• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.295-302
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• 2019

Liquiritigenin (LG) is a chiral flavonoid isolated from the roots of licorice. It exhibits multiple biological activities including anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. In particular though, the anti-cancer activity of LG in oral squamous cell carcinoma has yet to be elucidated, and LG-induced apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma remains poorly understood. In the present study, we tested the role of LG in inducing apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. LG treatment of HN22 cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability as detected by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The induction of apoptosis in terms of Annexin V/7-Aminoactinomycin D staining, sub-G1 population, and multi-caspase activity were assessed with a $Muse^{TM}$ Cell Analyzer. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that LG treatment resulted in G2/M arrest in cell cycle progression and downregulation of cyclin B1 and CDC2 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. It also resulted in significant upregulation of p27. In addition, LG was seen to trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species and induce CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein and 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein in concentration-dependent upregulation. The LG treatment of HN22 cells led to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}m$); it also reduced the levels of anti-apoptotic protein and increased the expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase and Bax. Overall, our results indicate that the pro-apoptotic effects of LG in HN22 cells depend on the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways. Thus, our results suggest that LG constitutes a natural compound with a potential role as an anti-tumor agent in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.188-195
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• 2000

Using Ginseng saponins (crude saponin and total saponin) and ginsenoside Rbl Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rhl, and Rh2 in this study, we have examined the effects of the compounds on the induction of differentiation in normal rat mammary epithelial cells and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor cells in culture. When normal rat mammary organoids were cultured in 100-mm culture plates in the presence or absence of ginseng saponins, there were four different cell colonies after two weeks in culture: cobble stone, spindle, honey comb, and senescence type colonies. Ginseng saponins showed different effects on the development of each colonies. Scrape-loading dye transfer tech-nique was performed to measure the effects of total saponin, Rhl, and Rh2 on intercellular junctional communication. Intercellular communication was not observed at short cultilral time, e.g., four or seven days, but when it cultured it up to two weeks, cell to cell communication was observed in saponin-treated cells. Reconstituted basement membrane, Matrigel, supported the growth and development several different multicellular structures from normal mammary organoids (e.g., ductal, webbed, stellate, and squamous colonies) or DMBA-induced mammary tumor (e.g., alveolar unit, foamy alveolar unit, squamous metaplasia, lobule-ductal, stellate, and webbed colony). In ginseng saponin-treated groups, webbed colonies were more and squamous colonies were less than control group. Moreover, the ductal colonies, marker tructure of well-differentiate mammary epithelial cells, were developed more in saponin-treated group than in control group. In conclusion, ginseng saponins affected on the differentiation of normal rat mammary epithelial cells and DMBA-induced mammary tumor cells in culture.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2017

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer globally with high morbidity and mortality. Immune surveillance is well recognized as an important mechanism to prevent development or progression of HNSCC. HNSCC can escape the immune system through multiple mechanisms including development of tolerance in T cells and inhibition of T-cell-related pathways, generally referred to as checkpoint inhibitors. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated a clear advantage in advanced HNSCC patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade. Right at the front of the new era of immunotherapy, we will review current knowledge of immune escape mechanisms and clinical implication for HNSCC.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2000

A proper pathologic diagnosis of small cell lung cancer(SCLC) is essential for the application of aggressive treatment modalities. However, various authors have suggested several subtypes of SCLC based on morphological features. Among them, the incidence of small cell lung cancer(SCLC) combined with squamous cell and/or adenocarcinoma, represents less than 1% to 3% of all SCLC tumors. Because of the rarity of SCLC combined with squamous cell and/or adenocarcinoma, very little is known about its clinical characteristics and response to therapy. We report a case of SCLC combined with squamous cell and adenocarcinoma in a 68 year old male who experienced pneumonectomy of the left lung.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1999

Objectives : To analyze the effect of retinoids on the differentiation in HNSCC xenografts. Materials and Methods : RA (20mg/kg) or 13-cis-RA (60mg/kg) was orally administered once in a day for 30 days in the xenograft model we prepared using athymic nude mice with AMCHN-4 and -6. We carried out H & E staining and immunohistochemical staining with the monoclonal antibody against involucrin and cytokeratin 10. Results : Both RA and 13-cis-RA were found to suppress the differentiation of AMC-HN-4. Interestingly, RA enhanced the differentiation of AMC-HN-6, although 13-cis RA did not exhibit any effect on the differentiation. These results suggest that in vivo effect of retinoids on the HNSCC growth and differentiation might be various. Retinoids-induced P450 in AMC-HN-6 might be one of the mechanisms to explain the reason why the retinoids exhibit various functions in the HNSCC.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.523-529
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• 2015

