• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.324-331
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• 2008

Introduction : Korean red ginseng has been shown to have an preventive effect on atheroma formation and enhancing effect on nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cell inducing vasodilatation. However, there are few studies showing the effect of Korean red ginseng on blood pressure and vascular(endothelial) pathologic changes together. We designed this study to show changes of blood pressure and vascular pathologic findings with Korean red ginseng administration compared with Chinese red ginseng and control for 3 months in rats. Materials and methods : We studied the in vitro hypotensive effect and effect on vascular pathologic changes of Korean red ginseng compared with Chinese red ginseng and control. Rats were randomly assigned to three groups(Korean red ginseng, Chinese red ginseng and control) and evaluated by blood pressure and aortic vascular(endothelial) pathologic changes monthly during 3-month administration. All results were analyzed by paired T-test, ANOVA and post-hoc. Results : Blood pressure lowering effect was noted on Korean red ginseng and Chinese red ginseng compared to control. Especially, in Korean red ginseng group, hypotensive effect was showed in first and second month, but, in Chinese red ginseng group, it was just noted in first month. In case of vascular(aortic endothelial) pathologic finding, endothelial wall thickening and elastic fiber tearing were noted in Chinese red ginseng group compared with Korean red ginseng group and control with statistical significance.(p<0.05) Discussion : These results suggested Korean red ginseng could have more hypotensive effect and maintenance rather than Chinese red ginseng. And the difference of hypotensive effect between Korean red ginseng and Chinese red ginseng might has some association with difference of vascular pathologic findings in each group. However, further evaluation and research of other mechanism will be needed to convince this hypothesis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.6 s.263
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• pp.462-469
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• 2006

Background: Pneumonectomy for inflammatory lung disease has been of major concern because of its associated morbidity and mortality, particularly with respect to pleuropneumonectomy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the surgical outcomes, and identify the risk factors contributing to postoperative complications in patients undergoing pleuropneumonectomy. Material and Method: Ninety-eight patients underwent pneumonectomy for benign inflammatory lung disease were retrospectively analyzed. Pleuropneumonectomy (Group A) was done in 48 patients and standard pneumonectomy (Group B) was done in 50 patients. Clinical characteristics, postoperative complications were examined and compared between 2 groups. In pleuropneumonectomy group, postoperative risk factors affecting morbidity were evaluated. Result: There was one in-hospital death. Twenty-three major postoperative complications occurred in 21 patients (21.4%). The common complications were empyema and bronchopieural fistula (BPF) in 8 (8.4%), re-exploration due to bleeding in 8. At least one postoperative complication occurred in 14 of 48 patients from Group A (29.2%) and in 7 of 50 patients from Group B (14%). In Group A, empyema and BPF encountered in 6 and re-exploration for bleeding in 6 were the most common complication. In univariate analysis, right pneumonectomy, completion pneumonectomy, large amount of blood loss (>1,000 mL), and intrapleural spillage were risk factors contributing to postoperative complications in Group A. In multivariate analysis, intrapleural contamination during operation was a risk factor of postoperative complication. Conclusion: The morbidity and mortality rates of pneumonectomy for chronic inflammatory lung disease are acceptably. However, we confirm that pleuropneumonectomy is a real technical challenge and a high-risk procedure and technically demanding. Meticulous surgical techniques are very important in preventing serious and potentially lethal complications.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.542-547
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• 2002

Background: Postpneumonectomy empyema(PPE) is an infrequent but potentially life-threatening complication. To date, various surgical efforts have been made to manage this complication. We reviewed our 20-year surgical experience of PPE and long-term follow-up data. Material and Method: Total of 37 patients who were treated for PPE between fan, 1980 and Jun, 2000 were included. Various clinical factors such as micro-organism, operative method and timing, presence of bronchopleural fistula(BPF), underlying disease and fate of empyema cavity were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Result: Majority of patients(34) underwent Eloesser operation for effective drainage. There was only one operative mortality. The causative organisms were Staphylococcus species and Pseudomonas species in 46% BPF was found in 20 cases, among which spontaneous closures took place in 4 cases. The chest wall was closed in 40%(8/20) of patients with BPF, compared to 59%(10/17) without BPF. The closure rate was statistically better in patients without BPF(p=0.006). Even though the patients with benign disease showed higher closure rate(50%) than those with lung cancer (31%), the difference was not significant(p=0.25). Conclusion: Eloesser procedure was an effective method for initial drainage of PPE cavity with low operative mortality. Given the findings of low spontaneous closure rate of BPF, aggressive approach to close the BPF is mandatory to achieve the final goal of chest wall closure. It was found that majority of patients still left their chest cavity opened, even after controlling the active inflammation of the empyema cavity. More aggnessive approach for chest wall closure is recommended in all patents with benign disease and in selective patients with lung cancer if there is no evidence of recurrence at several years after the initial operation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 1998

