• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.239-244
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics and chemical components of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas sp. G314. Pseudomonas sp. G314 was isolated from soil samples which were contaminated with oil in Daejon area. As such, it produced quality biosurfactant [23]. One type of biosurfactant was kept in a refrigerator, whereas another type of biosurfactant was kept in room temperature. The surface tension activities were then compared. As a result, the biosurfactant from Pseudomonas sp. G314 that was kept at room temperature was stable for 10 days, showing 26.2 dyne/cm of surface tension activity. This result was found to be similar to that of the refrigerator storage. The surface tension of batch culture was 25 dyne/cm, but the culture in the 5 l fermentor was 27 dyne/cm. Therefore, it can be suggested that the large-scale culture is feasible via the fermentor. Biosurfactant from Pseudomonas sp. G314 was estimated to be a kind of glycolipid because it dissolved in acetone and methanol much better than in benzene and toluene [23]. A spot was detected through the elution of silica gel column and the spread of TLC, and the Rf value was 0.58. This spot has a positive reaction with Bail's reagent and rhodamine 6G. Hence, we can conclude that biosurfactant from Pseudomons sp. G314 was a glycolipid containing carbohydrate and lipid.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 1994

We screened many species from a wide variety of bacterial genera for a new type II restriction endonuclease. The purification and characterization of SolI from a soil isolate, Streptoverticillium olivoverticillatum are described here. The enzyme turned out to be an isoschizomer of BamHI. It recognized the hexanucleotide sequence of 5'-G$\downarrow$GATCC-3' and cleaved as in dicated by the arrow, generating a 4 base 5' extension. Unlike its isoschizomer, BamHI, the activity was sensitive to dam methylation within the recognition sequence. Following ammonium sulfate fractionation of the crude extract, heparin-agarose and Affi-gel Blue column chromatography were employed to purify the enzyme. SolI required at least 0.2 mM of $MgCl_2$ for the cleavage to occur. The enzyme exhibited its maximal activity in the absence of NaCl, but was inhibited completely in the presence of 120 mM NaCl. The pH and temperature optima for activity were pH 8.6 and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The molecular weight of SolI was estimated to be 43,000 Da by Superose-12 gel filtraion chromatography.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.21-30
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• 2011

The recycled soil that is proceeded from demolition concrete structures was analyzed by the methods of the physical and mechanical tests of soil and TCLP test to use the soil in low landfilling for the construction of an industrial complex. The laboratory test for diffusion of alkali ion in soil mass was analyzed by the methods of XRF and ICP. The fish toxicity test was also conducted to find an environmental influence. The recycled soil through the laboratory test satisfied the engineering property for low landfilling and the criteria of soil contamination. However, the solution which producted by 1:1 ratio of recycled soil and water contained the high pH concentration by alkali ion. The calcium hydroxide solution by CSH cement paste was estimated as the main reason why pH concentration is increased more than 9.0. The high pH concentration in recycled soils causes a toxicity to the livability of fishes. A diffusion area of pH concentration in the ground was analyzed by the Visual Modflow Ver. 2009 program based on geotechnical investigation. The high pH concentration in the recycled soils can be remained as high value due to cement paste in the long term period. Therefore, in the early stage of landfilling work, the mixing with the weathered granite soil is necessary to control the pH concentration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.414-419
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• 2005

This study was performed to compare the treatment efficiencies of two media, newly developed Bio-rock and conventional gravel, in soil clothing contact oxidation process. The composition of synthetic wastewater were $COD_{Cr}$ $150{\sim}370\;mg/L$, $BOD_5$ $150{\sim}270\;mg/L$, T-N $20{\sim}60\;mg/L$, T-P $5{\sim}25\;mg/L$, pH 7 and 2 mL/L of trace element solution. The experiment using two reactors was comparatively conducted for the flow rate of 40 L/d for 13 months, respectively. Initially Bio-rock reactor was increased to pH 12 due to $Ca(OH)_2$ with hydration of cement, but gravel reactor was dropped to pH 4 due to the degradation of organic material and nitrification. This significant pH variation deteriorated the growth and activity of microorganism. But the high pH of Bio-rock seems favorite to ammonia stripping and precipitation of phosphate. Such pH variation of Bio-rock and gravel reactors were finally stabilized to pH 8 and pH 6, respectively. The removal efficiencies of organic compounds from Bio-rock reactor were 96% of $COD_{Cr}$, 98% of $BOD_5$, 80% of T-N and 85% of T-P which stably coping against variation of influent concentration. But those of gravel reactor were 96% of $COD_{Cr}$, 96% of $BOD_5$, 42% of T-N and 40% of T-P, respectively. The Bio-rock was 2 times higher than T-N and T-P in treatment efficiency. And electron-microscopic examination showed that Bio-rock was more favorable to microbial adherence than gravel. The microbial populations were $5.2{\times}10^6\;CFU/mL$ of Bio-rock reactor compared to $2.6{\times}10^6\;CFU/mL$ in gravel reactor. In result Bio-rock was favor to microbial adherence and high treatment efficiency in spite of variation of influent concentration which had the advantages in saving running time and reducing site requirement.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1541-1554
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• 2016

