• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the change of rhizosphere microflora in paddy soils of long-term application of same fertilizer by single cropping. Treatments consisted of no fertilizer, NPK, PK, NK, NP and NPK + compost and the same fertilizer has been applied to the soil of each treatment for thirty five years. Any remarkable difference of the microbial population structure was not detected from the rhizosphere of Hwayeongbyeo and that of Hwasambyeo. However, slight difference of dominant microbial species in the rhizosphere was recognized between different fertilization practice. The bacterial population in the rhizosphere was steadily reduced over time after rice plant setting out, while actinomycetal population was increased over time. The increase of actinomycetal population was the highest in the NPK + compost treatment, suggesting the effect of organic matters in the change of actinomycetal population. As for the aerobic culturable bacterial diversity, Bacillus megaterium, B. mycoides, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis were dominants in genus Bacillus, and Streptomyces spororaveus, S. canus, S. tauricus and S. galbus in genus Streptomyces and genus Micromonospora was another dominant in actinomycetes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.358-370
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• 2023

Composting has been proposed for the management of organic waste, and the resulting products can be used as soil amendments and fertilizer. However, the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O produced in composting are of considerable concern. Hence, various additives have been developed and adopted to control the emissions of GHGs. This review presents the different additives used during composting and summarizes the effects of additives on GHGs during composting. Thirty-four studies were reviewed, and their results showed that the additives can reduce cumulative CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emission by 10.5%, 39.0%, and 28.6%, respectively, during composting. Especially, physical additives (e.g., biochar and zeolite) have a greater effect on mitigating N₂O emissions during composting than do chemical additives (e.g., phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide). In addition, superphosphate had a high CO₂ reduction effect, whereas biochar and dicyandiamide had a high N₂O reduction effect. This implies that the addition of superphosphate, biochar, and dicyandiamide during composting can contribute to mitigating GHG emissions. Further research is needed to find novel additives that can effectively reduce GHG emissions during composting.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.224-229
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• 2006

Utilization of organic by-product fertilizers has many beneficial effects on agricultural activities and in aspects of the disposal of enormous amounts of livestock manure. Most of these beneficial effects are related to the improvement of soil condition, such as fertility status and physicochemical quality of soil. But, appropriate indexes are needed to effectively manage the quality of organic by-product fertilizers amended on soil. To find chemical and physical standard to control the compost quality, the changes in chemical and physical characteristics of organic by-product fertilizers during composting were investigated, and also an appropriate physical method for this end. The results showed chemical properties, such as humic acid content, OM/N ratio, cation exchange capacity and salt content, had significant relationships during the composting. The water content, particle and bulk densities, particle size and color indices, as physical properties, were also applicable factors for the quality control of compost.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.439-444
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• 2012

We studied the characteristics of odor emitted from 40 swine facilities across the country under various conditions like rearing densities, management style, ventilation system and swine manure handling characteristics, based on the olfactory and analytical evaluation. Odor concentrations (D/T) measured from swine facilities were respectively an average 4,055 D/T at liquid manure storage tanks on aeration, an average 913 D/T at slurry manure storage, an average 506 D/T at finishing swine facilities and an average 201 D/T at composting facilities. The higher rearing densities and slurry accumulation volume in finishing swine house, the more odor concentration (D/T) was increased. But The odor concentration (D/T) in finishing swine house did not show significant difference according to application of microbial additives. 9 odor compounds ($NH_3$, $H_2S$, MM, DMS, DMDS, PA, n-BA, n-VA, i-VA) were detected at swine facilities and the main odor compounds were volatile sulfur compounds such as $H_2S$, MM and volatile fatty acids compounds such as n-BA, n-VA, i-VA. 97.5% of swine farms surveyed in this study is located within 300 m of residential area and it is easy to bring odor complaints.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.628-634
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• 2012