Primary lung cancer has recently increased progressively in its incidence in Korea. It is clearly evident that surgical resection offers the best offortunity for cure of non-small cell carcinoma. This study was designed to analyse the clinical data of 100 primary non-small cell carcinoma patients who underwent lung resection surgery from January 1992 to July 1995 at the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Sugery, Kyungpook National University Hospital. There were 86 males and 14 females(6:1). In the age distribution, the peak incidence was recorded in the seventh decade(43%). The methods of tissue diagnosis were bronchoscopic biopsy in 53 patients(50.5%), percutaneous needle aspiration in 17 patients(16.2%), transbronchial lung biopsy in 11 patients(10.5%), mediastinoscopic biopsy in 2 patients (1.9%), sputum cytology in 2 patients(1.9%), and thoracotomy in 20 patients(19.0%). Fifty-five lobectomies, 22 pneumonectomies, 15 bilobectomies, 2 segmentectomies, 4 sleeve lobectomies, a sleeve pneumonectomy, and a wedge pneumonectomy were performed. Operative mortality occured in 4 cases(sepsis in 2 cases, respiratory failure in 1 case, and acute myocardiac infarction in 1 case). The histologic types of tumor were 67 squamous cell carcinomas, 26 adenocarcinomas, 6 large cell carcinomas, and an adenosquamous cell carcinoma. Eighteen patients with N2 mediastinal lymph node metastases had 8 squamous cell carcinomas(11.9%), 9 adenocarcinomas(34.6%), and a large cell carcinoma(16.7%). The primary tumors in these patients were in the right upper lobe in 4 patients, the right middle and lower lobe in 9 patients, the left upper lobe in 3 patients, and the left lower lobe in 2 patients. With regard to pathologic stages, 45 patients had stage I disease; 13 patients, stage II; 36 patients, stage IIIa; 5 patients, stage IIIb; and 1 patient, stage IV. The overall actuarial survival rate was 77.5% at 12 months, 56.1% at 24 months and 43.7% at 43 months. The actuarial survival rates at 43 months were 81.3% in Stage I, 20.8% in Stage II, 27.9% in Stage IIIa, 25.0% in Stage IIIb and 33.3% in Stage IV. These facts suggest that early detection and surgical resection are recommended for favorable postoperative survival in non-small cell lung cancer.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.31-48
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• 2003

Objectives: This study evaluated the status of Health-related Behavior in residents from rural areas. A self-administered questionnaire was given to 1,754 people (men; 633 persons, women; 1,121 persons) in rural areas aged over 30 years and under 80 years in Buk-myeon, Uljin-gun and Gigye-myeon, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do in 2001 and 2002. Methods: The collected data was analyzed using a chi-square test after an age-adjusted and a chi-square trend test. The data was analyzed using a SPSS/win ver. 10.0. Results: The age-adjusted prevalence of the individual unhealthy behavior according to sex was 56.1% in men and 6.8% in women with regard to smoking; 65.4% and 21.6% with regard to drinking; 72.6% and 76.6% with regard to non-exercise on a regular basis; 23.3% and 28.2 with regard to an obese body mass index; 61.5% and 71.1% with regard to non-scaling in the dental service. The rate of alcohol and tobacco consumption increased with increasing age in both men and women (p<0.01). The age-adjusted proportion in the non-screening examination for stomach cancer according to sex was 49.3% in men and 51.4% in women; 64.0% and 70.7% in liver cancer; 88.9% and 87.5% in colon cancer; 58.3% and 59.1% in undergoing a medical health screening. Conclusions: It is essential for health educators to promote Health-related Behavior in residents in rural areas. In addition, it is expected that the health status of residents in rural areas will improve through efforts to encourage them to take more interest in a healthier lifestyle.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2013