Objectives: Oropharynx tumors(oral cancer), are caused by tobacco, alcohol consumption, and high-risk human papillomavirus(HPV) infection. Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer and frequently arises from the mucosa of the oropharynx and oral cavity. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment(chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery) of oral cancer, over the past two decades, the overall survival rates remains at about 60%. Methods: We pretreated HSC-2 cells with various doses of exposed the cells to eugenol and then we measured cell viability by MTT assay. Results: Cell proliferation was markedly inhibited after eugenol treatment compared to the control. The majority of HSC-2 cells in the control groups showed normal morphology with round regular nuclei. In contrast, apoptotic bodies were seen in the 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM group. However, the pretreatment with eugenol increased HSC-2 cells apoptosis according to dose-dependency. PI staining quantitatively confirmed the anti-apoptotic effects of propofol. The expression levels of cleaved caspase 3, and Bak significantly increased in HSC-2 cells. Conclusions: These findings indicate that eugenol could be a potential anti-cancer agent for human OSCC and provide valuable data for the development of a novel anticancer strategy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.463-474
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• 2002

Background : This study was designed to examine how glutathione, one of the nucleophilic sulfur compounds, effects the cisplatin cellular toxicity in the non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and normal lung epithelial cell line. Materials and Methods : Three cultured cell lines, the lung adenocarcinoma cell(NCL-H23), the lung squamous carcinoma cell(SK-MES-1) and the normal lung epithelial cell(L-132) line were exposed to various concentrations of cisplatin with or without glutathione. The relative viability was estimated as a means of measuring the cisplatin cellular toxicity using the MTT method. Results : In NCI-23, the response to cisplatin was sensitive but glutathione markedly increased the relative survival of the tumor cells by removing the antitumor effect of cisplatin. In both SK-MES-1 and L-132, the responses to cisplatin were less sensitive, and the chemoprotective effect of glutathione compared to and equal cisplatin dose was significantly higher in L-132 than in SK-MES-1(p<0.05). Conclusion : The protective effectes of of glutathione on cisplatin-induced cellular toxicity is more significant in normal lung epithelial cells than in squamous carcinoma cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 2001

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin was diagnosed in an 11-year-old, Australian shepherd dog with a hard mass on the right rump area. On histopathological examination of the tumor showed laminated keratin "pearls" surrounded by proliferated squamous cells, and mitotic figures. The dog was treated by surgical excision and chemotherapy with vinblastine sulfate, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone for 4 weeks. The tumor was effectively treated with a combination of surgery and chemotherapy.motherapy.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.225-228
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• 1994

Squamous carcinomas of the thyroid gland are extremely rare, and its clinical course is very aggressive. It has poor prognosis, similar to that of anaplastic carcinoma. These tumors are radioresistant and often rapidly fatal. It is considered to originate from the follicular epithelium at present. Recently, authors had experienced 63-years old female patient, proved to be primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. We report this patient with a review of a literature.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.653-659
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• 1999

Background: Despite the recent promising efforts to improve survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma, the long term survival results of patients with esophageal cancer have seldom been reported in Korea. To establish standard control for future studies, we re trospectively analyzed the surgical treatment results of the esophageal cancer patients managed in our department at Seoul National University Hospital. Material and Method: From January 1984 to December 1996, 734 patients were diagnosed with esophageal cancer. Among them, 253 patients underwent surgery in our department. We retrospectively analyzed the operative results and long term survival rates of these patients. Result: The majority of patients(237) had squamous cell histology and only 6 patients had adenocarcinoma. The final TNM stage grouping for these patients was based on the 1988 revised American Joint Commitee on Cancer classification. Twenty one patients were surgically classified as stage I, 109 as stage II, and 107 as stage III. C respiratory failure in 8, sepsis in 1, hepatic failure in 1, bleeding in 1 and unknown etiology in the remaining 3. The actuarial survival of 222 patients in whom the curative resection was accomplished at 1-, 2-, 3- and 5 years was 74.7${\pm}$3.1%, 46.5${\pm}$3.7%, 32.3${\pm}$3.7%, and 19.9${\pm}$3.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The poor long term survival rates suggest that an alternative treatment method such as intensive combined modality therapy should be developed for the management of esophageal cancer.