• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.269-280
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• 2000

Rail vibration in city zone is becoming a serious environmental problem. In order to make a reduction plan for rail vibration, the research was conducted in which many experiments to measure actual rail vibration along the railroad through the central Deajeon area. A digital vibration level meter was used to measure rail vibration. Vibration levels of Z-axis were measured at every second for the duration of the train passing. The measuring station was placed at every 5m for the distance of 55m. A total of 353 different sets of vibration level were obtained. The signals were processed to get $L_{10}$ value and analyzed in terms of distance, train velocity, and number of trains. As a result, it has been found that rail vibration exceed the allowable vibraton limit of 60 dB, at the point of 25 m far from the railroad center, which is regulated by the las of vibration and noise. Train velocity was found to affect a little for vibration level within the zone. It was also found that a trench installed along a railroad could reduce vibration level up to approximately 10 percent. A model test was conducted to investigate the influence of the location and size of trench, on the transfer of vibration. A heavy steel ball was used to generate vibrations. On the basis obtained from this study, it could be concluded that the application of distance-attenuation and the installment of a trench along railroad could be applied as a reduction plan for rail vibration. Because limitions might exist to depend on the effect of distance attenuation, trenchs excavated along a railroad might be suggested as the most efficient solution to reduce railroad vibration.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.18-29
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• 2010

Offshore subsurface storage of $CO_2$ is regarded as one of the most promising options to response severe climate change. Marine geological storage of $CO_2$ is to capture $CO_2$ from major point sources, to transport to the storage sites and to store $CO_2$ into the offshore subsurface geological structure such as the depleted gas reservoir and deep sea saline aquifer. Since 2005, we have developed relevant technologies for marine geological storage of $CO_2$. Those technologies include possible storage site surveys and basic designs for $CO_2$ transport and storage processes. To design a reliable $CO_2$ marine geological storage system, we devised a hypothetical scenario and used a numerical simulation tool to study its detailed processes. The process of transport $CO_2$ from the onshore capture sites to the offshore storage sites can be simulated with a thermodynamic equation of state. Before going to main calculation of process design, we compared and analyzed the relevant equation of states. To evaluate the predictive accuracies of the examined equation of states, we compare the results of numerical calculations with experimental reference data. Up to now, process design for this $CO_2$ marine geological storage has been carried out mainly on pure $CO_2$. Unfortunately the captured $CO_2$ mixture contains many impurities such as $N_2$, $O_2$, Ar, $H_{2}O$, $SO_{\chi}$, $H_{2}S$. A small amount of impurities can change the thermodynamic properties and then significantly affect the compression, purification and transport processes. This paper analyzes the major design parameters that are useful for constructing onshore and offshore $CO_2$ transport systems. On the basis of a parametric study of the hypothetical scenario, we suggest relevant variation ranges for the design parameters, particularly the flow rate, diameter, temperature, and pressure.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2008

DNA variation of MYL2 intron 5 A345G and ADCYAP1R1 intron 2 A337G were investigated for carcass trait association in finished pigs. Three genotypes(two homozygotes and their heterozygote) were found at 10.6% AA, 45.6% AG and 43.8% GG in MYL2 and 60.5% AA, 34.6% AG, and 22.2% GG for ADCYAP1R1. In finished pig population, individuals containing genotype G- of MYL2 had significantly heavier carcass weight by more than 2.4 kg and thicker backfat thickness by more than 1.3 mm than those of AA homozygous pigs(p<0.05). No significant difference was found in other traits tested in this study such as marbling score, meat color, texture, moisture and separation score(p>0.05). The ADCYAP1R1 intron 2 377GG homozygotes showed coarse texture, i.e., meat quality was inferior than those of AG and AA genotypes, and the moisture level of homozygote AA was higher than those of AG and GG genotypes(p<0.05). The other carcass traits were not significantly associated with ADCYAP1R1 genotypes(p>0.05). The genetic polymorphism of MYL2 and ADCYAP1R1 genes affected the carcass traits in finished pig population. Further studies to explain the association between genetic variations and their phenotypic effects including economic traits in pigs are required including critical mutation in both genes through molecular approaches.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to establish plant regeneration from leaf explants of Sedum tosaense Makino, which is globally rare and endangered species. The leaf explants of S. tosaense were cultured on the MS medium supplemented with different concentration of BA and NAA for callus induction. Callus induction was showed the highest (100%) on MS medium containing $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA and $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA. The highest number of shoots were regenerated when callus were cultured on MS medium containing $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA and $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA for 5 weeks. The axillary bud were cultured on the MS media supplemented with combination of BA and NAA for in vitro propagation. The highest number of adventitious shoot (7.9 per explants) formed at $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA and $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA. For rooting, MS medium supplemented with or without $2.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ activated charcoal was tested. The optimal results were observed using MS medium supplemented with $2.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ activated charcoal, on which 85.7 (No. of root), 4.6 cm (length of root). 1,200 ppm $CO_2$ and 350 ppm $CO_2$ were supplied for make certain the effects of $CO_2$ on pre-acclimatization by photoautotrophic culture. 1,200 ppm $CO_2$ treatment was established higher than 350 ppm $CO_2$ treatment. Soil acclimatization of in vitro plantlets was the best in mixture soil consisted of peat moss and perlite with 100% survival rate and they showed the maximum growth.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.476-482
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• 2012