Release of veterinary antibiotics (VSs) to agricultural environment through application of animal manure and/or animal manure-based composts to soils is of concern. The current study was conducted to examine decline of VAs during composting the chicken manure. For this, antibiotics free chicken manure (20 kg) and sawdust (10 kg) were added to the bench-scale composting apparatus and then the mixed material was spiked simultaneously with three VAs (chlortetracycline, CTC; sulfamethazine, SMZ; tylosin, TYL) at two different levels (10 and $20mg\;kg^{-1}$). Then the decline of VAs was determined using Charm II system during 53 composting period. For comparison, composting only chicken manure was included at VAs concentration of $10mg\;kg^{-1}$. During composting, the concentration of all three different VAs declined below the prospective guideline values ($0.8mg\;kg^{-1}$ for CTC, $0.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ for SMZ, and $1.0mg\;kg^{-1}$ for TYL) except CTC at $20mg\;kg^{-1}$ spiking when the chicken manure was composted together with sawdust. Interestingly, CTC at $10mg\;kg^{-1}$ spiking appeared to be declined under the guideline value without sawdust while SMZ was resistant to be declined without sawdust. Unlike CTC and SMZ, TYL showed immediate decline right after spiking TYL to composting materials regardless the spiking concentration and existence of sawdust. Appropriate composting procedure of chicken manure was able to decline the residual VAs in the manure below the prospective guideline value and the importance of organic substances on this decline was perceived.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2012

Horse manure general composition and contaminants, heavy metals content analysis was investigated as follows. The moisture content of horse feces was 76.1% and 96% for horse urine. The average T-N, T-P, T-K concentrations of the racing horse were 0.18%, 0.10%, 0.22% respectively and 2.88%, 0.0015%, 0.84% for urine. And the average BODs, COD, SS concentrations were 26,906 $mg/{\ell}$, 36,642 $mg/{\ell}$, 89,375 $mg/{\ell}$ respectively and 14,298 $mg/{\ell}$, 7,484 $mg/{\ell}$, 6,987 $mg/{\ell}$ for urine. In addition, the Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn concentrations of feces were 2.65 mg/kg, 7.05 mg/kg, 1.24 mg/kg, 0.07 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg, 45.11 mg/kg respectively and 1.52 mg/kg, 1.62 mg/kg, 0.00 mg/kg, 0.03 mg/kg, 0.03 mg/kg, 4.49 mg/kg for urine on the fresh matter basis. The end of the survey was that the quality of the compost can be used as a raw material, and manure is necessary to constantly driven forward horse manure composting research.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.674-681
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• 2015

This research conducts both experimental evaluation and resident's assessment of zero food waste system (ZFWS) in multifamily housing estates in order to explore the feasibility of ZFWS embedded in fermentation and extinction technology utilizing wood chips turned into fertilizer. Having been established in a multifamily housing estate, ZEFWS was proved to be functional and effective. During the 3-month experimental period, the weight between infused food waste and its reactor was reduced significantly enough, and the chemical analysis showed that the concentration of organic compounds went from 87.9% to 75.8%, $H_2O$ decreased from 69.7% to 45.5%, NaCl rose from 0.2% to 0.5%, pH increased from 4.6 to 7.8, and ATP escalated from 505.3 nmol/L to 723.5 nmol/L. Also, the chemical analysis of the output in the experimentation indicated adequacy of the organic fertilizer. In the self-administered questionnaire survey for residents participating in the field project, almost all the respondents viewed that ZFWS can compete with conventional food waste disposal methods and an idealistic way to upcycling food waste into fertilizer.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2011

