• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.119-120
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• 2016

호안을 보호하기 위해 테트라포드(TTP)로 대표되는 소파블록이 항만, 어촌 어항지역 등 해안 전역에 걸쳐 사용되고 있다. 하지만 친수활동의 증가로 테트라포드에서의 해안안전사고가 증가하고 있으며, 테트라포드가 가지는 형태적, 색상적 특성으로 인해 안전, 경관, 환경 측면에서 심각한 문제를 일으키고 있어 보다 안전한 친수활동 공간을 제공할 수 있으며 해안경관을 향상시킬 수 있는 소파블록 디자인 개발이 시급하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 현재 사용되고 있는 소파블록의 문제점을 분석하고 국내외 기술개발 현황을 바탕으로 소파블록 디자인 개선사항을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.124-131
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• 2016

In this study, a physical experiment was performed to investigate the change in the stability coefficient, defined by Hudson equation, for the tetrapod of different specific densities. The experiment was carried out once (with no repetition) for a rubble mound breakwater with 1:1.5 slope. In this experiment, the stability coefficient for the high-density tetrapod was greater than that for the normal-density tetrapod. This indicates variability of the stability coefficient according to change in the density of tetrapod. Further experiments and detailed analysis are required to investigate the effect of the density on the stability coefficient of tetrapod.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.516-523
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• 2020

Since the aging of coastal structures have been increased, the researches about the reinforcements of the existing aged structures are needed. Especially, the existing armor units placed on rubble mound structures should satisfy the stability against the increased design wave conditions. However the researches about these design problems have not been performed. In this study, the hydraulic model tests to investigate the stability number about the additionally placed armor unit were conducted. The main armor unit is a Tetrapod. The test results showed that the stability number (Kd) for additionally placed armor units(Tetrapod) increased up to maximum 10% comparing with that for 2 layers tetrapod (Kd = 8) within these test conditions with the pattern placing for existing armor layers and the stable armor layer slope for the non overtopping condition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.277-283
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• 2016

Tetrapod is one of the most widely used concrete armor units for rubble mound breakwaters. The calculation of the stability number of Tetrapods is necessary to determine the optimal weight of Tetrapods. Many empirical formulas have been developed to calculate the stability number of Tetrapods, from the Hudson formula in 1950s to the recent one developed by Suh and Kang. They were developed by using the regression analysis to determine the coefficients of an assumed formula using the experimental data. Recently, software engineering (or machine learning) methods are introduced as a large amount of experimental data becomes available, e.g. artificial neural network (ANN) models for rock armors. However, these methods are seldom used probably because they did not significantly improve the accuracy compared with the empirical formula and/or the engineers are not familiar with them. In this study, we propose an explicit method to calculate the stability number of Tetrapods using the weights and biases of an ANN model. This method can be used by an engineer who has basic knowledge of matrix operation without requiring knowledge of ANN, and it is more accurate than previous empirical formulas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.344-350
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• 2019

In this study, waves2Foam implemented in OpenFOAM is used to simulate numerically the wave pressure on a verical caisson under the condition of with and without the placement of Tetrapods in front of the caisson. The comparisons of the numerical results and the experimental data show fairly good agreement between them. Based on this, it is possible to suggest an optimal combination of coefficients for an empirical formula to represent the protective TTP layer as porous media.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.218-218
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• 2021

최근 환경 문제과 관련하여 건설 분야에서 발생하는 환경적인 부담을 줄이고자 다양한 재활용 소재들에 대한 연구에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 특히 폐기물 중 생활계에서 발생하는 폐플라스틱은 '쓰레기 대란'이라는 사회적 문제로 대두된 사례가 있다. 생활계에서 발생하는 폐비닐은 다양한 조성으로 이루어져 재활용 대상에서 제외되기 때문에 매립 또는 소각되는 플라스틱의 양을 줄이고 재활용율을 늘릴 수 있는 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 생활계에서 발생하는 폐비닐을 융용시켜 무기첨가제 등을 한 복합 Alloy를 생산한다. 또한 재생이 가능한 복합 Alloy를 압출 또는 사출 과정을 통해 테트라포드의 형태를 만들 수 있는 Preform으로 가공하는 공정연구 하였으며 이러한 Preform을 해안 및 항만에서 사용되는 콘크리트 피복재에 적용하였을 때 플라스틱 소재와 콘크리트 소재의 비중의 차이로 인해 발생하는 안정성을 정량적으로 평가하는 수리모형 실험를 수행하였다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.769-777
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• 2019

Low crested coastal structures such as detached breakwaters and submerged breakwaters (artificial reefs) have been commonly used as coastal protection measures. The armour units of these structures are unstable than those in non-overtopped structure cases. The stability of low crested structures armoured by rock has been suggested in existing studies. In this study, the stability of Tetrapods armour units on theses structures has been investigated using two-dimensional hydraulic model tests. The effect of wave steepness and freeboard on the armour stability on crest, front, and the rear slope has been investigated. Armour units were mostly damaged near the upper part of the seaward slope and the crest of the seaward side. From the experimental data, the new empirical formula for the stability coefficients of the Tetrapods was proposed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.389-398
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• 2017

The re-analysis on the stable weight of the concrete armor unit (CAU) at the roundhead and the suggestion of the covering range at the roundhead with the increased weight of CAU were conducted. Tetrapods were applied to the tests and the three dimensional hydraulic tests were performed. The test results for the stable weight at the roundhead area were similar to the guides from Korean Design Standard for Harbour and Fishery Port (MOF, 2014) and Coastal Engineering Manual (USACE, 2005). The investigation of covering range at the roundhead of rubble mound structures armoured with Tetrapods was suggested that the length of five times of the design wave height from the tip of the superstructure was needed and appropriate. Both sides of the superstructure should be covered with increasing weighted CAU to satisfy the stability at roundhead area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.397-404
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• 2010

Laboratory tests of wave overtopping rates for a rubble mound breakwaters armoured Tetrapod were carried out, with varying design waves, crest berm widths and crest freeboards. The objective of this study is to investigate overtopping performance and to examine the characteristics of the widely used overtopping prediction models through the results of laboratory tests. Laboratory tests show that structure slope and wave periods have a considerable influence on overtopping rates, but the difference of overtopping rates related to crest berm widths is slight. Owen(1980)'s prediction considerably overestimates compared to the measured valued. Prediction of Van der Meer et al.(1998) underestimates only for steep slope($cot{\alpha}$=1.5). Besley(1999)'s and Pedersen(1996)'s predictions have a relatively good agreement with the measured results for slopes with a broader crest berm width. In general, best agreement between measured and predicted overtopping rates is observed using modified Pedersen(1996)'s formula for all test conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.357-366
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• 2021

In this study, hydraulic model tests were performed to investigate the stability of armor units at harbor side slope for rubble mound structures. The Korean design standard for harbor and fishery port suggested the design figures that showed the ratio of the armor weight for each location of rubble mound structures and it could be known that the same weight ratio was needed to the sea side and harbor side (within 0.5H from the minimum design water level) slope of rubble mound structures. The super structures were commonly applied to the design process of rubble mound structures in Korea and the investigation of the effects of super structures would be needed. The stability number (N_od = 0.5) was applied (van der Meer, 1999) and it showed that the armor (tetrapod) weight ratio for harbor side slope of rubble mound structures needed 0.8 times of that for sea side slope.