• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 2011

Applications of green manures generally improve the soil quality in rice paddy in part through restructuring of soil microbial communities. To determine how different green manures affect soil microbial communities during the early stages of rice growth, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were used to the effects of different management practices: 1) conventional farming (CF), 2) no-treatment (NT), 3) Chinese milk vetch (CMV), 4) green barley (GB), and 5) triticale in paddy field. With applications of green manures, soil organic matter was significantly higher than CF, while soil Na concentration was significantly lower compared with CF (p<0.05). Total soil microbial biomass of CMV was higher (p<0.05) than NF by approximately 31%. The highest ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid was found in the GB plot, followed by CMV and triticale compared with CF (p<0.05), possibly indicating that microbial stress was less in GB and CMV plots. Populations of Gram-negative bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi also were significantly higher green manures than CF (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that GB should be considered as optimum green manure for enhancing soil microbial community at an early growing stage in paddy field.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.923-928
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties of different types of topsoil in forest ecosystems by damage pattern and analyse the possibility of using the topsoil as a planting ground construction material. There were 72 samples from 36 sites of 12 damaged areas and 36 sites of 12 non-damaged areas. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of topsoil from non-damaged areas of forest ecosystems were on an average clay loam~sandy loam in soil texture, showing $0.95{\sim}1.10Mg/m^3$ in soil bulk density, $35.7{\sim}44.0m^3/m^3$ in solid phase, 56.0~64.3 in soil porosity, 8.4~35.8% in aggregate stability, 5~13 mm in soil hardness, 5.3~6.1 in pH, 0.14~0.65 dS/m in EC, 0.28~0.42% in T-N, $14{\sim}22cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, $0.15{\sim}0.31cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $K^+$, $2.07{\sim}2.84cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Ca^{2+}$, $0.45{\sim}1.97cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Mg^{2+}$, 17~96 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$ and 3.2~5.6% in OM. On the other hand, damaged areas were on an average clay loam~loamy sand in soil texture, showing $1.54{\sim}1.75Mg/m^3$ in soil bulk density, $52.8{\sim}58.0m^3/m^3$ in solid phase, 42.0~47.2 in soil porosity, 4.2~22.5% in aggregate stability, 13~25 mm in soil hardness, 4.8~5.5 in pH, 0.13~0.62 dS/m in EC, 0.02~0.12% in T-N, $5{\sim}15cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, $0.11{\sim}0.18cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $K^+$, $0.45{\sim}2.36cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Ca^{2+}$, $0.39{\sim}0.96cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Mg^{2+}$, 15~257 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$ and 0.4~2.2% in OM. After conducting a comparison of physicochemical characteristics of non-damaged forest area and damaged areas, it was found that the physicochemical characteristics of damaged areas were more deteriorated compared to that of non-damaged areas. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to establish countermeasures for the conservation and management of the damaged areas for topsoil recycling in the future.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 1991

