• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.387-407
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• 2013

The aim of the present study was to determine whether secondary traumatic stress and burnout of CPS workers in Korea differ, being significantly affected by different variables of each own. A two-way MANCOVA was conducted to determine the effect of trauma exposure and work-condition satisfaction on secondary traumatic stress(intrusion and avoidance) and burnout(emotional deprivation, depersonalization, personal achievement) while controlling for gender, age, and personal trauma history. Exposure to clients' traumatic material did not affect secondary traumatic stress and burnout either. Rather, it was found that both of secondary traumatic stress and burnout was significantly affected by the same independent variables(level of exposure to being threatened by violent abusers of victims and the level of workers' satisfaction of work conditions in workplace). Therefore, it was difficult to address that secondary traumatic stress and burnout have a completely different construct.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1700-1707
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• 2011

This study evaluated the effect of multigrain supplementation on exercise-related changes in running time and glycogen storage capacity of male SD rats engaged in treadmill exercise. Thirty-six 6-week-old rats were divided into six groups: normal (Nor) fed normal feed, control (Con) fed with 20% normal feed and 80% milled rice, test group one (GI) fed with multigrain feed I, test group two (GII) fed with multigrain feed II, test group three (GIII) fed with multigrain feed III, and test group four (GIV) fed with multigrain feed IV. Endurance tests by treadmill machine were administered after 24 days of multigrain feed supplementation and adaptive training. Running time was extended and glycogen storage capacity increased in the multigrain-treated group compared to the non-treated group. Also, the fatigue indicators of inorganic phosphorous, CPK, and lactate concentration were all reduced in the multigrain feed group compared to the control group after 25 min and/or exhausted exercise. But there was no difference in GOP, GTP, lactate, or LDH concentrations between the groups. Our results demonstrated that endurance improved with multigrain feed in rats. Specifically, running time, glycogen storage capacity, inorganic phosphorous, CPK, and lactate serum concentration increased. Importantly, the improvements in endurance brought about in the GII group fed with waxy barley was the greatest among the experimental groups.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-24
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to find the factors affecting the bum out syndrome and its degree in terms of personal, organizational and clients characteristics, and then to find the ways to reduce or eliminate those factors. The 228 doctors and the nurses who worked at the emergency departments in 6 general hospitals with more than 700 beds in Seoul were surveyed from April 15, 2002 for 15 days. A structured self-recording questionnaire was used; the t-test and ANOVA was used to analyse the median difference between the occupation, and multiple regression was employed to find the factors affecting the bum-out syndrome. The summary of this research analysis is as follows : First, of several variables, the highest frequency of the burn-out was the emotional burn-out followed by lack in personal touch toward the patients, decrease in sense of personal achievement. These results indicate that the doctors and nurses in emergency departments experience higher degree of burn-out than the social workers and the nurses who work at other departments in heath care environment as other studies revealed. Second, the analysis of the total burn-out factors showed the lower self respect, younger age, heavier work load, higher dissatisfaction rate toward remuneration and not-so-smooth relationship with the patients and their relatives the higher burn out rate. These variables explained 54% of the total variables. Third, the nurses experienced more burn-out syndrome than the doctors. The degree of self-respect, work pattern, relationship with the clients, age and remuneration were the causes of the burn-out. The doctors recorded lack in personal touch toward the patients more, while the nurses more to emotional exhaustion. The limitations of this research are the subjective answers of the respondents to certain questions and differences in sample numbers of each hospital in which some reservation can be exercised in explaining statistical significance of the data, and generalizing the conclusion. Despite of its limitation, this research has its own merit as an unpreceded research in this field, and provision of the basic materials to prevent and find causes of the burn-out syndrome among the doctors and nurses in the emergency departments.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.1149-1158
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• 2016

This study aimed to identify correlations among experience of violence, psychosocial stress and exhaustion in emergency medical technicians. In total, 393 emergency medical technicians were participated in the survey using an organized essay-type questionnaire. To determine psychosocial stress and exhaustion factors, a linear regression analysis was performed. In results, psychosocial stress factors were work units, the hope to keeping working in the present department, and verbal violence ($R^2=12.9%$), and the exhaustion factors were hope to keeping working at the present department, work units, and verbal violence ($R^2=14.5%$). In conclusion, it is suggested that strategies to deal with violence against subjects are educational programs to prevent violence and emotional support programs to decrease psychosocial stress, as well measures to improve the emergency rescue environment should be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

