• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 1990

Field experiments were conducted to avail the accumulated phosphorus by silica 200kg/10a and compost 2,000kg/10a instead of phosphate fertilization in 1988 to 1989. Cultivated varieties were Dongjinbyeo in paddy soils of Av. $P_2O_5$ 233ppm, and Baegunkong in upland soils of Av. $P_2O_5$ 530ppm. The results were as follows. 1. Available phosphorus in the soil was increased about 60ppm in silica and compost application compared with control. Its increment rate by silica and compost application was higher in paddy soils than in upland soils. 2. Absorbed phosphorus by plant was increased in silica and compost application compared with control, whose difference was higher in soybean plant than in rice plant. 3. Amount of absorbed phosphorus in plant was negative in relation to soil DTPA-Fe, but was positive in relation to soil reduction and root nodule of soybean. 4. Persistence rate of phosphorus was about 80 percent in compost application and 100 percent in phosphate fertilization compared with control, and it was apt to decrease by silica. 5. The yield of rice was no difference between with and without phosphate fertilization, but the yield of soybean was increased 5 percent in none application compared with phosphate fertilization.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 1990

A study has been conducted since 1954 to elucidate the effects of longterm application of ammonium sulfate (AS), urea, compost, and calcium silicate(CS) fertilizers on major soil nutrients and rice yields in wetland soil. The soil pH in the AS plot become lower than that in the urea plot but had little influence on rice yield. Continuous application of AS and urea with compost and CS raised the soil pH compared with single applications of AS or urea. Soil organic matter content increased yearly in plot with no fertilizer and in those with AS and urea, and increased considerably in plots with compost and CS. Application of compost and CS promoted rice top growth as well as root growth, resulting in increased dry matter. Soil contents of N, $P_2O_5$, Ca, Mg, and $SiO_2$ in the NPK with composts plot increased considerably compared with the NPK plot; however. the exchangeable K content was rather low. Rice growth increased with compost application. which enhanced K uptake, and the coarse texture promoted K leaching. With compost and CS addition, con tents of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the AS plot decreased considerably more than in the urea plot. Probably this was the result of higher Ca and Mg precipitation by sulfate in the AS plot. The re are no significant differences in rice yield between AS and urea plots. With compost and CS treatments, rice yields increased in the AS plot compared with the urea plot. The increase in yield is considered to be the effect of S. which is a constituent of AS.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.37-50
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the integrated biomass strategies for utilization and application characteristics in Hokkaido prefecture, japan. From the results, to achieve a successful operation of biomass recycling facilities, it previously needs the effective byproduct supplying construction system for field demander as well as the advanced environmental technology introduction. Especially, the value-promotion recycling technology were requested as follows; (1) production of functional solid composting for protection soil acidification, (2) the addition of soil microorganism to the production of liquid fermentation fertilizer, (3) construction of diverse energy supply system, (4) mixed organic material fermentation process concerning on heavy metal concentration, (5) introduction of incentive garbage collection system for contaminants prevention.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2007

This study was conducted from 2003 to 2005 at crop field of National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, RDA, in Jeju. The treatment consisted of chemical fertilizer 100%(CF 100%, T1), cattle manure 100%(CM 100%, T2), CF 50%+CM 50%(T3), CF 25%+CM 75%(T4), CM 100%(1st yr.)+CF 100%(2nd yr,)+CM(3rd yr)(T5), CM 100%(1st yr.)+CF 100%(2nd yr.)+CF(3rd yr.)(T6). The highest substitution effect of chemical fertilizer for cattle manure indicated that the highest yield(Avg. 11,169 kg/ha) obtained from CM 100%(1 yr.)+CF 100%(2 yr.) treatment. The forage yield of CM 100%(1 yr.)+CF 100%(2 yr.) was 4% more than CM 100% application whereas was 3% less than CF 100% application. Changes of physical and chemical properties of soils for applications of CF 100% and CM 100% was clearly in cattle manure application. Especially, cattle manure application in pasture were superior to chemical fertilizer application with respect to organic matter(OM, %), total nitrogen(T-N, %), and avaliable phosphorous($P_2O_5$, %) contents of soils. In this present study, cattle manure application recorded slightly lower forage yields than CF 100% application but the combined use of cattle manure and chemical fertilizer was attribute to reduction of chemical fertilizer application rate as well as maintaining soil health on long-term basis.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2001

The study was carried out to evaluate characteristics of inorganic phosphate fractions in cultivating soil with paper mill sludge comport(PMSC). The experiment were conducted in cultivating corn by a pot test. The place of the pot test was a plastic house. The pot size was 1/5000a and PMSC was added at rates of 0, 30, and 100 Mg/ha. The pot experiment was divided to two treatments, one in which corn was cultivated and the other which was not. The items of measurement was pH and inorganic phosphate fractions which were determined for the pot tests for 80 days. The results can be concluded as follows, pH increased depending on the higher rates of PMSC application to the soil during the Pot tests, because calcium content was high and contents of nutrient were high. When the application rates of PMSC were increased, Saloid-P and Fe-P decreased, while Al-P and Ca-P in soil increased during the pot tests. According to the increase of PMSC application rates, the growth and the yield of com significantly increased Such results seem to be associated with the higher nutrient level from PMSC application. Although uptake of phosphorus in corn decreased in the corn with increased application of the PMSC, phosphate deficiency didn't appear in the pot test.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2021

