• Title/Summary/Keyword: 토양분류

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A Geomorphological Classification System to Chatacterize Ecological Processes over the Landscape (생태환경 특성 파악을 위한 지형분류기법의 개발)

  • Park Soo-Jin
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.39 no.4
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    • pp.495-513
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    • 2004
  • The shape of land surface work as a cradle for various environmental processes and human activities. As spatially distributed process modelings become increasing important in current research communities, a classification system that delineates land surface into characteristic geomorphological units is a pre-requisite for sustainable land use planning and management. Existing classification systems are either morphometric or generic, which have limitations to characterize continuous ecological processes over the landscape. A new classification system was developed to delineate the land surface into different geomorphological units from Digital Elevation Models(DEMs). This model assumes that there are pedo-geomorphological units in which distinct sets of hydrological, pedological, and consequent ecological processes occur. The classification system first divides the whole landsurface into eight soil-landscape units. Possible energy and material nows over the land surface were interpreted using a continuity equation of mass flow along the hillslope, and subsequently implemented in terrain analysis procedures. The developed models were tested at a 12$\textrm{km}^2$ area in Yangpyeong-gun, Kyeongi-do, Korea. The method proposed effectively delineates land surface into distinct pedo-geomorphological units, which identify the geomorphological characteristics over a large area at a low cost. The delineated landscape units mal provide a basic information for natural resource survey and environmental modeling practices.

Comparison between supervised and unsupervised land cover classification using satellite image (인공위성 영상을 이용한 토지피복의 감독 분류 및 무감독 분류 비교)

  • Han, Seung-Jae;Choi, Min-Ha
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.355-355
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    • 2011
  • 토지피복의 분류는 토지표면의 물리적인 지표면의 상태를 나타내는 자료로 환경, 행정, 수자원, 재해 등 다방면으로 이용되고 있다. 특히 수자원과 관련하여 식생의 증산과 토양의 증발을 통칭하는 증발산과 유출, 토양수분 등과 연관되어 있다. 광범위한 토지피복의 산정에는 경제성 및 주기성 등의 장점으로 인하여 인공위성 영상을 이용하는 기법이 적합하다. 위성영상분류법은 훈련지역의 선정 여부에 따라 감독분류와 무감독 분류로 나누어지며 각각의 알고리즘의 특성에 따라 더욱 세분화된다. 본 연구에서는 Landsat-TM (Thematic Mapper) 영상을 이용하여 감독 분류와 무감독 분류를 각각 적용하여 한강유역의 토지피복을 수역, 시가, 나지 습지, 초지, 산림, 농지의 7가지 부분으로 대분류로 산정하고 비교하였다. 두 경우의 정확도는 각각 91.6%, 90.9%의 비슷한 정확도를 나타내었으며, 세부적으로 우리나라의 대부분의 면적에 분포하는 산림, 농지, 시가, 수역의 정확도가 높게 나타났다. 또한 각 항목별로 정확도를 비교하였을 때 감독분류가 무감독분류에 비해 다소 정확한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 추후 외부자료를 도입하면 비교적 낮은 정확도를 나타낸 초지, 습지, 나지의 정확도를 보완할 수 있을 것이다.

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Development of technique to detect weeds in paddy field using spectrophotometric analysis (분광특성 분석에 의한 논 잡초 검출법 개발)