This study was carried out to obtain the effects of soil environment and characteristics on the growth and yield of young rice seedling. Twenty four rice fields were selected among the labor saving mechanization complex, and the growth statu s and various soil characteristics were investigated The young rice seedling planted soils were located at the range of elevation 5m to 210m, and the average water holding days was 5.1 days, and drainage class were mainly moderately well to imperfectly. The plant height on 30th day after machine transplanting were higher and the tiller numbers were smaller at the higher clay contents at moderately well and imperfectly drained soils. In case of sandy loam soils, the better the drainage class, the higher plant and more tillers. Soil hardness was lower in sandy loam, and the bulk densities of loam, silty clay loam and poorly drained soils were lower than the other fields. There were not differences of soil chemical properties between the soil textural groups but organic matter content were higher in poorly drained soils. The rice yields of young seedling planted fields were negatively correlated to soil bulk density and highly significantly correlated to the exchangeable calcium contents of the soils. The average yield of young rice seedlings was 487kg/10a, 2.5% higher than semi-adult rice seedling of 475kg/10a.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.260-267
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigated the relation between air depositions and soil properties in Gyeongsanman province. Soil pH was average 4.40 in regions, and was the highest soil pH value in Miryang-sanne(pH 5.02), the lowest pH value in Namhae-seomyeon(pH4.08). Soil pH, soil organic matter content, avail phosphorus, K, Ca and cation exchange capacity(CEC) were significantly different among regions(p<0.05). Pb in Heavy metal content was 3.86mg/kg average value, and was the highest in Keo-je region(9.87mg/kg), the lowest in Mryang-sanne (0.86mg/kg). Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni were significantly different among regions(p<0.05). Correlation between rainfall pH and soil properties were positive in soil $pH(r=0.7826^{**})$, Ca$(r=0.6278^*)$, Mg$(r=0.5841^*)$, CEC$(r=0.6341^{**})$ and Cd$(r=0.5995^*)$, and were negative in Pb$(r=-0.5283^*)$. Correlation between $SO_2$ concentration and soil properties was negative in soil pH$(r=-0.6796^{**})$, Ca$(r=-0.5810^*)$, Mg$(r=-0.5522^*)$) and CEC$(r=-0.5905^*)$. Correlation between $NO_2$ concentration and soil properties were positive in organic matter $(r=0.6208^*)$, K$(r=0.5380^*)$. It was predicted that rainfall and $SO_2$ concentration would affect soil acidification, and soil heavy metal content related Cd and Pb. Others soil heavy metal were not related.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2000

We investigated the patterns of soil horizon evolution and its water distribution on three different forest stands covered with Larix leptolepis, Pinus koraiensis, and Qercus mongolica on the Experimental Forest of Kyunghee University, located in Kwangju, Kyunggi-Do. Compared to the properties of depths of O and A horizons evolved on the Pinus koraiensis stand, the depths of O and A horizons on the forest stands of Larix leptolepis and Qercus mongolica were shallower, indicating that the soil horizon were deeply influenced by geographical characteristics, its erosive and sedimentary distinction, vegetation cover and its population density. And the bulk densities of the sites selected were lower in the high slope gradient than that in the lower slope gradient at the same depth of soil profile. Therefore, the changes of the soil bulk densities were closely related to the soil organic matter and the vertical transport of soil particle throughout soil depths. On the other hand, the bulk density and organic matter content in soil can influence the water transport phenomena, resulting in decrease of the hydraulic conductivity as the increase in the bulk density, while the organic matter can not affect the hydraulic conductivity on the soil surface layer. For a rainfall infiltration characteristics from a lysimeter experiment established on the stand of Larix leptolepis, the bulk density and slope gradient strongly influenced the vertical transport of water, as well as the lateral movement of rainfall. Conclusively, the characteristics of water movement and distribution in the forest stand can be determined not by the geographical factor such as slope gradient but also by the bulk density and organic matter content remained in soils.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2008

This survey was conducted to investigate the functional quality characteristics of garlic based on different soil conditions (Pyungan, Maji, Anmi, Yuga, and Songjung soils). The Pyungan, Maji, and Anmi soils from the Danyang area showed high levels of pH, organic matter, available $P_2O_5$, and inorganic components. For the functional compositions of the garlic harvested from the different soil conditions, the Pyungan garlic contained the highest amounts of alliin and total fructan, with 9.2 and 193.3 mg/g, respectively. The Pyungan garlic also showed the highest amounts of total polyphenol and flavonoids, with 146.5 and 123.5 mg/100 g, respectively. Among the garlics from the different soils, the IC50 values by the DPPH assay ranged from 0.28 to 0.32 g/mL, and the $IC_{50}$ of the Pyungan garlic was 0.28 g/mL. The correlation coefficients between the functional quality of the garlic and the different soil compositions were analyzed. The quality of the garlic was positively affected by the pH and organic matter content (p < 0.01) of the soil. Since the Danyang garlic harvested from the Danyang soil had better functional qualities, these results suggest that the production of garlic in a suitable area for the ecotype is most effective.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 1984