In compliance with an international law about the ocean dumping of the sludge, the proper sewage treatment process which occurs from the wastewater treatment process has been becoming problem. Generally the sewage and the sludge are controlled from anaerobic condition when the sewage is treated and land filled, where the methane$(CH_{4})$ and the nitrous oxide $(N_{2}O)$ from this process are discharged. Because these gases have been known as one of the responsible gases for global warming, the wastewater treatment process is become known as emission sources of green house gases(GHG). This study is to suggest a new approach of estimate and environmental assessment of greenhouse gas emissions and sludge emissions from wastewater treatment processes. It was carried out by calculating the total amounts of GHG emitted from biological wastewater treatment process and the amount of the sludgegenerated from the processes. Four major biological wastewater treatment processes which are Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxidation$(A_{2}O)$, Bardenpho, Virginia Initiative Plant(VIP), University of Cape Town(UCT)are used and GPS-X software is used to model four processes. Based on the modeling result of four processes, the amounts of GHG emissions and the sludge produced from each process are calculated by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) 2006 guideline report. GHG emissions for water as well as sludge treatment processes are calculated for environmental assessment has been done on the scenario of various sludge treatments, such as composting, incineration and reclamation and each scenario is compared by using a unified index of the economic and environmental assessment. It was found that Bardenpho process among these processes shows a best process that can emit minimum amount of GHG with lowest impact on environment and composting emits the minimum amount of GHG for sludge treatment.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.81-88
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• 2018

This study analyzed the characteristics of 6 recyclable bulking agents which can replace sawdust and rice hulls that are commonly used in livestock manure composting. The content of all the hazardous chemicals found in the bulking agents used in this experiment was between 0.0 and 34.1 ppm, which was noticeably lesser than the maximum content levels of hazardous substances 5.0~900.0 ppm prescribed by the Rural Development Administration(RDA), which means that the bulking agents would be able to replace sawdusts and rice husks. The water content of the bulking agents ranged from a minimum of 12.4% to a maximum of 16.6% in the original state, which was much less than 60%, the optimal moisture content. These results indicate that they would be able to function fully as bulking agents. Their water absorption rate was in the range of minimum 31.9% ~ maximum 600.0%, which showed huge differences among the types of bulking agents. The most appropriate bulking agent in terms of water absorption rate was wood pellets. It was the highest in the wood briquette manufactured by A, which was followed by C and B in the order. The shear strength of the 5 types of bulking agents in the original state was 271.7 N on an average, the highest figure of all, except for the oak briquette whose shear strength could not be measured and the wood pellets in the absorption state. The shear strength in the dry and absorption states then followed, and were 78.0 N and 27.7 N on an average, respectively. The wood briquette of A recorded considerably lower shear strength than that of B and C. Overall, shear strength tended to increase according to lower water absorption rates. Since pine wood chips and oak cuts have relatively greater shear strength even in the absorbing state than the other materials, they will be able to endure some power in the case of stirring with pig droppings.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Along with the surplus rice production, introduction of upland crop cultivations into newly reclaimed tidal areas has gained public attentions in terms of farming diversification and farmers income increase. However, its impacts on the surroundings have not been well studied yet, especially associated with nutrient balance from reclaimed upland cultivation. The objective of this study was to investigate water and nutrient balance during winter barley cultivation as affected different fertilization methods. METHODS AND RESULTS: TN and TP balance for three different plots treated by livestock compost, chemical fertilizer, and no application were monitored during winter green barley cultivation (2010-2011) at the NICS Kyehwa experimental field in Jeonbuk, Korea. Nutrient content in soil and pore water near soil surface appeared to increase, while sub-soil layer remained similar with no fertilization plot. Livestock compost application appeared to increase organic matter content in surface soil compared to chemical fertilization. Crop yield was the greatest with livestock compost application (10.6 t/ha) followed by chemical fertilization (6.9 t/ha) and no application (1.8 t/ha). The nitrogen uptake rate was also greater with livestock compost (52.4%) than chemical fertilizer (48.1%). Phosphorus uptake rate was much smaller (about 7.0%) compared to nitrogen. Nutrient loss by surface and subsurface runoff seemed to be minimal primarily due to small rainfall amount during the winter season. Most of the remaining nutrients, particularly phosphate seemed to be stored in soil layer. Phosphate accumulation appeared to be more phenomenal in the plot applied by livestock compost with higher phosphorus content. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that livestock compost application to tidal upland may increase barley crop production and also improve soil fertility by supplying organic content. However, excessive phosphorus supply with livestock compost seems likely to cause a phosphate accumulation problem, unless the nitrogen-based fertilization practice is adjusted.