• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.591-597
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• 1999

본 연구에서는 비 균질 퇴적층으로 인한 지진파의 증폭에 대한 경계/유한요소 해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석을 위해, 비 균질 퇴적층은 8절점 등 매개 변수 유한요소 사용하여 모델링하였고, 그 주위의 균질 반무한 지반은 3절점 등매개 변수 경계요소를 사용하여 모델링하였다. 경계요소와 유한요소의 접촉면에서, 표면 력의 평형조건과 변위의 적합 조건에 의해 두 개의 요소를 결합하는 알고리듬을 개발하였다. 수치해석의 영향인자로서 SH파, P파와 SV파의 입사각, 무 차원 진동수 그리고 반무한 지반과 퇴적층사이의 전단 파 속도 비와 질량밀도 비를 고려하였다.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.153-163
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• 2020

Mineral and geochemical analysis were conducted on two sections (~3.5 m) of red-brown claysilt sediments covering the gneiss and granite weathering zones in Suwon-si for establishing Quaternary paleoenvironmental changes in Korea. The sections were divided into four sedimentary layers (Unit 1-4) by vertical changes in mineral composition and chemical composition. The lowermost unit 1 was a sandy sediment with a high K-feldspar content with a significant contribution of weathered bedrock. Unit 2 was a transition layer showing intermediate characteristics. Unit 3 was a reddish brown clay-silt sediment, with a total clay content of 58% on average, and the main clay minerals were illite-smectite mixed layer minerals and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite/smectite. Unit 3 contained almost no plagioclase, while the content of kaolin minerals derived by the plagioclase weathering was higher than in the other layers. Unit 4 had similar mineral composition and chemical properties to Unit 3, but had a higher content of plagioclase and chlorite and lower content of kaolin minerals. The chemical compositions of the sections were compared with those in other regions of Korea, suggesting the eolian origin of Units 3 and 4. The paleoenvironmental change in the sedimentary section of this region was interpreted as follows. Weathered products of gneiss and granite, which are bedrocks of this region, were eroded and deposited as sandy sediments in the periphery to form the lower layers (Unit 1, 2), followed by the deposition of the claysilty rich eolian sediments (Unit 3) during the glacial. Unit 3 was chemically weathered during the warm humid climate during the last interglacial, developing a reddish brown color. After that, a eolian sediment layer (Unit 4) was deposited during the last glacial.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.212-215
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• 2001

남악지역에 분포하는 조간대 퇴적층의 층서구조와 퇴적심도 및 기반암의 단열구조를 파악하기 위한 전기비저항탐사를 실시하였다. 조간대 퇴적물에서 비저항은 하부로 갈수록 증가하며 대부분 3.0 Ohm-m이하의 비저항으로 고비저항의 기반암의 기반암과 뚜렷한 경계를 보여준다. 퇴적층의 층후는 퇴적지 중앙부에서 30m를 최대로 북쪽 (고해안선)과 남쪽 (영산강)으로 갈수록 감소하는 경향을 보여주는데 선행 조사된 시추결과와 일치한다. 일부 지역의 전기비저항 해석단면과 시추단면에서 견고한 점토질 (stiff)의 지층이 분포하는데 이 지층은 북서-남동 방향의 고해안선과 나란하게 분포한다. 이것은 퇴적물을 공급한 흐름의 방향과 조간대의 확장방향이 북서-남동 방향임을 지시한다. 기반암의 단열구조로 판단되는 저비저항대는 조사지역의 동부에 집중되어 있으며 단열대의 연장방향은 북서-남동 방향이 우세하다.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate the formation and sedimentary environment including formative period, grain composition and climate change from loess-paleosol sequence deposited on a gravel bed of river terrace in the Jincheon Basin, Chungbuk Province. The Jincheon section consists downward of a surface layer, loess-paleosol sequence, transitional layer I, transitional layer II and gravel bed. It can be suggested from the OSL age dating that the sequence was deposited during MIS 6 to 4. The sequence can be divided into four horizons based on the variation in the magnetic susceptibility values. Grain size analysis reveals that the sequence indicates similar properties of grain size to loess deposits in Korea and especially, the Y values in the sequence are lower than those in the loess and paleosol horizons in the Chinese Loess Plateau and similar to those in the Red Clay in the Chinese Loess Plateau and Xiashu loess in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. These Y values in the sequence can be attributed to the remote source and/or experience of intensive weathering process after deposition in the Korean Peninsula.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 1999