While veterinary antibiotics are used only in a part of the dose administered, the rest are excreted as urine or feces. Residual antibiotics enter the adjacent agricultural environments by spraying manure-based composts on farmlands and lead to secondary pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the technique for post management such as regulatory levels of antibiotics in the agricultural environments. This study was conducted to compare by different matrices the amount of residual antibiotics such as tetracyclines and sulfonamides, which are known to be frequently used in Korea and to practice risk assessment by different antibiotics in soils before and after application of composts. Pre-treatment with modified typical method using buffer and solid phase extraction showed the recovery of composts and soils was more than 70% at ppb level and the limits of detection were 0.13-0.46 and 0.05-0.25 ㎍/kg, respectively. Analysis of manure-based composts revealed concentrations from 5.38 to 196.0 ㎍/kg for tetracyclines, from below the detection of limit (BDL) to 259.0 ㎍/kg for sulfonamides. In case of agricultural soils, residual concentrations of selected veterinary antibiotics were ranged 0.30-53.3 ㎍/kg, BDL-4.16 ㎍/kg respectively and the concentration level of tetracyclines, which had higher soil distribution coefficient (Kd) values, was higher than that of sulfonamides. There was a difference in human risk assessment by different antibiotics in soil before and after application of composts. But, it was indicated that detection values of all of 5 antibiotics were very safe on the basis that Hazard Quotient was safe below 1.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

Agricultural recycling of livestock wastes by composting has lots of beneficial effects on crop production and soil fertility. Most of composts are made from pig manure and water content controller such as saw dust, bark, rice hulls etc. by aerobic processing. But the insufficient supply of saw dust, bark etc. cause the indiscreet use of industrial waste having heavy metals and toxic synthetic chemicals. This research investigated the present quality status of organic by-product fertilizers, and suggested the way of quality interpretation under the statistical approaches based on median, mean and weighted average value. Since the data of one hundred of samples for heavy metal contents (Cd, Pb, Cu, and Cr) and OM/N showed extremely left-skewed distribution, the median was more useful than the mean in representing the characteristics of distribiition for each items. The weighted average value will be a useful index for the quality based on the total amount of producing.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate how much coal fly ash could be substituted for sawdust as a bulking agent for livestock waste composting. The mixtures of coal fly ash and sawdust in the weight ratio of 8 to 2, 7 to 3, 6 to 4, 5 to 5, 4 to 6, 3 to 7 and 2 to 8 were added to livestock waste as the bulking agent. The same amount of the bulking agents and livestock waste was mixed and composted during 21 days. Following effects were analyzed during composting experiment : the variation of temperature, pH and various compound contents. The results were summarized as follows: The more the sawdust was added, the higher the maximum temperature in slurry type livestock farm but faster it reached in scrapper type. Water content was maintained under good condition by adding the bulking agent mixed of the same amount of coal fly ash and sawdust. pH was in the range of 7~10 by adding the bulking agent mixed of the same amount of coal fly ash and sawdust. The more the sawdust was added, the higher organic matter content was measured. Nitrogen content with increasing the amount of sawdust added but it was higher did not showed any tendency Organic matter/Nitrogen ratio reduced during the composting period in scrapper type but it showed contrary tendency in slurry type with that of scrapper type.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2010

Concentration of antibiotics including a tetracycline group (TCs) of tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), and oxytetracycline (OTC), a sulfonamide group (SAs) of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfathiazole (STZ), and sulfamethazine (SMT), an ionophore group (IPs) of lasalocid (LSL), monensin (MNS), and salinomycin (SLM), and a macrolide group (MLs) of tylosin (TYL) was determined from samples collected from the agricultural soil, stream water, and sediment. For the agricultural soil samples, the concentration of TCs had the highest value among all tested antibiotic's groups due to its high accumulation rate on the surface soils. The lower concentrations of SAs in the agricultural soils may be resulted from its lower usage and lower distribution coefficient (Kd) compared to TCs. The concentration of TCs in stream water was significantly increased through June to September. It would be likely due to soil loss during an intensive rainfall event and a reduction of water level after the monsoon season. A significant amount of TCs in the sediment was also detected due to its accumulation from runoff, which occurred by complexation of divalent cations, ion exchange, and hydrogen bonding among humic acid molecules. To ensure environmental or human safety, continuous monitoring of antibiotics residues in surrounding ecosystems and systematic approach to the occurrence mechanism of antibiotic resistant bacteria are required.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2006

The effects of turning frequency of in-vessel composting on ammonia emissions during composting of separated solids from swine slurry/sawdust mixtures and performance of biofiltration using the chicken manure compost were investigated. Separated solids from swine manure amended with sawdust was composted in a 226 L laboratory-scale in-vessel reactors under various turning frequency and continuous airflow (0.6 L/min.kg.dm) for three weeks. Three laboratory-scale manure compost biofilters were built to treat effluent gas from the composting of separated solid from swine manure amened with sawdust process. These experiments were continued over a period of three weeks. The composting of separated solid swine manure amended with sawdust and manure compost biofiltration system were evaluated to determine the turning frequency type that would be adequate for the rate of decomposition and compost odour reduction. The compost odour cleaning was measured based on ammonia gas concentration before and after passing through the manure compost biofilter. The average ammonia odor reduction in the manure compost biofilter was 96.9 % at R1 (no turning), 99.4 % at R2(once a day turning) and 89.0 % at R3(twice a day turning), respectively. The efficiency of ammonia reduction was mainly influenced by the turning frequency.