• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.58 no.3
• /
• pp.277-282
• /
• 2014

The optical purity of 11 commercial dexibuprofens and 7 ibuprofens sold in Korea in 2013 were examined by chiral HPLC. The Chiralcel OD-H column and LUX-Cellulose-1 column were used as chiral stationary phases and the mixed eluent of hexane:isopropanol:acetic acid as 100:1:0.1 was used as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Each data was obtained from an average value of at least three different experiments for each sample and the average value of relative standard deviation of them appeared very small, 0.19%. Average optical purity value (97.5%) of eleven commercial dexibuprofens used in this study were smaller than those of 9 years ago (99.2%), but larger than four years ago (95.6%). Enantiomeric ratios of (R)- and (S)-isomers of seven ibuprofen samples used in this experiment were achieved at about 50:50 which was different with the result (44:56) from four years ago.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.15 no.4 s.42
• /
• pp.391-405
• /
• 2005

Chemical and isotopic analysis for stream water, shallow groundwater, intermediate groundwater and deep groundwater was carried out to grasp hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Heunghae area, Pohang city. Water type of stream water and shallow groundwaters is typified as Ca-Cl type, intermediate groundwater is $Na-HCO_3$, and deep groundwater is prominent in Wa-Cl type. $HCO_3^-\;and\;SiO_2$ in shallow groundwater are originated from weathering of silicate minerals, whereas those of deep groundwaters are resulted from weathering of carbonate minerals. Ca and Mg ions in both shallow and deep groundwaters are resulted from weathering of calcite and dolomite. $SO_4^{2-}$ in shallow groundwater is originated mainly from pyrite oxidation. As well depth increases, pH and TDS increase, but Eh and DO decrease. Alkali metal contents(K, Na, Li) increases as well depth increases, but alkali earth metal(Mg, Ca) and hi concentrations increase as well depth decreases. Anions, halogen elements(F, Cl, Br), and $HCO_3$ contents increase as well depth increases. The average stable isotope value of the groundwater of each depth is as follows; deep groundwater: ${\delta}^{18}O=-10.1\%o,\;{\delta}D=-65.8\%_{\circ}$, intermediate groundwater: ${\delta}^{18}O=-8.9\%_{\circ},\;{\delta}D=-59.6\%_{\circ}$, shallow groungwater : ${\delta}^{18}O=-8.0\%_{\circ},\;{\delta}D=-53.6\%_{\circ}$, surface water : ${\delta}^{18}O=-7.9\%_{\circ},\;{\delta}D=-53.3\%_{\circ}$ respectively.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 1998

자연치의 경우에는 치주지수간의 상관관계가 정립되어 병적인 상태에 대한 진단과 그에 따른 치료방법을 결정하는데 많은 정보를 제공하나, 인공매식치에서는 아직 논란의 여지가 많다. 이에 임상적으로 안정화되어 기능하고 있는 인공매식치에서 치주지수간의 상관관계에 관하여 연구하고자 하였다. 총 43명의 환자(평균 44.7세)에 식립된 178개의 인공매식치를 연구에 이용하였다. 인공치아매식술을 시행한 후 1년에서 6년이 경과한 인공매식치에서 상부보철물을 제거한 후 치태지수, 치은열구출혈지수, 각화점막지수, 치주낭깊이, Periotest Values(PTVs) 등을 측정하여 각각의 분포상황과 상관관계를 분석하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 치태지수의 평균값은 $0.83{\pm}0.82$이었다. 2. 치은열구출혈지수의 평균값은 $1.04{\pm}0.86$이었다. 3. 각화점막지수의 평균값은 $2.47{\pm}0.95$이었다. 4. 치주낭깊이의 평균값은 $3.12{\pm}1.14\;mm$이었다. 5. Periotest Values(PTVs)의 평균값은 $-0.66{\pm}4.28$이었다. 6. 치태지수, 치주낭깊이가 증가함에 따라 치은열구출혈지수는 유의성있게 증가하였다(P<0.01). 7. 각화점막지수가 증가함에 따라 치은열구출혈지수는 유의성있게 감소하였다(P<0.01). 8. 치은열구출혈지수와 매식치동요도 사이에서는 유의성있는 상관관계를 발견할 수 없었다(P>0.05). 9. 치주낭깊이와 매식치동요도 사이에서도 유의성있는 상관관계를 발견할 수 없었다(P>0.05). 10. 인공매식치의 직경과 길이가 증가함에 따라 매식치동요도는 유의성있게 감소하였다(P<0.01). 11. 하악에서의 매식치동요도가 상악의 경우와 비교하여 유의성있게 작았다(P<0.01). 결론적으로, 인공매식치에서도 자연치에서와 동일한 양상으로 치태가 많을수록, 그리고 치주낭 깊이가 깊을수록 염증의 심도와 관련이 깊은 것으로 생각된다. 특히, 인공매식치의 경우에는 같은 양의 치태가 존재시에 각화치은이 충분히 있는 쪽이 염증발생이 적은 것으로 나타났다. 치주조직에 염증이 존재하는 경우, 자연치아에서는 치아의 동요도가 증가하는 것으로 알려져있으나, 이 실험의 인공매식치에서는 유의성있는 상관관계를 발견할 수 없었다. 임상적으로 안정화된 인공매식치의 동요도는 염증정도에는 큰 영향을 받지 않고 인공매식치의 직경과 길이가 증가함에 따라 감소함을 보여주고 있다. 또한, 인공매식치의 동요도는 상하악골의 골질에 따라 차이가 있음을 명확히 보여주고 있다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.3220-3230
• /
• 2014