These studies were identified the effect of four types of non-perforated breathable (NPB) packing film and three sizes on storage ability of fresh-cut for ready to eat packaging at $5^{\circ}C$ for 25 days and $10^{\circ}C$ for 15 days storage in Salicornia herbacea. The fresh weight loss was less than 2% in every films at $5^{\circ}C$ condition after 25 days storage, and the $10^{\circ}C$ also had same result on 15 days storage except 100,000 cc NPB film. Compare with storage after 15 days, storage condition at $5^{\circ}C$ had shown better result under the 1% fresh weight loss rate. The 5,000 cc and $5^{\circ}C$ condition had been shown the characteristics of MA packaging in carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations. The ethylene concentration in vacuum film was higher 10 to 100 times than in NPB film treatments during storage. But ethylene concentration was not statistically significant differences among size treatments. Every conditions had been measured the anti-oxidant activity by DPPH method after storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for 25 days and $10^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. S. herbacea at $5^{\circ}C$ had been more than twice of activity compare with that at $10^{\circ}C$. 100,000 cc NPB film had been higher contents of anti-oxidant activity at $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$. As the fresh-cut sizes, 3 cm and 5 cm sizes had changed depending on film types but 10 cm were not effected by the film types in the DPPH activity. When panel test had been tried to measure the visual quality and off-flavor after storage, $5^{\circ}C$ with a filme of 5,000 cc treatment had established higher value than other treated conditions. As these results, it's may be suggested that the $5^{\circ}C$ with 5,000 cc non-perforated breathable film for MA storage in Salicornia herbacea at fresh cut distribution system. Fresh cut size 10 cm with 100,000 cc NPB film also had the good quality for 15 dyas storage at $10^{\circ}C$, and this result can be applied for short term distribution system in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.80-80
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• 2002

The main thesis of this article is that the decisive point of creativity education is the cultivation of critical thinking capability. Although the narrow conception of creativity as divergent thinking is not subsumed under that of critical thinking, the role of divergent thinking is not so crucial in the science context of creative problem-solving. On the contrary, the broad conception of creativity as focusing on the reference to utility and the third conception of creativity as a process based on the variation and combination of existing pieces of information are crucial in creative problem-solving context, which are yet subsumed under that of critical thinking. The emphasis on critical thinking education is connected with the characteristics of contemporary knowledge-based society. This rapidly changing society requires situation-adaptive or situation-sensitive cognitive ability, whose core is critical thinking capability. Hence, the education of critical thinking is to be centered on the learning of blowing-how and procedural knowledge but not of knowing-that and declarative knowledge. Accordingly, the learning of critical thinking is to be headed towards the cultivation of competence but not just of performance. In conclusion, when a rational problem-solving through critical and logical thinking turns out consequently to be novel, we call it creative thinking. So, creativity is an emergent property based on critical and logical thinking.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.81-90
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• 2002