Estimations were made of oxidative susceptibility and fatty acid composition of edible meats of native chickens fed various dietary sources containing ${\omega}-3$ polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). A total of 240 Korean native chickens were divided into 4 groups, placed into 3 replicates per group, and were fed a commercial diet (Control) or one of the three experimental diets containing 10% perilla meal (PM group), 10% perilla meal-5% full fat flaxseed (PM+FS group), or 10% perilla meal-5% full fat flaxseed-1% fish oil (PM+FS+FO group) for 20 days. Final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion rate among the groups were not significantly different. Dietary treatments did not affect the relative weights of liver, abdominal fat, and breast muscle. The leg weight was increased from the feeding of ${\omega}-3$ PUFA sources. The TBA reactive substance in the edible meat was not different with the dietary treatments. The total ${\omega}-3$ PUFA in chickens that were fed diets containing ${\omega}-3$ PUFA sources increased compared to that of the control. The level of longer chain ${\omega}-3$ PUFAs, such as C20:5 ${\omega}3$ and C22:6 ${\omega}3$ in the PM+FS+FO group, was much higher than that of the others. The addition of local ingredients, such as perilla meal with conventional sources, could be used to obtain value-enhanced meat by enhancing ${\omega}-3$ PUFA.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.652-660
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• 2002

To develop natural food preservatives for extending the shelf-life of jeotkal (salted and fermented seafood), antimicrobial substances were extracted from 32 types of medicinal herbs and edible plants using 95% ethanol. Among the extracts, Glycyrrhizae radix, Curcumae domestica, Galla rhois, and Resina pini showed relatively high inhibitory effects on the growth of the microorganisms isolated from the deteriorated jeotkal. We selected and tested the extract from Recina pini as a natural jeotkal preservative. This ethanol extract was purified partially by adding equal quantity of water, through which 77% of insoluble materials were removed as impurities. In manufacturing modified jeotkal using squid, sucrose and starch syrup were substituted with sorbitol, $glucono-{\delta}-lactone$ was added instead of vitamin C and lactic acid, and sterilized hot pepper was used instead of natural one. The shelf-life of modified jeotkal was prolonged by 4 days compared with the control jeotkal when stored at $20^{\circ}C$, while that of modified jeotkal containing 1.0% partially purified Recina pini extract was prolonged by 6 days compared to the control. The same tests were conducted for the changran (stomach and intestine of Alaska pollack) jeotkal preservation. The shelf-life of the control jeotkal was 24 days, whereas the modified jeotkal and the Resina pini extract-containing modified jeotkal maintained their qualities without changes in microbial and chemical characteristics for 90 days at $20^{\circ}C$ storage.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.34
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• pp.149-191
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• 2017

This study examines Korean language translations of traditional Chinese hansi in the 1910s and 1920s. In the $20^{th}$ century, many poets translated Chinese and Korean traditional hansi into Korean. In the early $20^{th}$ century, Korean language began to be used as a national public language. At that time, not only hansi but also poetry from several other languages had been translated into Korean. Choi Nam-sun in the 1910s and Kim So-woel, Kim Eok, and Lee Kwang-su in the 1920s translated Chinese traditional hansi, focusing on famous Dang dynasty poetry from Tu Fu and Li Bai, etc. Choi Nam-sun's translation in the 1910s aimed to consider poetry as a written literature. On the contrary, Kim So-woel, Kim Eok, and Lee Kwang-su believed that Korean modern verse literature should be songs as well as poetry, and their translations in the 1920s aimed to create songs as spoken literature by focusing on orality and universality. Though Korean is now the language, the literary history of hansi continues in modern poetry.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.1 s.49
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

