered cup geometry are found to be 0.273, 0.0813 and 0.0371 $trmm^{-2}$/(37$Bqm^{-3}{\cdot}d$), respectively, which are chemically etched in 30% NaOH solution of $70^{\circ}C$ for 220 minutes. The outdoor radon concentrations measured at Taejeon(Chungnam National University) from May 1988 to March 1989 are in the range of 27.4 - 135.8 Bq/$m^3$(0.74 - 3.67pCi/l)by open cup and 16.7 - 143.9 Bq/$m^3$(0.45 - 3.89 pCi/l) by filtered cup, which yield overall annual average value of outdoor radon concentration of $70.8Bq/m^3$(1.91 pCi/l). Corresponding effective dose equivalent rate to respiratory system of ICRP standard man is assessed to be 520 nSv /h.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

Objectives: In the Lung, the VMAT rotates continuously and examines radiation. That increases the low doses to normal lung. Due to that, the incidence of radiation pneumonia among radiation side effects may increase. The cause of radiation pneumonia is the lower dose area of the lungs. The H-VMAT was applied to patients who applied to reduce radiation in the lower doses of the lungs. We wanted to assess the usefulness of the H-VMAT by comparing the radiation doses to the low dose areas of the lungs and the normal organs. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 patients who applied for a H-VMAT procedure were applied to the patient. The prescription dose applied to total dose 44 Gy from 22 divisions. For each patient, a plan was implemented with Conventional RT, VMAT and H-VMAT. Conventional RT was carried out in four to five fields each, considering the size, location, shape, and location of the PTV. In the case of a VMAT plan, the two Half ARC, three Half ARC method and the two Full ARC were planned. The H-VMAT was planned by adding two Static fields in the VMAT, taking into account the dose of the lung and the tolerance dose of the organs. Results: In the NSCLC, the lung doses $V_5$ and $V_{10}$ of the lungs except for the treatment plan volume were the lowest with $55.40{\pm}13.39%$ and $32.05{\pm}11.37%$ of H-VMAT. And, in the SCLC, the lung doses of V5 and V10 were the lowest at $64.32{\pm}16.15%$ and $35.50{\pm}9.91%$, respectively. The spinal dose of VMAT in NSCLC was $21.15{\pm}4.02Gy$, which was 7.94 Gy lower than other treatment methods. The lowest spinal dose was delivered at $19.72{\pm}1.82Gy$ for SCLC. The mean dose delivered to the esophagus was also $17.44{\pm}2.04Gy$ and $17.84{\pm}9.20Gy$ in SCLC and NSCLC, respectively. Conclusion: When comparing the value of the surrounding normal organ dose, the VMAT showed that less doses were transmitted from the heart, esophagus and spinal cord than the rest of the treatment plan. However, it was similar to VMAT in normal organs except for the spinal cord. VMAT has increased doses of some normal organs but did not exceed the tolerance dose. It showed a low value in $V_5$, $V_{10}$. When comparing Conventional RT, VMAT, and H-VMAT, If the dose to the heart, esophagus and spinal cord is lower than the tolerance dose, it is thought to reduce the incidence of radiation pneumonia by applying H-VMAT that show the benefits of low doses of the lungs.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.228-239
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• 2009

Purpose: 4DCT scans performed for radiotherapy were retrospectively analyzed to assess the possible benefits of respiratory gating in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and established the predictive factors for identifying patients who could benefit from this approach. Materials and Methods: Three treatment planning was performed for 15 patients with stage I~III NSCLC using different planning target volumes (PTVs) as follows: 1) PTVroutine, derived from the addition of conventional uniform margins to gross tumor volume (GTV) of a single bin, 2) PTVall phases (patient-specific PTV), derived from the composite GTV of all 6 bins of the 4DCT, and 3) PTVgating, derived from the composite GTV of 3 consecutive bins at end-exhalation. Results: The reductions in PTV were 43.2% and 9.5%, respectively, for the PTVall phases vs. PTVroutine and PTVgating vs. PTVall phases. Compared to PTVroutine, the use of PTVall phases and PTVgating reduced the mean lung dose (MLD) by 18.1% and 21.6%, and $V_{20}$ by 18.2% and 22.0%, respectively. Significant correlations were seen between certain predictive factors selected from the tumor mobility and volume analysis, such as the 3D mobility vector, the reduction in 3D mobility and PTV with gating, and the ratio of GTV overlap between 2 extreme bins and additional reductions in both MLD and $V_{20}$ with gating. Conclusion: The additional benefits with gating compared to the use of patient-specific PTV were modest; however, there were distinct correlations and differences according to the predictive factors. Therefore, these predictive factors might be useful for identifying patients who could benefit from respiratory-gated radiotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.12 no.4 s.27
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• pp.293-300
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• 2006

Domestic laws such as Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law (KMPPL) which has been mae and amended according to the conclusions and amendments of various international conventions for the prevention a marine pollution such as MARPOL 73/78 were reviewed and compared with the major contents of the relevant international conventions. Alternative measures for legislating new laws or amending existing laws such as KMPPL for the acceptance of major contents of existing international conventions were proposed. Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78 into which the regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ship have been adopted has been recently accepted in KMPPL which should be applied to ships which are the moving sources of air pollution at sea rather tlnn in Korea Air Environment Conservation Law which should be applied to automobiles and industrial installations in land. The major contents of LC 72/95 have been accepted in KMPPL However, a few of substances requiring special care in Annex II of 72LC, a few of items in characteristics and composition for the matter in relation to criteria governing the issue of permits for the dumping of matter at sea in Annex III of 72LC, and a few of items in wastes or other matter that may be considered for dumping in Annex I of 96 Protocol have not been accepted in KMPPL yet. The major contents of OPRC 90 have been accepted in KMPPL. However, oil pollution emergency plans for sea ports and oil handling facilities, and national contingency plan for preparedness and response have not been accepted in KMPPL yet. The waste oil related articles if Basel Convention, which shall regulate and prohibit transboundary movement of hazardous waste, should be accepted in KMPPL in order to prevent the transfer if scrap-purpose tanker ships containing oil/water mixtures and chemicals remained on beard from advanced countries to developing and/or underdeveloped countries. International Convention for the Control if Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on the Ships should be accepted in KMPPL rather tlnn in Korea Noxious Chemicals Management Law. International Convention for Ship's Ballast Water/Sediment Management should be accepted in KMPPL or by a new law in order to prevent domestic marine ecosystem and costal environment from the invasion of harmful exotic species through the discharge of ship's ballast water.