As the Radiofrequency(RF) increases with the magnetic field strength, the wavelength of the RF excitation field becomes smaller, which leads to more the thermal effect in the human-body placed in the electric field. MRI scanner used was GE signa 1.5T, HDx 3.0T and Philips 3.0T with same routine clinical sequence protocol. Therefore temperature was measured before and after each scan. Taken the temperatures in the ear with ear infra-red type thermometer(Braun co). 3.0T were temperature increases more than $0.15^{\circ}C$ and GE 3.0T MRI equipment about $0.14^{\circ}C$ higher than the Philips 3.0T MRI(p<0.012). Psychogenic status was investigated by the survey respondents about their status can not just answer therefore, a little different from the expected. In our study of Thermal effect of clinical MRI with clinical protocol sequence, we found that the 3.0T in the body-temperature rise was greater than the 1.5T. Therefore, in clinical 3.0T examine the dangerous situation caused by the temperature rise occurred (burns, impaired thermoregulatory mechanism in patients with high-temperature damage, exhaustion occurs due to excessive sweating), not to appear the more watched the patient's condition with procedure.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1743-1749
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cucumber beverage intake on fluid-regulating hormones and CRP in amateur marathoners between the ages of 47~49. Among research subjects, 8 male middle-aged marathoners who have completed the full marathon course over 5 times and who have run for over 50 months were selected. In two marathon races, they received firstly water and secondly cucumber beverage: 10 ml before the race, 50 ml every 5 km, and 200 ml after the race, adding up to 10 drinks and 710 ml in total amount of beverage taken. For statistics, one-way ANOVA within the group was conducted through SPSS 12.0; for post-examination, Duncan was utilized; and for inter-group examination, an independent t-test was used. Before, right after, and after the marathon, the cucumber beverage intake group had a significantly decreased serum ADH concentration compared to the water intake group. Both the cucumber beverage and water intake groups had significantly increased serum rennin levels before, right after, and after the marathon. Both the cucumber beverage and water intake groups had significantly increased aldosterone before, right after, and after the marathon. CRP levels didn't show change. In conclusion, intake of cucumber beverage during a marathon race was found to help with fluid-regulating hormones. This research has attempted to continue to study the influence on hormones that control body fluids.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.4930-4941
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• 2014

This study had three purposes. First, the effects of job-related affective states on emotional labor (deep acting and surface acting) of employees engaging in service job were examined. Second, previous studies focused on the negative effects of emotional labor on job attitudes. On the other hand, this study dealt with not only the negative effects of emotional labor but also its positive effects. In particular, this study examined the effects of emotional labor on positive job attitudes, such as job commitment and job involvement, as well as negative job attitudes, such as exhaustion and cynicism. Finally, this study examined the mediation effect of emotional labor on the relationship between the job-related affective state and job attitudes. The data was collected from 150 employees working in 15 service firms in Korea. The results were as follows. First, the positive job-related affective state increased the deep-acting. On the other hand, negative job-related affective state increased surface-acting. Second, the main effect of deep-acting on positive job attitudes (dedication and vigor) was significant. In addition, the main effects of surface-acting on the negative job attitudes (exhaustion and cynicism) was significant. Finally, the mediating effect of deep-acting on the relationship between positive job-related affective state and positive job attitudes was significant. In addition, surface-acting mediated the relationship between negative job-related affective state and negative job attitudes. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are provided in the discussion session.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 1987

Soy sauce which was prepared with a mixture of defatted soybeans ant wheat flour koji added into acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce was evaluated for the chemical changes in levulinic acid, ethanol and amino acids composition during fermentation, Results showed that the highest reducing sugar content of $12.13{\sim}15.76%$ was found after $20{\sim}40\;days$ fermentation. The contents of total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, and ethanol increased with increase in fermentation time. A high levulinic acid content was fount at the initial fermentation period which was gradually decreased with further fermentation. The content of lactic acid also increased during fermentation. Amino acids such as Glu, Leu, Ala, Phe, Asp, Thr, Ser, Gly, Met, Tyr, Lys, His, Arg and Pro were detected in all tested groups. Higher values were found particularly for Glu, Leu, Ala and Phe and lower values for His, Tyr and Met. The most of amino acids increased in their contents after 120 days of fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.279-301
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• 2004

Relations of factors associated with burnout were investigated among 124 child protective service workers currently working in Korean Child Abuse Prevention Centers nationwide. Three categories of factors associated with burnout were examined; (1) individual characteristics, (2) job-related characteristics, and (3) job-satisfaction. Social survey method using questionnaires by mail was employed. MBI(Maslach Burnout Inventory) for measuring burnout, a part of Smith, Kendal & Hulin's JDI(Job Description Index) for job-satisfaction, and a scale measuring the special characteristics of job developed by researchers were used. Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were employed to analyze the data. Across all burnout sub-scales(emotional depletion, dehumanization of clients, lack of feelings of achievement), subjects reported a high degree(above the cutting point) of burnout. Several factors were identified as associated with burnout. Child protective service workers who are young, single with front line worker status reported higher burnout. Lack of education and training before the job location were another factors which contributed to worker burnout. Lack of proper supervision stood out as another burnout provoking factor. Job-satisfaction was negatively correlated with all three burnout sub-scales, which meant the lower the job-satisfaction, the higher the burnout of service workers. The findings implicate that the administrators of Child Abuse Prevention Centers should pay close attention to their workers' sign of burnout and develop carefully designed support system which include provision of excellent supervision, proper education and training opportunities and organizational effort to strengthen employees' overall job-satisfaction to secure their quality of services toward abused children and their family.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 2005

Effect of terrapin or snake extract on forced-swimming capacity and related biochemical parameters of SD rats was evaluated. Treatment groups were fed diet supplemented with 5% terrapin extract or 1% snake extract for 4 weeks. After adaptation for 1 week, each group was divided into two subgroups: one group swam for 90 min (90-min subgroups), and the other swam until exhaustion (all-out subgroups). No significant difference was observed in swimming time until exhaustion among the groups. After swimming for 90 min, contents of fatigue factors of serum such as lactate, inorganic phosphate, creatine kinase, and ammonia were not significantly different (p < 0.05) between control and treatment groups, including all-out subgroups, except for lactate concentration. These results indicated that terrapin or snake extract had little effect on forced-swimming capacity of rats.