  • 서규현;서상룡;성제훈
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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    • 2002.02a
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    • pp.438-443
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    • 2002
  • 본 연구는 수도작에서 토양과 식물체의 분광반사특성과 영상처리를 이용한 기계시각 잡초검출 센서를 개발하기 위한 기초연구로서 분류하고자 하는 대상체들의 분광반사율을 조사하여 주요한 파장을 선정하고 선정된 파장을 이용한 판별분석을 통해 각 대상체에 대한 분류 정확도를 중심으로 잡초검출 가능성을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였으며, 실험으로부터 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 토양과 식물체를 구분하는데 효과적인 파장은 마른 토양의 경우 680 nm, 배수 토양에 있어서는 810 nm로 선정하였고, 토양을 배제한 후 벼와 잡초를 구분하기에 효과적인 파장은 580, 680 nm로 선정하였다. 2. 토양과 식물체를 구분하기 위한 판별분석 결과 2가지 토양상태 모두 식물체와 완전히 구분 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 벼와 잡초를 구분하기 위한 실험에서, 벼는 98%의 분류정확도로 구분이 가능하였고, 잡초는 83%의 분류정확도로 구분이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 차후 분광학적 원리를 이용한 센서를 제작할 때 본 연구에서 선택한 주요 파장과 판별함수를 이용하여 장치를 구성하고 알고리즘을 제작한다면 벼, 잡초, 토양을 효과적으로 구분이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 3. 컬러 CCD 카메라를 사용하는 경우에 있어 식물체와 토양을 구분하기 위해 3 종의 파장 중 630 nm 파장만의 이용을 고려하여 그 분류성능을 분석한 결과, 식물체와 토양은 소수의 관측치를 제외하고 완전히 구분이 가능했고, 벼와 잡초를 구분한 결과에서는 비교적 높은 분류능력을 가진 것으로 나타나 차후 컬러 CCD 카메라를 이용하여 장치를 구성하는데 좋은 기초가 될 것으로 판단된다. 배양체의 접종작업은 모든 배양실이 인력에 의존하였으며, 배양체를 배지와 분리하여 불필요한 부분을 제거하고 배양작물에 따라 생육정도를 2~3등급으로 구분하여 배양용기의 배지 위에 치상하는 과정으로 수행되었으며, 작업능률은 호접란의 경우 배양병에 25본을 접종하는데 시간당 6병, 심비디움은 원형 플라스크에 25본을 접종하는데 시간당 10병 정도였다. 바. 식물체의 대량증식에 사용되는 플라스크, 배양병, PE용기 등 배양용기의 세척작업은 농원의 1개배양실에서 간이식 세척기, 이 외의 9개배양실은 모두 물에 담겨 두었다가 세제와 브러쉬 등을 사용하여 인력으로 세척하고 있어 생력화 기술개발이 요구되었다.도가 빠를수록 건조속도가 빨라졌으며, 건조에너지도 1,334kcal/kg.water로 비슷하게 소요되었다. 마. 시험구와 대비구의 건감률은 시험구에서 1.08~1.36w.b./h로 나타나 대비구보다 약 9.9~18.3%가 높게 나타났고, 건조에너지는 10.2~14.6%가 절감되었다. 발아율은 열풍온도가 낮을수록 높게 나타났고 시험구가 대비구보다 발아율이 낮게 나타났으며, 동할률 증가량도 원적외선.열풍 복합건조방법이 높게 나타나 이것은 곡물 표면에 원적외선 방사에의한 복사열이 전달되어 열장해를 받았기 때문으로 판단되며, 금후 더 연구하여 적정 열풍온도 및 방사체 크기를 구명해야 할 것이다.으로 보여진다 따라서 옻나무 유래 F는 포유동물의 생식기능에 중요하게 작용하는 것으로 사료된다.된다.정량 분석한 결과이다. 시편의 조성은 33.6 at% U, 66.4 at% O의 결과를 얻었다. 산화물 핵연료의 표면 관찰 및 정량 분석 시험시 시편 표면을

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Taxonomical Classification and Genesis of Cheongpung Series Distributed on Diluvial Terrace (홍적대지 토양인 청풍통의 분류 및 생성)