The survey and soil analysis were carried to research the problems on mulberry fields applied glutamic acid fermentation residue fertilizer (GAFRF). Mulberry farmers of 364 from 110 si or Gun were chosen at random. The results were as follows; 1. Application rate of three elements applied on mulberry field was 25.8-12.8-16 in non-FAFRF using farmers, whereas 9.8-4.5-5.5kg/10a in GAFRF using farmers. 2. Application rate of organic matter applied on mulberry was 1158kg in non-GAFRF using farmers, whereas 329kg/10a in GAFRF using farmers. 3. Farmers of 53% using FAFRF did not applied three elements, 74% of them organic matter and 50% of them both of three elements and organic matter. These figures increased proportionally with application period of GAFRF. 4. The content of organic matter, availeble P2O5, K, Ca, Mg and pH in soil of appling GAFRF farmers was somewhat lower than in soil of non-appling GAFRF farmers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2005

Pharmaceutical byproduct sludge and cosmetic industry wastewater sludge can be used as a raw material of compost. Effects of three types of pharmaceutical byproduct sludge and one type of cosmetic industry wastewater sludge on soil properties and red pepper growth were investigated in a field based concrete pot ($2{\times}2m$). These sludges and pig manure ($5Mg\;ha^{-1}$, dry basis) were incorporated into the upper of loam soil 30 days prior to transplanting red pepper. Changes in soil properties and contents of heavy metals and toxic organic compounds in soil and plant were measured. And also plant growth measurement and bioassay of soil phytotoxicity were included. Contents of heavy metals were increased in the soils treated with the sludges. Plant growth in the sludge treatments were mostly inferior to that of NPK treatment, especially in early stage. Content of N in plant was lower in all sludge treatments at early and middle growth stages, and it was especially caused by characteristics and concentration of nitrogen and organic matter of sludges. Total yield of red pepper was highest in the NPK treatment and followed by pharmaceutical sludge 3, pig manure, pharmaceutical sludge 1, and pharmaceutical sludge 2, and the yield of cosmetic sludge treatment was considerably lower than others. HEM and PAHs contents in soil of cosmetic sludge treatment were $4.80mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $2,263.2{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Root elongation of lettuce exposed to the water extract of soil treated with cosmetic sludge was about 20% of that found in the test with soil extract of non fertilization treatment. At present, raw materials of compost were authorized according to the contents of organic matter, heavy metals and product processing. Toxic organic compounds analysis and bioassay would be helpful for authorization and assessment of suitability of raw materials of compost.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.278-283
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• 2001

The overall objective of this research was to show a NIR soil analyzer assessing soil fertility by measuring soil properties rapidly. A total of 140 soil samples were used to obtain calibrations and validation estimating soil properties. The soil samples were ground to pass 0.2mm sieve openings. Partial least square regression analysis was used to develop a calibration for soil analysis. The results indicated that NIR soil analyzer could be used as a routine method for quantitatively determining pH, OM, total nitrogen, CEC, extractable Ca, Mg, K, available $SiO_2$ and soil moisture simultaneously within one minute. Therefore, the NIR soil analyzer may be suitable for quick estimation of soil fertility estimation in fertilizer assessments.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2012

This study was investigated to evaluate the effects of fertilizer application of surface and broadcast for rice culture on the soil chemical, physical, and microbial properties as well as growth and yield of rice. The application was made with 'Dongjin 1' rice at Jeollanam-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services from 2008 to 2010. Soil organic matter and cation concentrations were increased by surface and broadcast applications, respectively. Plots treated by surface application tended to be higher seasonal N-mineralization rate in the organic fertilizer and seasonal soil organic matter than those of broadcast application. Soil physical properties seemed to be improved by the broadcast application, and soil microbial properties were increased by the surface application. Surface application increased 5% of rice yield compared to that of broadcast.