To understand the characteristics of vanadium leaching from soils formed by the weathering of basalts, paleo soil at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, and several present-day soils from neighboring areas were collected. Leaching experiments were carried out by two approaches: 1) batch experiments under various geochemical conditions (redox potential (Eh) and pH) and 2) continuous leaching experiments under conditions similar to those of natural environments. From the batch experiments, leached vanadium concentrations were highest under alkaline (NaOH) conditions, with a maximum value of $2,870{\mu}g/L$, and were meaningful (maximum value, $114{\mu}g/L$) under oxidizing ($H_2O_2$) conditions, whereas concentrations under other conditions (acidic-HCl, $neutral-NaHCO_3$, and $reducing-Na_2S_2O_3$) were negligible. This indicated that the geochemical conditions, in which soil-water reactions occurred to form groundwater with high vanadium concentrations, were under alkaline-oxidizing conditions. From the continuous leaching experiments, the pH and leached vanadium concentrations of the solution were in the ranges of 5.45~5.58 and $6{\sim}9{\mu}g/L$, respectively, under $CO_2$ supersaturation conditions for the first 15 days, whereas values under $O_2$ aeration conditions after the next 15 days increased to 8.48~8.62 and $9.7{\sim}12.2{\mu}g/L$, respectively. Vanadium concentrations from the latter continuous leaching experiments were similar to the average concentration of groundwater in Jeju Island ($11.2{\mu}g/L$). Furthermore leached vanadium concentrations in continuous leaching experiments were highly correlated with pH and Al, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations. The results of this study showed that 1) alkaline-oxidizing conditions of water-rock (soil) interactions were essential to form vanadium-rich groundwater and 2) volcanic soils can be a potential source of vanadium in Jeju Island groundwater.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.836-841
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• 2012

Distributions and growth of submerged plants with water level were investigated in a flood control reservoir around Dongbok Lake. In adddition, the total amount of biomass and uptakes of plants per unit area ($m^2$) in the flood control reservoir were investigated. The total vegetation area was $156,871m^2$ in the Dongbok flood control reservoir ($209,160m^2$) before flooding. By July 11, the Dongbok flood control reservoir was flooded during rainy season except for upper area. Dominant plants were CRXDM (Carex dimorpholepis Steud), ECHCF (Echinochloa crusgalli), POLHY (Polygonum hydropiper L) and BROTE (Bromus tectorum L) which occupied 75% of the flood control reservoir. The total amounts of organic matter uptakes per unit area ($m^2$) with distribution rates by CRXDM, ECHCF, POLHY and BROTE under different submerged plants were 65.5, 6.8, 7.0 and 13.0%, respectively. The total amount of nitrogen uptakes per unit area ($m^2$) with distribution rates at different submerged plants were in the order of CRXDM ($1.30g\;m^{-2}$) > POLHY ($0.34g\;m^{-2}$) > BROTE ($0.30g\;m^{-2}$) > ECHCF ($0.25g\;m^{-2}$). The total amounts of phosphorus uptakes per unit area ($m^2$) with distribution rates at different submerged plants were great in the order of CRXDM (51.8%) > BROTE (17.7%) > POLHY (10.3%) > ECHCF (9.6%). Thus, the results of this study suggest that O.M, T-N and T-P by submerged plants in Dongbok Lake were strongly influenced at water quality in flood control reservoir.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.922-928
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• 2011