The main thesis of this article is that the decisive point of creativity education is the cultivation of critical thinking capability. Although the narrow conception of creativity as divergent thinking is not subsumed under that of critical thinking, the role of divergent thinking is not so crucial in the science context of creative problem-solving. On the contrary, the broad conception of creativity as focusing on the reference to utility and the third conception of creativity as a process based on the variation and combination of existing pieces of information are crucial in creative problem-solving context, which are yet subsumed under that of critical thinking. The emphasis on critical thinking education is connected with the characteristics of contemporary knowledge-based society. This rapidly changing society requires situation-adaptive or situation-sensitive cognitive ability, whose core is critical thinking capability. Hence, the education of critical thinking is to be centered on the learning of blowing-how and procedural knowledge but not of knowing-that and declarative knowledge. Accordingly, the learning of critical thinking is to be headed towards the cultivation of competence but not just of performance. In conclusion, when a rational problem-solving through critical and logical thinking turns out consequently to be novel, we call it creative thinking. So, creativity is an emergent property based on critical and logical thinking.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.959-964
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose was to investigate the clinical considerations of patients affected by meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and the effect of suctioning through endotracheal intubation immediately after delivery on the prognosis of MAS. Methods : A total of 44 inpatients diagnosed as MAS in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Cheil Hospital were selected from January 2004 to June 2006. They were divided into two groups. In the early aspiration group (12 patients), suctioning through endotracheal intubation was performed according to the neonatal resuscitation program of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Heart Association because infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) were not vigorous after birth. In the early non-aspiration group (32 patients), endotracheal intubation was not performed because the infants born through MSAF were vigorous after birth. These two groups were analyzed retrospectively by medical records in the fields of clinical features, obstetric risk factors, complications, treatment, and duration of hospitalization. Results : There was no significant difference in mean gestational age, mean birth weight, sex, and delivery mode between the early aspiration group and the early non-aspiration group. Mean Apgar score of the early aspiration group both in 1 and 5 minute score was significantly lower than in the early non-aspiration group. Lengths of hospitalization and duration of mechanical ventilator care were longer in the early non-aspiration group, but there was no significant difference. Total duration of oxygen therapy was significantly longer in the early non-aspiration group than in the early aspiration group. Conclusion : In this study, the early non-aspiration group used surfactant more and had a longer duration of mechanical ventilator and hospitalization, but there was no significant difference. Total duration of oxygen therapy was significantly longer in the early non-aspiration group. Therefore, more detailed guidelines for vigorous infants born through MSAF are needed and we should study and follow up the long term prognosis of neurological complications of MAS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.117-120
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• 2005

