• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the physico-chemical and microbiological properties in profile depth during composting process with different turning times when pig manure was composted with ground rice hulls at the rate of same for the promotion of the composting. The moisture contents, C/N rate and pH value decreased according to composting progresses as run into turning times, but increased those inside layer of the pile. $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents were high in the outer layer mostly, as the result the $NH_3$ flux was high in there, but it decreased as composting progresses. The number of aerobic bacteria were $10^7{\sim}10^9\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, increased as the turning times, the number of their showed high in the outer layer. The number of fungi were $10^2{\sim}10^4\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ at the early period of composting, but did't almost survive inside layer as composting progresses. The number of cellulose decomposer and thermophilic bacteria were $10^6{\sim}10^7\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ and $10^6{\sim}10^9\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, respectively, they showed high inside layer of the pile. Therefore, the turning of composting can reduce the change difference of microorganisms in the pile. Turning frequence for the promotion of composting showed approximately 2~3 times.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.278-285
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• 2008

This research was performed to evaluate the landfilling method of organic sludge from mix of pre-treated organic sludge (OS) and municipal solid waste(MSW). Organic sludges were dried, composted, and solidified as pre-treatment and the OS and MSW were mixed in ratios of 2 to 8 and 4 to 6. Approximately 1,800$\sim$2,500 L of landfill gas(LFG) was generated in the lysimeter with solidified-OS, which was higher than 1,150$\sim$1,650 L of the dried- and composted- ones. Maximum H$_2$S concentration was found in the following order : Composted-20(80 ppmv) > Composted-40(55 ppmv) > Dried-20(30 ppmv) > Dried-40 $\fallingdotseq$ Solidified-20 $\fallingdotseq$ Solidified-40 (20 ppmv). BOD$_5$ at initial leachate generation period was 38,000 mg/L for Composted-40, 28,000 mg/L for Dried-40, 26,000 mg/L for Dried-20, 21,000 mg/L for Composted-20 and Solidified-40, and Solidified-20 for 17,000 mg/L. In the final period of experiment, BOD$_5$ was low as 300$\sim$500 mg/L in the lysimeter with solidified-OS and MSW and showed 2,000$\sim$3,500 mg/L in dried- and composted- ones. As the results, landfilling by mix of solidified-OS and MSW was evaluated as the most appropriate method for biodegradable organics. Direct landfilling of OS is permitted for landfill site with CDM facility. Therefore, mixed landfilling of solidified-OS and MSW should be considered for much more LFG generation as methane.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2009

The compost leachate was dark-colored solution that leaches out of the bottom of the compost pile. The compost leachate was rich in nutrients and can potentially used in plant culture. In the organic production, commercial liquid fertilizer was used to insure the availability of nutrients during the formation of the yield. The cost of supplemental liquid fertilizer could be reduced by developing a fertilizer based on animal fertilizer. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different combination of compost leachate and conventional inorganic solution in hydroponic culture for lettuce growth. Six different treatments were applied. The compost leachate(CL) and nutrient solution(NS) were mixed by six different mixing ratios of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40%, 80:20 and 100%:0% based on nitrogen content. The chemical nutrient solution was the solution of National Horticulture Research Station for the growth of leaf lettuce. The concentration of nutrient solution was adjusted 1.5 mS/cm in EC. The compost leachate was low in phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), but rich in potassium(K). The plant height of lettuce treated with CL 20+NS 80% was similar with 100% NS of control plot. Plant height was highest in the plot of CL 20+NS 80%. The treatment of 100% compost leachate was lowest in the growth characteristics of leaf lettuce. Number of leaf was very low in 100% compost leachate compared with plot of chemical nutrient solution. In the beginning of growth stage, SPAD value was reduced in plot treated with CL100%, but CL20+NS80% plot was higher compared to 100% compost leachate. SPAD value of leaf lettuce leaves was decreased as the amount of CL was increased. The dry weight of lettuce were 107.4, 104.2g in plot of NS 100% and CL 20%+NS80%, respectively. The leaf number and plant weight were decreased at high application plots of compost leachate. The leaf lettuce showed lowest in the plot treated with 100% compost leachate, and the growth of lettuce severely decreased after application of 100% CL treatment. The results showed that compost leachate can be use as liquid fertilizer for the organic hydroponic production. The mixture solution of 20% of compost leachate and 80% of nutrient solution could be used as a nutrition solution in hydroponic culture of leaf lettuce. Our studies have shown that is possible to produce using compost leachate, although growth is slower than when using a conventional inorganic hydroponic solution.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2010

