• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.141-149
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• 1994

The prevalence rates of disruptive behavior disorders(attention deficit hyperactive disorder, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD, CD and ODD respectively) were studied in 780 elementary school children from 4th to 6th grades. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The prevalences rates of ADHD were in boys 10.3%(45/436), 4.1%(14/344) in girls and the overall prevalence rate was 7.6%(59/780). 2) The prevalence rates of CD were 5.0%(22/436) in boys, 2.3%(8/344) in girls and the overall prevalence rate was 3.8%(30/780). 3) The prevalence rates of ODD were 5.7%(25/436) in boys, 2.3%(8/344) in girls and the overall prevalence rate was 4.2%(33/780). 4) These three disorders were significantly more common in boys than in girls. 5) There were no significant differences in the prevalence rates of ADHD, CD and ODD by grades or urban-rural status. 6) The comorbidity of ADHD was also explored, 3.5% (2/59) of ADHD also had CD, 13.6% (8/59) had both CD and ODD. 7) The mild forms of these three disorders were about two times more common than typical forms.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.129-138
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• 2002

Objectives：In order to treatment guideline of ADHD, present clinical practise of child psychiatrists and their opinion of optimal intervention were evaluated. Methods：Structured questionnaire items about diagnostic workup, drug choice of 5 different situations according to different co-morbid disorders, and non - pharmacological treatment were applied to 32 child psychiatrists working at university and general hospital. we compared the data with Texas Algorithm Project guideline. Results：(1) Intelligence Test, Sentence Completion Test, sustained attention test, and Conner's questionnaire were the basic routine test that must be performed. (2) Main trend of medication in this study was not different from TAP guideline. (3) In case of co-morbid tic disorder, first recommending drug is still psychostimulant in the TAP guideline. But in this study initial psychostimulant prescription was not main trend. (4) In case of MPH non-response co-morbid disruptive behavior disorder, MPH medication combined with other drug were more common than switching to other drug as suggested the TAP guidelines. (5) In non-pharmacological treatment, most child psychiatrists reported the importance of parent management. Conclusion：There were some difference in medication trend in this study compared with TAP guideline. Further study and conference are needed for experts consensus in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2005

Objectives : To acquire an improved understanding of oppositional defiant disorder, we evaluated the characteristics of children who have the symptoms of ODD in community sample. Methods : 1200 children from an elementary school in Bucheon (an urban community near Seoul) were recruited by randomized sampling method. By Disruptive Behavior Disorder Scale according to DSM-III-R & DSM-IV, we evaluated the symptoms of ODD and selected subjects with ODD. Psychiatric comorbidity, character trait were compared in subjects with ODD and comparison group. Also we examined the association between prenatal/perinatal risk factors, family functions and the symptoms of ODD. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical method using SPSS 11.5 window version. Result : Children with oppositional defiant disorder were revealed to have significantly higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity and significantly greater family dysfunction compared to comparison group. Among the prenatal/perinatal risk factors, severe emotional stress during pregnancy, postpartum depression, medication during pregnancy were revealed as risk factors of ODD. In character inventory, ODD group were evaluated to have high score in novelty seeking, harm avoidance, but low in reward dependency. Conclusion : These results support that 1) prenatal/perinatal and psycho-social risk factors could be a important role in the progression of ODD, and 2) children with ODD have diverse comorbid psychiatric symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.70-82
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• 1997

Objective：This study was performed to identify and understand the characteristics of adolescents who had a history of police arrest and/or were adjudicated unruly/delinquent by the juvenile court. Method：The study employed a retrospective reivew of coumputer-recorded data set on 210 consecutive admissions to an adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit. Three groups(No Police Contact, N=115；Police Contact Only, N=60；Adjudicated, N=35) were compared on the areas of a) cognitive and educational performance b) emotion：anxiety, depression, suicidality c) personality d) family and life experiences. Standardized assessments were administered to all subjects using WISC-Ⅲ, Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory, Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, Revised-Chilren’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Suicide Ideation Questionnarie, Suicide Behavior Interive, Life Events Checklist, and Family Environmental Scale. A subgroup of the subjects, 60 cases also received a standardized interview by Child Assessment Schedule. Results：The characteristic findings of the delinquent group(the police contact only and adjudicated subjects combined) included (1) a high rate of adoption, sexual promiscuity, out of home placement, and repeated psychiatric hospitalization, (2) low verbal IQ scores and educational achievements, (3) high impulsivity, low social conformity, and high forcefulness in personality inventory, (4) low activityrecreation orientation and low moral religious emphasis in family environment, (5)a high frequency of adverse life experiences, (6) among 3 groups, the Police Contact Only group showed the lowest depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation scores, (7) a high diagnostic frequency of conduct disorder, ODD, and ADHD. Conclusions：The adolescent psychiatric inpatients with a delinquent history presented with a certain clinical, family, psychometric characteristics that warrant specific clinical intervention strategies for their cognitive deficits, an impulsive personality style, family dysfunction with adverse life experiences and disruptive behavioral disorders, different from the rest of adolescent psychiatric inpatients.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 1993

The objective of this paper was to determine the degree of diagnostic overlap. In a pilot study of 56 inpatients(mean age 12) with DSM-III-R axis I and/or II disorders, the degree of psychiatric comorbidity was examined. 64.3% had two or more diagnoses. The samples were divided into the following 9 groups 1) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 2) conduct disorder 3) oppositional defiant disorder 4) schizophrenia 5) mood disorders 6) tie disorders 7) elimination disorders 8) mental retardation 9) personality disorders Substantial overlap(especially tic disorders, elimination disorders, disruptive behavior disorders) occured among inpatients Patients had about 2 DSM-III-R axis I & II diagnoses. Additional research with increased sample size is necessary to clarify its relationship with other psychiatric diagnoses.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.92-109
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• 1996

The objectives of the present study were to provide comprehensive assessment of the impact of epilepsy on the psychological well-being of children with epilepsy and to identify the neurological factors associated with the psychopathology. The participant patients were recruited from the population of children and adolescent aged 7 to 16 attending the OPD of department of pediatric neurology in Seoul National University Hospital in Korea. We exclude mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorder and brain organic pathology. As control group, formal students were chosen and their sex, age, achievement, socioeconomic status were matched to patients. The first author interviewed the children and their family members and obtained the developmental history and family information. We used the following 10 scales for assessing psychological and behavioral problems in patients and their family member. The scales were standardized and their validity and reliability were confirmed before. Parent rating scales : Yale children's inventory, Disruptive behavior disorder scale, Parent's attitude to epilepsy questionnaire, Family environment scale, Symptom check-list-90 revision, Children behavior check-list. Children's self rating scales : Children's depression inventory, Spielberger's state-trait anxiety anxiety, Piers-Harris self-concept inventory and Self-administered Dependency questionnaire for Mother. The result showed the risk factors associated depression were early onset, complex partial seizure, lateralized temporal focal abnormality on EEG, Drug polypharmacy, high seizure frequency and sick factors associated anxiety were old age of patient, lateralized temporal focal abnormality EEG, Drug polypharmacy, high seizure frequency. Also the result of this present study indicated that risk factors associated oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were young age, male, early onset, lateral temporal EEG abnormality and high seizure frequency. According to these results, common risk factors associated psychological and behavioral problems were lateralized EEG temporal abnormality, high seizure frequency in neurological factors.