  • Song, Kwan-Cheol;Hyun, Byung-Geun;Sonn, Yeon-Kyu;Zhang, Yong-Seon;Park, Chan-Won;Jang, Byoung-Choon
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.43 no.2
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    • pp.224-229
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    • 2010
  • This study was conducted to reclassify Cheongpung series based on the second edition of Soil Taxonomy, and to dicuss the formation of Cheongpung series distributed on the diluvial terrace. Morphological properties of typifying pedon of Cheongpung series were investigated, and physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to Soil survey laboratory methods manual. The typifying pedon of Cheongpung series has red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay loam Ap horizon (0-18 cm), red (2.5YR 4/8) clay BAt horizon (18-35 cm), red (2.5YR 4/2) cobbly clay Bt1 horizon (35-65 cm), and red (2.5YR4/6) cobbly clay Bt2 horizon (more than 65 cm). The typifying pedon has an argillic horizon from adepth of 18 to more than 65 cm, and a base saturation (sum of cations) of less than 35% at 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic horizon. It can be classified as Ultisol, not as Alfisol. It has udic soil moisture regime, and can be classified as Udult. Also that meets the requirements of Typic Hapludults. It has 35% or more clay at the particle-size control section, and have mesic soil temperature regime. Therefore Cheongpung series can be classified as fine, mesic family of Typic Hapludults, not as fine, mesic family of Ultic Hapludalfs. Cheongpung series occur on moderately elevated diluvial terrace which have relatively stable geomorphic surface. They are developed as Ultisols with clay mineral weathering, translocation of clays to accumulate in an argillic horizon, and leaching of base-forming cations from the profile for relatively long periods under humid, and temperate climates in Korea.

Comparison And Investigation on Estimation of SCS-CN in Andong-Dam Basin (SCS-CN 산정방법의 안동댐 유역 적용 및 비교.검증)

  • Lee, Yong-Shin;Lee, Ah-Reum;Park, Kyung-Ok
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2010.05a
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    • pp.1094-1098
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    • 2010
  • 미계측 유역에서의 홍수량을 추정할 수 있는 방법은 다양하게 제시되고 있으나, 이에 대한 평가나 조사는 사실상 전무하여 수자원 설계실무에 이용할 수 있는 절차나 방법은 극히 제한되어있다. 현재 주로 이용하고 있는 홍수량 추정절차는 강우를 근거로 한 확률강우량법, SCS방법, 단위도법이 국내의 표준방법으로 이용되고 있다. 또한 수치지도 및 위성영상분석 등과 같은 GIS 자료의 구축이 가능해짐에 따라서, 국내에서는 토양의 종류와 피복 형태 그리고 선행강우조건까지 종합적으로 고려하여 해석하는 유출곡선번호(SCS Runoff Curve Number; CN) 방법이 많이 사용되고 있다. 유출량 해석 시 이용되는 CN은 토지이용도 및 토양도와 같은 지형학적 인자에 지배받게 된다. 그러나 현재 우리나라에서 제공하는 토지이용도 및 토양도는 그 종류가 다양하고, 분류방식이 상이하여 활용 자료에 따라 CN이 달라지므로 유출율의 차이가 발생하게 된다. 국내에서 제공되는 다양한 자료를 이용하여 최적의 CN값을 산정하기 위한 연구가 선행된 바있다. 허기술(1987) 등은 우리나라의 정밀토양도에 의한 토양군 분류에 관한 연구를 진행하였으며 조홍제(1997, 2001)는 LANDSAT 위성영상을 이용하여 유역의 토지피복상태를 분류하고 식생지수를 고려하여 CN을 추정하였고, 김경탁(1998, 2003, 2004)은 개략토양도와 정밀토양도를 이용하여 유출모의 실행한 결과를 비교하여 신뢰도가 높다고 판단되는 정밀토양도를 사용한 CN 추정기법의 사용을 제안한 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 GIS를 이용하여 국내에서 활용 가능한 토양도 및 토지이용도의 종류에 따라 총 9개 Case로 안동댐 유역의 CN을 산정하였다.