Recently, the treatment of dead poultry has become more important issue because, the infected poultry, which was buried under the ground, causes environmental contaminations such as steep water and reek occurrence, etc. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the type of treatment and the composting methods influencing to the characteristics on decomposition and fermentative disinfection of dead poultry with poultry manure and sawdust. The results of the port tests showed that amputated poultry treated by the cut-sterilization were not only more decomposed, with less smell compared to the non-treated poultry carcass. When we treated thermophilic microorganism such as bacillus in this amputated poultry, the temperature of treated poultry increased much fester, the fermentation temperature didn't rise and not maintained constantly for long time due to the small size of the fermentation port. On the other hand, we did fermentation test by the layered disposal method with more poultry. In this experiment, the temperature of fermented poultry rose to $54^{\circ}C$ in a day and maintained around $55^{\circ}C$ during four weeks period. With less odor outside the experiment room. further. Also, we inoculated AI virus, ND virus in the excrement for studying the effect of fermentative disinfection. The result of the test revealed that AI virus was destructed within 60 minutes and ND virus was destructed within 30 minutes at the temperature of $56^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the investigations revealed scope of composting method for steam sterilized infected poultry in the originated area mixed with poultry manure, sawdust by thermophilic microorganism could increase the effectiveness of fermentative disinfection and decrease the environmental contamination.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.439-446
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• 2021

A field-scale study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic matter amendments on the solubility of arsenic (As) in paddy soil and uptake by rice. Six organic matter (rice bran, rice straw, pig/cattle/fowls manure compost and swine liquid manure) were added to two polluted soils with high As (53 mg kg^-1) and low As concentration (28 mg kg^-1), and changes in soil solution constituents was monitored. The mean As concentrations in soil solution from the high As soil with rice bran, pig manure compost and swine liquid manure addition were significantly higher (0.61-1.15 mg L^-1) than that of the control (0.42-0.66 mg L^-1). Regression between As and Fe in soil solution indicated that As was attributable to reductive dissolution of Fe (hydr)oxides and it was driven by organic matter addition. Mean As concentrations in brown rice from the high As soil were 0.35-0.46 mg kg^-1, above the maximum safety level of inorganic As (0.35 mg kg^-1), and tended to be higher in organic matter amended soils than that of the control. The significant correlation between grain As and soil solution As was not observed and it was probably attributable to As tolerance of rice causing the reduction of As uptake and/or translocation to grain. However, considering the significant As release in soil solution from the high As soil and the tendency of grain As elevation after organic matter addition, it is needed to be cautious for food safety when amending organic matter to paddy soil with high As concentration.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.194-202
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• 1975

This study was conducted to study the properties of the water-soluble natural chelating agents from garbage compost and activated sewage sludge responsible for Fe chelation, which is closely associated with the effectiveness in correcting iron chlorosis in plant. The water-soluble fraction of these materials was fractionated by menas of Sephadex gel filtration and the fractions of Fe chehates were traced by radioactive $^{59}Fe$. The fractions were examined by ultraviolet and infrared. spectroscopy and stability constants for Fe. The water-soluble fraction from garbage compost was separated by Sephadex G-25 into approximately four fractions. Most of the added $^{59}Fe$ was associated with fraction I, which appeared at the void volume. Further fractionation by Sephadex G-50 indicated that the molecular weight of water-soluble chelating agents is in the approximate range of 5000 to 10,000. The water-soluble fraction from activated sewage sludge gave six fractions by Sephadex G-25. Most of the added $^{59}Fe$ was found in the fraction I,II, and III, The molecular weights of most chelating agents associated with $^{59}Fe$ appeared to be less than 5,000 and those of fraction I that appeared at the void volume was in the range of 5,000 to 1,000. Discrepancy between radio activity count and UV absorption indicated the heterogeneity of the fractions obtained by Sephadex gel filtration. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of all fractions separated by Sephadex G-25 and containing chelating agents showed no differences. Fraction IV and V of sewage extract showed absorption maxima and shifting similar to nucleic acid components suggesting the presence of decomposition products of nucleic acid. Similarity fraction VI contained phenolic type amino acid groups. Fraction I of compost extract contained most of the added $^{59}Fe$ and showed weak but extra definite absorption in the 1230, and $1270cm^{-1}$ region, suggesting that extra oxygen groups in polyphenolic structure were probably involved in Fe chelation. In sewage extract, fraction I,II, and III in which most of the $^{59}Fe$ was found, showed strong definite polypeptide absorption in the region of $1540cm^{-1}$ due to NH deformation and C-N stretching of amide groups in the peptidebond. These extra functional groups in fraction I, II, and III appeared to be associated with Fe chelation. The other fractions, not associated with $^{59}Fe$, still have carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, suggesting that these functional groups in these water extracts may not independently form the Fe chelates. Precipitation of ferric hydroxide precluded measuring the stability constants for Fe-chelates. However, the formation constants for Zn chelates as log K values for compost extract and sewage extract at pH 4.0 from which the strength of chelation with Fe could be presumed, were 8.23, and 9.75, respectively, indicating strong complexation with metals. The chelating capacity of compost extract containing 6.5 g organic matter per liter was 0.82 mM, and that of sewage extract containing 5.3 g per liter was 0. 64 mM.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.2
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• pp.5-7
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• 1961