This paper analyzes the house designs of Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa from the 1900s to the early 2000s' works. By analyzing the degree of space integration of each house using the Convex Map of the Space Syntax Theory, this study arrived at the following conclusions in the respects of private space and public space. First, from period 1 (the 1990s) to period 2 (the first half of the 2000s), the differences between average integration values of private space and public space in their works have decreased. Over time, in general, average integration values of private space have increased, and, on the other hand, those of public space have decreased, leading to smaller differences between two sets of values, which means that, as the integration degrees of private and public spaces have become similar, the boundary which divides spaces becomes blurry. Second, in terms of private space, average integration values of private space in S-3 (House in a Plum Grove) and S-4 (House in China), works of period 2, are the highest among those values of their all 10 works. We can identify that, closure degrees of private space in their works have fallen over time. Third, in terms of public space, average integration values of I-2 (Villa in the Forest), I-5 (S-House), and I-6 (Weekend House), works of period 1, are the highest among those values of their all 10 works. Public space has become more central and open from period 1 to period 2.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.77-84
• /
• 2024

Four children's cosmetic sets were purchased online, labeled for use from 4 years of age, and 81 components of each were analyzed for lead, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, nickel, cobalt, copper, chromium, and mercury by inductive coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP - MS). The average metal concentrations were as follows: 0.82 ㎍/g for lead, 0.03 ㎍/g for cadmium, 0.97 ㎍/g for arsenic, 0.52 ㎍/g for antimony, 2.32 ㎍/g for nickel and 0.01 ㎍/g for mercury which was lower than the acceptable standards for all products. Higher mean values of lead, antimony, cobalt, and copper were detected in imported than domestic products (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the average values of heavy metals according to the type of cosmetics (p < 0.05), with eyeshadow showing the highest mean values of arsenic 2.47 ㎍/g, nickel 6.36 ㎍/g, and chromium 11.06 ㎍/g. and the highest mean concentrations were 1.20 ㎍/g for lead, 1.17 ㎍/g for antimony, and 23.60 ㎍/g for copper in blusher. The levels of cobalt in the 81 children's cosmetics were ND ~ 5.23 ㎍/g, copper were ND ~ 379.61 ㎍/g, and chromium were detected ND ~ 36.95 ㎍/g, respectively. Brown colored cosmetics had the highest mean concentrations of nickel and cobalt. Purple-colored cosmetics had the highest mean concentration of lead and chromium.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.63 no.6
• /
• pp.480-485
• /
• 2007

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. COPD has systemic effects, such as skeletal muscle dysfunction and abnormal weight loss. It also has been suggested that COPD is related to other chronic disease, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and anemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate a symptom questionnaire and laboratory findings in subjects with air flow limitation. Methods: We evaluated a symptom questionnaire and laboratory findings in subjects with airflow limitation detected by spirometry in conjunction with the Second Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 9,243 adults over the age of 18 were recruited. Among the adults, we finally analyzed 2,217 subjects who met the acceptability and repeatability criteria of spirometry, showed normal findings on chest radiography, and were older than 40 years of age. Results: There were 288 subjects with airflow limitation as determined by spirometry. The frequency of respiratory symptoms such as cough, sputum and wheezing were significantly higher in subjects with airflow limitation (p <0.01). Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were higher in subjects with airflow limitation (hemoglobin level 13.98 mg/dL vs. 13.62 mg/dL, hematocrit 42.10% vs. 40.89%; p<0.01). The HDL cholesterol level was lower in subjects with airflow limitation (44.95 mg/dL vs. 45.60 mg/dL; p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and fasting glucose levels. Conclusion: In subjects with airflow limitation, prevalence of respiratory symptoms was higher than in normal spirometry subjects and the levels of hemoglobin and the hematocrit were higher. The HDL cholesterol level was lower in subjects with airflow limitation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.345-353
• /
• 2024