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Characteristics and classification of paddy soils on the Gimje-Mangyeong plains (김제만경평야(金堤萬頃平野)의 답토양특성(沓土壤特性)과 그 분류(分類)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Shin, Yong Hwa
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.1-38
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    • 1972
  • This study, designed to establish a classification system of paddy soils and suitability groups on productivity and management of paddy land based on soil characteristics, has been made for the paddy soils on the Gimje-Mangyeong plains. The morphological, physical and chemical properties of the 15 paddy soil series found on these plains are briefly as follows: Ten soil series (Baeggu, Bongnam, Buyong, Gimje, Gongdeog, Honam, Jeonbug, Jisan, Mangyeong and Suam) have a B horizon (cambic B), two soil series (Geugrag and Hwadong) have a Bt horizon (argillic B), and three soil series (Gwanghwal, Hwagye and Sindab) have no B or Bt horizons. Uniquely, both the Bongnam and Gongdeog series contain a muck layer in the lower part of subsoil. Four soil series (Baeggu, Gongdeog, Gwanghwal and Sindab) generally are bluish gray and dark gray, and eight soil series (Bongnam, Buyong, Gimje, Honam, Jeonbug, Jisan, Mangyeong and Suam) are either gray or grayish brown. Three soil series (Geugrag, Hwadong and Hwagye), however, are partially gleyed in the surface and subsurface, but have a yellowish brown to brown subsoil or substrata. Seven soil series (Bongnam, Buyong, Geugrag, Gimje, Gongdeog, Honam and Hwadong) are of fine clayey texture, three soil series (Baeggu, Jeonbug and Jisan) belong to fine loamy and fine silty, three soil series (Gwanghwal, Mangyeong and Suam) to coarse loamy and coarse silty, and two soil series (Hwagye and Sindab) to sandy and sandy skeletal texture classes. The carbon content of the surface soil ranges from 0.29 to 2.18 percent, mostly 1.0 to 2.0 percent. The total nitrogen content of the surface soil ranges from 0.03 to 0.25 percent, showing a tendency to decrease irregularly with depth. The C/N ratio in the surface soil ranges from 4.6 to 15.5, dominantly from 8 to 10. The C/N ratio in the subsoil and substrata, however, has a wide range from 3.0 to 20.25. The soil reaction ranges from 4.5 to 8.0. All soil series except the Gwanghwal and Mangyeong series belong to the acid reaction class. The cation exchange cpacity in the surface soil ranges from 5 to 13 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil, and in all the subsoil and substrata except those of a sandy texture, from 10 to 20 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil. The base saturation of the soil series except Baeggu and Gongdeog is more than 60 percent. The active iron content of the surface soil ranges from 0.45 to 1.81 ppm, easily-reduceable manganese from 15 to 148 ppm, and available silica from 36 to 366 ppm. The iron and manganese are generally accumulated in a similar position (10 to 70cm. depth), and silica occurs in the same horizon with that of iron and manganese, or in the deeper horizons in the soil profile. The properties of each soil series extending from the sea shore towards the continental plains change with distance and they are related with distance (x) as follows: y(surface soil, clay content) = $$-0.2491x^2+6.0388x-1.1251$$ y(subsoil or subsurface soil, clay content) = $$-0.31646x^2+7.84818x-2.50008$$ y(surface soil, organic carbon content) = $$-0.0089x^2+0.2192x+0.1366$$ y(subsoil or subsurface soil, pH) = $$-0.0178x^2-0.04534x+8.3531$$ Soil profile development, soil color, depositional and organic layers, soil texture and soil reaction etc. are thought to be the major items that should be considered in a paddy soil classification. It was found that most of the soils belonging to the moderately well, somewhat poorly and poorly drained fine and medium textured soils and moderately deep fine textured soils over coarse materials, produce higher paddy yields in excess of 3,750 kg/ha. and most of the soils belonging to the coarse textured soils, well drained fine textured soils, moderately deep medium textured soils over coarse materials and saline soils, produce yields less than 3,750kg/ha. Soil texture of the profile, available soil depth, salinity and gleying of the surface and subsurface soils etc. seem to be the major factors determining rice yields, and these factors are considered when establishing suitability groups for paddy land. The great group, group, subgroup, family and series are proposed for the classification categories of paddy soils. The soil series is the basic category of the classification. The argillic horizon (Bt horizon) and cambic horizon (B horizon) are proposed as two diagnostic horizons of great group level for the determination of the morphological properties of soils in the classification. The specific soil characteristics considered in the group and subgroup levels are soil color of the profile (bluish gray, gray or yellowish brown), salinity (salic), depositonal (fluvic) and muck layers (mucky), and gleying of surface and subsurface soils (gleyic). The family levels are classified on the basis of soil reaction, soil texture and gravel content of the profile. The definitions are given on each classification category, diagnostic horizons and specific soil characteristics respectively. The soils on these plains are classified in eight subgroups and examined under the existing classification system. Further, the suitability group, can be divided into two major categories, suitability class and subclass. The soils within a suitability class are similar in potential productivity and limitation on use and management. Class 1 through 4 are distinguished from each other by combination of soil characteristics. Subclasses are divided from classes that have the same kind of dominant limitations such as slope(e), wettness(w), sandy(s), gravels(g), salinity(t) and non-gleying of the surface and subsurface soils(n). The above suitability classes and subclasses are examined, and the definitions are given. Seven subclasses are found on these plains for paddy soils. The classification and suitability group of 15 paddy soil series on the Gimje-Mangyeong plains may now be tabulated as follows.