근년(近年) 경기도(京畿道)및 충청남북도(忠淸南北道) 일부지방(一部地方)에 ‘벌보리’ (대맥불임중(大麥不稔症)의 발생(發生)이 알려졌고 4293년(年) 봄에는 본장(本場)의 신개간지(新開墾地)에서도 不稔麥이 생겼으므로 이 토양(土壤)을 공시(供試)하여 석회(石灰)를 시용(施用)하고 붕소(硼素)와 용성인비(熔性燐肥), 퇴비(堆肥) 및 저니토등(底泥土等)을 시용(施用)하여 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)하였다. 한편 같은 현상(現狀)이 산성(産生)된 충청북도(忠淸北道) 농사원(農事院) 의 원내포장(院內圃場) 석회전시(石灰展示) 포적지(圃跡地)에서 이의 방제(防除)를 시도(試圖)코 붕소(硼素)를 대맥생육중(大麥生育中)에 엽면시비(葉面施肥)하여 좋은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 여기서는 이들 처리(處理)로 얻어진 임실도(稔實度)와 맥간중(麥桿中)의 붕소량(硼素量)을 조사분석(調査分析)하였고 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 붕소(硼素)의 토양시용(土壤施用)은 추파대맥(秋播大麥)의 총생(叢生)을 억제(抑制)할 뿐만아니라 인실도증가(引實度增加)에 유효(有效)하였으며 붕소(硼素)의 엽면시비(葉面施肥)도 대맥붕실도(大麥硼實度)를 증가(增加)시켰다. 2. 부임도(不稔度)가 높은 각구(各區)의 식물체중(植物體中) 붕소함량(硼素含量)은 1ppm내외(內外)였으며 임실(稔實)이 잘된 붕소구(硼素區)에서는 10mm이였다. 그러나 시용(施用)한 붕소량(硼素量)은 대맥(大麥)의 생육기간중(生育期間中), 엽면(葉面)에 흑색반점(黑色斑點)이 나타날 정도(程度)의 과량(過量)이었다. 붕소(硼素)의 엽면시비(葉面施肥)는 상기(上記)와 같은 현상(現象)이 나타나지 않았으며 붕소함량(硼素含量)은 3.5ppm이였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.12
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• pp.115-118
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• 1969

In a series of studies on the formation processes and chemical properties of humic substances from paddy soils the photoabsorption spectra of hymatomelanic and humic acids were recorded in the visible, ultraviolet and infrared regions. The spectra patterns of both fractions in the visible range were indicative of the decrease in optical density with the rise of wavelength and the UV-spectra showed the maximum peak at $235\;m{\mu}$, the minimum at $395\;m{\mu}$. The IR-spectra indicate a typical pattern showing a few sharp peaks in both fractions. The spectra of both fractions were compared and discussed.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.384-387
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• 2003

We measured the inlet concentration of odorous gases from the food-waste composting facility for 90 days. In consequence of this survey, we ascertained that the gaseous concentration was detected $10{\sim}100ppm$ in operating time, but $0{\sim}10ppm$ in a shutdown of the facility. The initial removal efficiency of this biofilter was roughly represented 80%, however, 90% before and after twenty days. We have thought that this biofilter accomplished the treatment of those odorous gases effectively, because the pressure-drop was not exceeded a value of $20mmH_2O$ after 90 days.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.336-342
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• 2010

This study was performed to develop extrusion pelletizer for pelletizing the compost waste food. The effect of water content on the shape of pellet, the relationship between diameter of pellet and of extrusion hole and the relationship between extrusion force and die angle were investigated. Considering the stable shape of compost pellet and the operation efficiency of pelletizer, the water content of 2~4% was considered as the best condition. And the compost pellet could not maintain it's shape at the water content of 10% or over. The strongest extrusion force was needs when the die angle had $90^{\circ}C$ in 6 mm extrusion hole diameter, on the other hand, the weakest extrusion force was need at the die angle of $45^{\circ}{\sim}65^{\circ}$. The compression strength of pellet shows the highest strength of 9.2Mpa when we make the compost pellet after screening the compost and make it with a size of 1.18 mm(No.16) or less.