Three deep borings to obtain vertical continuous samples including weathered basement soils (KP-1, KP-2 and KP-3) were carried out in the reclaimed Kimpo tidal flat with purposes to establish late Quaternary stratigraphy. On the basis of detailed observations and descriptions on color, sedimentary structure and textural composition of cored sediments, four lithostratigraphic units are classified. From the stratigraphic top to bottom, they are Holocene tidal sand and muddy deposit (Unit I), early Holocene freshwater marsh muddy deposit (Unit II), late Pleistocene tidal sand and muddy deposit (Unit III) and late Pleistocene basal fluvial gravel deposit (Unit IV). In particular, Unit III is divided into two parts: the upper part-weathered and cryoturbated part during the Last Glacial Maximum (Unit III-a) and the lower part-unweathered tidal sand and muddy deposit (Unit III-b).

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.61
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• pp.95-128
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• 2003

Shell middens, so called waste sites, are the remains made by files of wastes after the sources are used from the natural and artificial environment. The relic things, excavated in shell middens are usually found to be broken and hard to recognize the ori

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

As conventional oil and gas reservoirs become depleted, interests for oil sands has rapidly increased in the last decade. Oil sands are mixture of bitumen, water, and host sediments of sand and clay. Most oil sand is unconsolidated sand that is held together by bitumen. Bitumen has hydrocarbon in situ viscosity of >10,000 centipoises (cP) at reservoir condition and has API gravity between $8-14^{\circ}$. The largest oil sand deposits are in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The reverves are approximated at 1.7 trillion barrels of initial oil-in-place and 173 billion barrels of remaining established reserves. Alberta has a number of oil sands deposits which are grouped into three oil sand development areas - the Athabasca, Cold Lake, and Peace River, with the largest current bitumen production from Athabasca. Principal oil sands deposits consist of the McMurray Fm and Wabiskaw Mbr in Athabasca area, the Gething and Bluesky formations in Peace River area, and relatively thin multi-reservoir deposits of McMurray, Clearwater, and Grand Rapid formations in Cold Lake area. The reservoir sediments were deposited in the foreland basin (Western Canada Sedimentary Basin) formed by collision between the Pacific and North America plates and the subsequent thrusting movements in the Mesozoic. The deposits are underlain by basement rocks of Paleozoic carbonates with highly variable topography. The oil sands deposits were formed during the Early Cretaceous transgression which occurred along the Cretaceous Interior Seaway in North America. The oil-sands-hosting McMurray and Wabiskaw deposits in the Athabasca area consist of the lower fluvial and the upper estuarine-offshore sediments, reflecting the broad and overall transgression. The deposits are characterized by facies heterogeneity of channelized reservoir sands and non-reservoir muds. Main reservoir bodies of the McMurray Formation are fluvial and estuarine channel-point bar complexes which are interbedded with fine-grained deposits formed in floodplain, tidal flat, and estuarine bay. The Wabiskaw deposits (basal member of the Clearwater Formation) commonly comprise sheet-shaped offshore muds and sands, but occasionally show deep-incision into the McMurray deposits, forming channelized reservoir sand bodies of oil sands. In Canada, bitumen of oil sands deposits is produced by surface mining or in-situ thermal recovery processes. Bitumen sands recovered by surface mining are changed into synthetic crude oil through extraction and upgrading processes. On the other hand, bitumen produced by in-situ thermal recovery is transported to refinery only through bitumen blending process. The in-situ thermal recovery technology is represented by Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage and Cyclic Steam Stimulation. These technologies are based on steam injection into bitumen sand reservoirs for increase in reservoir in-situ temperature and in bitumen mobility. In oil sands reservoirs, efficiency for steam propagation is controlled mainly by reservoir geology. Accordingly, understanding of geological factors and characteristics of oil sands reservoir deposits is prerequisite for well-designed development planning and effective bitumen production. As significant geological factors and characteristics in oil sands reservoir deposits, this study suggests (1) pay of bitumen sands and connectivity, (2) bitumen content and saturation, (3) geologic structure, (4) distribution of mud baffles and plugs, (5) thickness and lateral continuity of mud interbeds, (6) distribution of water-saturated sands, (7) distribution of gas-saturated sands, (8) direction of lateral accretion of point bar, (9) distribution of diagenetic layers and nodules, and (10) texture and fabric change within reservoir sand body.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.4 no.1_2 s.5
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• pp.27-39
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• 1996