인구주택총조사는 국가통계의 가장 기본이 되는 자료를 생산하는 조사로 거의 대부분의 나라에서 전수조사방식으로 정기적으로 시행해왔다. 그러나 최근 들어 일부 국가, 특히 선진국에서 응답거부가 늘고, 조사대상을 접촉하기 어려운 등 조사환경이 나빠지고 있다. 아울러 조사비용이 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 이에 각 국의 통계청에서는 이러한 상황을 인구센서스에 대한 '근본적인 도전'으로 간주하고 있다(Jensen, 2000). 심지어 독일이나 네델란드에서는 조사환경의 악화로 1990년대 이후 인구센서스를 중단한 상태이다(Bierau, 2000). 조사환경의 악화는 조사의 포괄성과 신뢰성에 대한 문제를 야기한다. 선진국들과 마찬가지로 우리나라에서도 조사환경이 빠른 속도로 악화되고 있다. 더욱이 우리의 경우 읍면동사무소 기능축소로 말미암아 과거 인구주택총조사에서 실제 조사에 도움을 주었던 행정지원이 없어짐에 따라 앞으로 조사의 어려움은 더욱 커질 것으로 보인다. 이렇듯 악화되는 조사환경변화에 대응하여 선진 국가에서는 다양한 형태의 인구센서스방식들이 모색되고 있다. 많은 나라들이 순환형 센서스보다는 행정자료를 인구주택총조사에 활용하는 방안을 모색하고 있으며, 덴마크나 핀란드 등 일부 국가에서는 이미 전혀 조사를 하지 않고 행정자료로 대부분의 인구센서스 통계를 생산하고 있다(Harala, 1996; Gaasemyr, 1999; Laihonen, 1999), 많은 나라들이 행정자료를 활용한 인구센서스 방식을 선호하는 데는 또 다른 이유가 있다. 자료의 측면에서 보면, 행정자료를 활용할 경우 매년 인구센서스 통계를 생산할 수 있다. 실제로 현재 덴마크와 핀란드는 인구센서스에 준하는 통계를 매년 생산하고 있다. 또한 이러한 자료를 바탕으로 지역통계 수요에 즉각 대처할 수 있다. 더 나아가 이와 같은 통계는 전 국민에 대한 패널자료이기 때문에 통계적 활용의 범위가 방대하다. 특히 개인, 가구, 사업체 등 사회 활동의 주체들이 어떻게 변화하는지를 추적할 수 있는 자료를 생산함으로써 다양한 인과적 통계분석을 할 수 있다. 행정자료를 활용한 인구센서스의 이러한 특징은 국가의 교육정책, 노동정책, 복지정책 등 다양한 정책을 정확한 자료를 근거로 수립할 수 있는 기반을 제공한다(Gaasemyr, 1999). 이와 더불어 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스는 비용이 적게 드는 장점이 있다. 예를 들어 덴마크나 핀란드에서는 조사로 자료를 생산하던 때의 1/20 정도 비용으로 행정자료로 인구센서스의 모든 자료를 생산하고 있다. 특히, 최근 모든 행정자료들이 정보통신기술에 의해 데이터베이스 형태로 바뀌고, 인터넷을 근간으로 한 컴퓨터네트워크가 발달함에 따라 각 부처별로 행정을 위해 축적한 자료를 정보통신기술로 연계${cdot}$통합하면 막대한 조사비용을 들이지 않더라도 인구센서스자료를 적은 비용으로 생산할 수 있는 근간이 마련되었다. 이렇듯 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스가 많은 장점을 가졌지만, 그렇다고 모든 국가가 당장 행정자료로 인구센서스를 대체할 수 있는 것은 아니다. 행정자료로 인구센서스통계를 생산하기 위해서는 각 행정부서별로 사용하는 행정자료들을 연계${cdot}$통합할 수 있도록 국가사회전반에 걸쳐 행정 체제가 갖추어져야 하기 때문이다. 특히 모든 국민 개개인에 관한 기본정보, 개인들이 거주하며 생활하는 단위인 개별 주거단위에 관한 정보가 행정부에 등록되어 있고, 잘 정비되어 있어야 하며, 정보의 형태 또한 서로 연계가 가능하도록 표준화되어있어야 한다. 이와 더불어, 현재 인구센서스에서 표본조사를 통해 부가적으로 생산하는 경제활동통계를 생산하기 위해서는 개인이 속한 사업체를 파악할 수 있도록 모든 사업체가 등록되어 있고, 개인의 경제활동과 관련된 각종 정보들이 사업체에 잘 기록 및 정비되어 있어야 한다. 따라서 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스통계생산은 단지 국가의 통계뿐만 아니라 행정조직과 행정체계를 정비하고, 개인과 사업체의 등록체계를 정비하며, 사업체의 개인에 관한 정보를 정비하여 표준화하는 막대한 작업을 수반한다. 이런 이유에서 대부분의 국가들은 장래에 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스통계생산을 목표로 하되, 당장은 행정자료를 인구센서스에 보조적 수단을 사용하는 데 노력을 기울이고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 행정자료를 인구주택총조사에 활용할 수 있는 몇 가지 중요한 기반을 갖추고 있다. 첫째, 1962년부터 시행한 주민등록제도가 있다. 주민등록제도는 모든 국민 개개인을 파악할 수 있는 주민등록번호를 갖추고 있으며 40년 이상 제도화되어 오류가 거의 없는 편이다. 둘째, 세계 10위권 내에 들 정도로 높은 우리나라의 정보화 수준과 2000년부터 시작된 전자정부사업으로 행정자료를 연계${cdot}$통합할 수 있는 기반이 잘 갖추어져 있다. 반면, 우리나라 행정자료 가운데 주거(생활)단위와 사업체를 파악할 수 있는 자료는 매우불완전하다. 대표적으로 인구센서스통계의 주요한 단위인 가구를 파악할 수 있는 수준으로 주소체계가 정비되어 있지 않으며, 많은 사업체, 특히 소규모 사업 가운데 등록되어 있지 않거나 등록오류가 많은 편이다. 이외에도 과세대장, 토지대장 등 많은 행정자료가 아직은 불완전하여 이들을 직접 연계하기에 어렵다. 행정자료를 연계하기 위해서는 모든 자료를 정비하고 표준화하여 실제 행정에 활용하여야 하기 때문에 행정적으로 많은 노력과 시간이필요하다. 따라서 현재는 손쉬운 부분에서부터 인구주택총조사에 행정자료를 활용하고, 앞으로 활용 과정을 거치면서 행정자료를 정비하고 표준화하는 장기적인 방안을 마련할 필요가 있다.