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A Taxonomical Consideration based on Changes of Salinity and Profile Features of the Texturally Different Two Reclaimed Tidal Soils (간척지 염해답토양의 토성별 제염기간 및 단면특성변화를 기준한 분류학적 고려)

  • Son, Yeon-Kyu;Hyeon, Keun-Soo;Seo, Myung-Chul;Jung, Kang-Ho;Hyun, Byung-keun;Jung, Suk-Jae;Song, Kwan-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.39 no.2
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    • pp.59-64
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    • 2006
  • To analyze the changes of soil physico-chemical properties after reclamation, we carried out an experiment for 75 samples of representative saline soils in South Korea. The more the years after reclamation is proceeded, the blighter the soil color is, soil horizon differentiation and structure is developed, but electrical conductivity(EC) decreased. After the soil survey, coarse textured soils were more quickly de-salined than the fine textured soils. In case of fine loamy textured Poseung series, it could be estimated that the series had Salic horizons in sub-order level of taxonomical classification. In other case of coarse loamy textured soil series, it could be estimated that the series had Sodic properties in sub-group level. Sodium contents of fine loamy textured soils were not decreased after reclamation, but those of coarse loamy textured Gwanghwal series reclaimed about 76 years ago were reclassified because of desalinization. To be desalined low to 4 dSm-1 of EC, it presumably takes about 108, or 12 years for fine loamy and coarse loamy textured soils, respectively.

A Study on the Estimation of Effective Precipitation using Detailed Soil Map (정밀토양도를 이용한 유효강우량 산정에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Kyung-Tak;Choi, Yun-Seok
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 2004
  • For the simulation of flow phenomenon that calculate basin outflow, it is required to estimate effective precipitation which contributes to direct runoff. This paper is focused on using detailed soil map which is one of the data required to estimate effective precipitation by SCS CN method. Korean detailed soil map must be reclassified as SCS hydrologic soil group when it is applied to SCS CN method. In this study, Korean detailed soil maps which are reclassified as SCS hydrologic soil group by the methods of Her and Jung (1987) and Jung et al. (1995) are applied to flow simulation and the results are analyzed. The study sites are Wichon watershed and Pyungchang river basin which are studied by International Hydrological Program(IHP). HEC-1 and WMS v6.1 are used to simulate flow phenomenon and calculate geographic parameters. The difference of flow analysis results from each soil reclassification method is different from each sites. But the results of flow analysis approximate observed data by using Jung et al. (1995) method more than Her and Jung (1987) method.

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