In the Cretaceous, the Gulf Coast Basin evolved as a marginal sag basin. Thick clastic and carbonate sequences cover the disturbed and diapirically deformed salt layer. In the Cretaceous the salinities of the Gulf Coast Basin probably matched the Holocene Persian Gulf, as is evidenced by the widespread development of supratidal anhydrite. The major Lower Cretaceous reservoir formations are the Cotton Valley, Hosston, Travis Peak siliciclastics, and Sligo, Trinity (Pine Island, Pearsall, Glen Rose), Edwards, Georgetown/Buda carbonates. Source rocks are down-dip offshore marine shales and marls, and seals are either up-dip shales, dense limestones, or evaporites. During this period, the entire Gulf Basin was a shallow sea which to the end of Cretaceous had been rimmed to the southwest by shallow marine carbonates while fine-grained terrigengus clastics were deposited on the northern and western margins of the basin. The main Upper Cretaceous reservoir groups of the Gulf Coast, which were deposited in the period of a major sea level .rise with the resulting deep water conditions, are Woodbinefruscaloosa sands, Austin chalk and carbonates, Taylor and Navarro sandstones. Source rocks are down-dip offshore shales and seals are up-dip shales. Major trap types of the Lower and Upper Cretaceous include salt-related anticlines from low relief pillows to complex salt diapirs. Growth fault structures with rollover anticlines on downthrown fault blocks are significant Gulf Coast traps. Permeability barriers, up-dip pinch-out sand bodies, and unconformity truncations also play a key role in oil exploration from the Cretaceous Gulf Coast reservoirs. The sedimentary sequences of the major Cretaceous reseuoir rocks are a good match to the regressional phases on the global sea level cuwe, suggesting that the Cretaceous Gulf Coast sedimentary stratigraphy relatively well reflects a response to eustatic sea level change throughout its history. Thus, of the three main factors controlling sedimentation (tectonic subsidence, sediment input, and eustatic sea level change) in the Gulf Coast Basin, sea-level ranks first in the period.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.160-160
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• 2002

호소 수질에 영향을 미치는 대표적 인자로 외부 유입물질과 퇴적물을 들 수 있다. 따라서, 호소 수질 관리를 위해서는 호소로 유입되는 점ㆍ비점 오염원 관리와 함께, 퇴적층 관리도 수반되어야만 한다. 특히, 호소수가 주요 식수원으로 사용되는 경우에는 엄격한 퇴적토질 평가가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 소양호 퇴적층에 대한 환경지질학적 조사 연구의 일환으로 다양한 bioassays 기법(the battery of bioassays)을 적용하여 퇴적토의 오염상태를 평가하였다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.1 s.89
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• pp.23-30
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• 2000

n situ sediment oxygen demand (SOD), which takes place with the uptake of dissolved oxygen for biological metabolism and chemical oxidation in sediments, ranged from 1.57 to $12.55\;mg\;O_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ in onshore of Lake Paldang from April to November 1999. SOD was influenced by the amount of organics and oxygen diffusion. Comparing the oxygen demands partitioning between overlying water and sediment during initial phase, SOD accounted for $63.8{\sim}94%$ of total oxygen demand in Lake Paldang. The chemical SOD and nitrogenous oxygen demand ranged $1.2{\sim}18.3%$ and $8.3{\sim}51.7%$ of total SOD, respectively. This result indicated that SOD in Lake Paldang occurred mainly by aerobic respiration and nitrification. Although the flow velocity could increase SOD within a certain limit, the effect of sediment depth on SOD was dependent on physicochemical properties of the sediment. This study showed that SOD can represent a significant portion of the total oxygen up-take in Lake Paldang. Therefore, the assessment of SOD might be necessary for the control of water quality.