Alkyl ethoxy sulfate type surfactants, widely used in commercial cleansers, are easily adsorbed to skin to often cause skin irritation and inflammation if not thoroughly rinsed nut. In order to replace or complement existing surfactants, we screened the existing surfactants through protein denaturation method, cell cytotoxicity assay and human IL-1$\alpha$ assay, etc. Fourteen surfactants have been chosen from among too irritant anionic, cationic and/or zwitter-ionic ones and investigated for cell cytotoxicity in human fibroblast cell lines using monolayer culture with the thirteen commercially available cleansers for sensitive skin. From these results, we selected 5 surfactants and 2 commercial cleansers (names not shown), such as sodium laureth sulfate (anionic), sodium cocoyl isethionate (anionic), sodium lauroamphoacetate (zwitter-ionic), and cocamidopropyl betaine (zwitter-ionic), alkyl polyglycoside (non-ionic). 20 formulations were made out of 5 surfactants and five of them were chosen through a protein denaturation method (lower than 3 M sodium dodecyl sulfate solution ($13.2\%$)), cell cytotoxicity and human patch test. These five selected formulations containing preservatives were compared to two selected commercial cleansers by cell cytotoxicity and human IL-1$\alpha$ ELISA assay using dermal equivalent. Finally, we selected the best formulation. To this formulation, fructan ($3\%$ or $5\%$) or/and portulaca extract ($3\%$ or $5\%$) well known for its anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effects were added and investigated for cell cytotoxicity using dermal equivalent. In cytotoxicity assay using dermal equivalent, two formulations containing $5\%$ fructan and $3\%$ or $5\%$ portulaca extract were less toxic than the others. In cytotoxicity assay and human IL-1$\alpha$ ELISA using 3D culture, the selected formulation containing $5\%$ fructan and $5\%$ portulaca extract showed better efficiency than those of the others and 2 commercial cleansers. As a result, we could develop a low irritant and safe liquid cleanser.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.938-945
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• 2011

Epimedium koreanum Nakai is a wild herb commonly consumed in South Korea due to its beneficial health effects. In the present study, the antimutagenic and immunoactivities of extracts from E. koreanum Nakai containing different icariin quantities were investigated for food use. In the Ames test, both the water and ethanol extracts were found not to have a mutagenic effect on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. The E. koreanum Nakai extracts showed over 80 and 90% antimutagenic effects on benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene (B(a)P) in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. Moreover, all the extracts showed over 70% antimutagenicity on S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 against 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). The E. koreanum Nakai extract with ethanol showed strong antimutagenic activity, higher than that of the water extract and the sequenced KE9412, KE9408, and KE9405. In the immunomodulating activity test, the effect of E. koreanum Nakai on the B (Rhamos) and T (Jukat) cells were investigated. The immunoactivity results showed that the growth and viability of the B and T cells increased and were activated more in KE9405 (1.8 times), KE9408 (1.6 times), and KE9412 (1.32 times) in the water extracts, and least in KE9412 (1.74 times), KE9408 (1.52 times), and KE9405 (1.4 times) in the ethanol extracts. In the case of both the water and ethanol extracts ($500{\mu}g/mL$) from E. koreanum Nakai, the highest cell number of the human B (Rhamos) and T (Jukat) cells was observed on day 4 in KE9405 and KE9412, and on day 5 in KE9408. Based on the obtained results, the development of E. koreanum Nakai as a food material is recommended.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2019

The U-Healthcare era has evolved with the development of the Internet of things (IoT) in the early stages of being connected as a society. Already, many changes such as increased well-being and the extension of human life are becoming evident across cultures. Korea entered the growing group of aging societies in 2017, and its silver industry is expected to grow rapidly by adopting the IoT of a super-connected society. In particular, the senior shift phenomenon has resulted in increased interest in the promotion of the health and well-being of the emergent silver generation which, unlike the existing silver generation, is highly active and wields great economic power. This study conducted in-depth interviews to investigate the characteristics of the new silver generation, and to develop the design for a wearable serious game that intends to boost the interest of the elderly in exercise and fitness activities according to their personalized physical training regimes as prescribed by the U-Hospital service. The usage scenario of this wearable serious game for the 'U-silver generation' is derived from social necessity. Medical professionals can utilize this technology to conduct health examinations and to monitor the rehabilitation of senior patients. The elderly can also use this tool to request checkups or to interface with their healthcare providers. The wearable serious game is further aimed at mitigating concerns about the deterioration of the physical functions of the silver generation by applying personalized exercise prescriptions. The present investigation revealed that it is necessary to merge the on / off line community activities to meet the silver generation's daily needs for connection and friendship. Further, the sustainability of the serious game must be enhanced through the inculcation of a sense of accomplishment as a player rises through the levels of the game. The proposed wearable serious game is designed specifically for the silver generation that is inexperienced in using digital devices: simple game rules are applied to a familiar interface grounded on the gourmet travels preferred by the target players to increase usability.