The purpose of this study was to suggest an appropriate collimation size and central X-ray incidence point by analyzing the correlation between the collimation size used in lumbar lateral examination and factors affecting the collimation size. the lumbar lateral examination results of 148 patients suitable for the purpose of this study were analyzed. The measurement method was to set the total horizontal width shown in the image to the size of the irradiation field(collimation) used during the examination. The distance connected vertically from the end of the dorsal field to the apophyseal joint of the third lumbar vertebra(AJD), the distance from the dorsal end of the image field to the center of the body of the third lumbar vertebra(BD), and the distance from the end of the dorsal field of the image to the center of the pedicle of the third lumbar vertebra(PD). The distance was measured. For comparative analysis of the mean values of dependent variables according to gender, age, height, weight, and body mass index, the mean values were compared using the independent samples t test and one-way ANOVA. For post hoc analysis, duncan was used. The correlation between independent and dependent variables was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. In this study, statistical significance was set at a p value of 0.05 or lower. The average value of the collimation size during the lumbar spine lateral examination was 252.45 mm, AJD was 102.11 mm, BD was 141.17 mm, and PD was 119.73 mm. The mean values of collimation size, AJD, BD, and PD were larger in men than in women, but statistical significance for the difference in mean values by gender was found only in BD (p<0.05). There was a slight difference in the mean value of each group according to age, but there was no statistical significance (p>0.05). The collimation size and mean values of AJD, BD, and PD according to height, weight, and body mass index differed depending on the independent variables, and the differences were all statistically significant (p<0.05). As a result of the correlation analysis, field size and AJD, BD, and PD showed no correlation with gender and age, a weak positive correlation with height, and a medium positive correlation with weight and body mass index. The results of this study showed that CS was correlated with height, weight, and BMI during lumbar lateral examination. If the entrance point of the central X-ray is moved to the appophyseal joint by considering weight and BMI when adjusting the collimation size in clinical practice, it is expected that the collimation size can be reduced bu about 5%.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
• /
• 2010.07a
• /
• pp.424-425
• /
• 2010

본 논문에서는 영상의 종류에 따른 움직임 정보를 통계 값을 계산 하여 분산 및 평균값을 계산하여 적용하는 움직임 적응형 디인터레이싱 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 움직임 검출, 영상의 따른 분산 및 평균값 계산, 영상의 유형에 따른 상한, 하한 값 결정을 하여 시간적, 공간적 디인터레이싱을 선택적으로 하여 보간 하게 된다. 또한 Modified DOI 방식을 제안하여 복잡도가 높은 영상과 수직성분에서 개선이 된 M-ELA 를 사용하고, 수평 성분에서는 우수한 성능을 가진 DOI 방식을 개선한 Modified DOI 방식을 사용하여 DOI 계열의 복잡한 연산을 개선한 공간적 디인터레이싱 방법을 적용하였다. 다양한 영상에 대한 실험을 통하여 제안한 방식이 기존의 디인터레이싱 방법에 비해 좋은 성능을 보임을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.613-615
• /
• 2003

본 논문에서는 절삭, 크기변화, 회전, 프로젝션 등의 기하학적 공격에 매우 강인한 비디오 워터마킹 알고리즘을 소개한다. 동기정보를 파괴하는 기하학 공격은 원 비디오 데이터의 화질을 크게 손상하지 않으면서도 워터마크 정보를 극단적으로 제거할 수 있는 공격이며, 이에 대한 연구는 아직 미비하다. 한 프레임의 휘도성분의 평균값은 전역 혹은 지역적인 기하 공격에 강인하다는 것은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 그러므로 휘도성분의 평균값을 워터마크 정보에 따라 변화시키면 기하학 공격에 강인한 비디오 워터마킹 알고리즘을 만들 수 있다. 제안된 방법의 용량성과 비가시성 향상을 위해 간단하지만 매우 효율적인 시공간적 인간시각특성이 이용된다. 실험결과에 의하면 제안된 방법은 기하학공격과 압축 등의 공격이 동시에 일어나도 삽입된 워터마크 정보를 추출 할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.12A
• /
• pp.2085-2091
• /
• 2001

In lossy compression method, the transformed coefficients are quantized. This results in the quantization noise. The video image quality and bit rate is closely related with the quantization step. In this paper, we proposed a new quantization function for the improved performance. The DC value of each macroblock is compensated depending on the magnitude of DC quantization error. It is implemented very low bit-rate video coding, i.e., H.26L. The experimental result is useful when the object motion is not severe.