In order to properly manage the quality of water in Juam Lake, distributions and growth characteristics of submerged plants in Boknae flood control reservoir were investigated. In addition, the total amount of nutrient load by submerged plants were investigated. The total vegetation area was $1,146,849m^2$ of total flood control reservoirs ($1,848,568m^2$) before flooding. By August 19, all of Boknae flood control reservoir was flooded during rainy season. Dominant plants were MISSA (Miscanthus sacchariflorus), SCPMA (Scirpus fluviatilis) and CRXDM (Carex dimorpholepis) which occupied 87% of all flood control reservoirs. The total amounts of organic matter loads at different submerged plants were great in the order of CRXDM ($501,642kg\;area^{-1}$) > SCPMA ($20,987kg\;area^{-1}$) > MISSA ($3,413kg\;area^{-1}$). The total amounts of nitrogen loads by CRXDM, SCPMA and MISSA under different submerged plants were 56%, 3.9% and 0.8%, respectively. The total amounts of phosphorus loads at different submerged plants were on the order of CRXDM ($1,842kg\;area^{-1}$) > SCPMA ($78kg\;area^{-1}$) > MISSA ($14.8kg\;area^{-1}$). Therefore, the results of this study suggest that organic matter, T-N and T-P in water quality of Juam lake were strongly influenced by submerged plants in flood control reservoir.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.130-143
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• 1997

To investigate geochemical characteristics and the sources of the dissolved ion species in the river water in the Han river drainage basin, samples were collected at 60 sites from the Han river drainage basin. The data for. pH, conductivity, TDS (total dissolved solid), temperature, and concentrations of dissloved ions were obtained as follows : (1) The geochemical characteristics of the surface water in the South and North Han river drainage basins are mainly controlled by bed rock geology in the drainage basin and in the main stream of the Han river considerably affected by anthropogenic pollution. The South Han river water samples have high concentrations of $Ca^{2＋}$ (ave. 15.42 ppm), $Mg^{2＋}$ (ave. 2.74 ppm), HC $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ (ave. 51.9 ppm), which evidently indicates that the bed rock geology in a limestone area mainly controls the surface water chemistry. The concentration of S $O_4$$^{2-}$ is remarkably high (SHR10-2 : 129.9 ppm) because of acid mine drainage from the metal and coal mines in the upper reaches of the South Han river. (2) The South Han river and the North Han river join the Han river. in the Yangsuri, Kyounggido and flow through Seoul metropolitan city. The mixing ratio is about 60:40 at the meeting point (sample number HRl0). (3) The result of factor analysis suggests that the pollution factor accounts for about 79% and the bed rock type factor accounts for about 7% of the data variation. This means that the geochemical characteristics of the Han river water mainly controlled by anthropogenic pollution in the South Han river and main stream of the Han river drainage basin. (4) The chemical data for four tributaries such as the Wangsukcheon, the Tancheon, the Zunuangcheon, and the Anyangcheon show that the concentration of pollution elements such as N $O_2$, C $l^{－}$, P $O_4$$^{3-}$, S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and Mn are high due to municipal waste disposal.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2004

This study focuses on the hydrochemical characteristics in goundwater affected by reclamation at 2000 Sydney Olympic Games site, Sydney, Australia. The Olympic Games site can be divided into three areas, i.e. reclaimed areas; landfill areas and non-infilled areas. In the current work, 'reclaimed areas' were previously estuarine, and were filled with waste materials and are now above present high tide level, whereas 'landfill areas' are areas where deposition of waste materials occurred above sea level. No deposition of waste took place in 'non-infilled areas'. This study was also evaluated by three different types such as deep boreholes, shallow boreholes and standpipes. The hydrochemishy of groundwaters in reclaimed and non-in-filled areas is characterized by Mg- and Ca-enrichment, whereas groundwaters in landfill areas are elevated in K and NO₃. Na, K and Mg are the dominant cations in groundwater from reclaimed areas and Na and K are the dominant cations in groundwater in landfill areas. Na and Mg are the dominant cations in groundwater in deep boreholes, whereas Na and K are the dominant cations in groundwater in shallow boreholes and standpipes. There is no distinct trend in heavy metals with electrical conductivity in the groundwater between the re-claimed, landfill and non-infilled areas. Fe and Mn in landfill areas with respect to reclaimed areas and non-infilled areas show a distinct increase in concentration with declining pH. Mean electrical conductivity values in the deep and shallow boreholes are higher than that of standpipes, but the minimum and maximum value of electrical conductivity in groundwater in standpipes shows remarkably different value, probably due to perched pond. There is no correlation between Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr concentrations in groundwater with pH, from deep boreholes, shallow boreholes and standpipes, except for Fe and Mn, which demonstrate increasing concentrations with declining pH. The results revealed a close association between elevated concentrations in groundwater and the presence of fill materials at the site. Trace metals teachability from re-claimed soils adjacent to estuary plays a significant role in determining their potential environmental risk to surrounding environment.