• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.204-214
• /
• 2023

This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the potential impact of deforestation and forest restoration on carbon storage in North Korea until 2050, employing rigorous analyses of trends of land use change in the past periods and projecting future land use change scenarios. We utilized the CA-Markov model, which can reflect spatial trends in land use changes, and verified the impact of forest restoration strategies on carbon storage by creating land use change scenarios (reforestation and non-reforestation). We employed two distinct periods of land use maps (2000 to 2010 and 2010 to 2020). To verify the overall terrestrial carbon storage in North Korea, our evaluation included estimations of carbon storage for various elements such as above-ground, below-ground, soil, and debris (including litters) for settlement, forest, cultivated, grass, and bare areas. Our results demonstrated that effective forest restoration strategies in North Korea have the potential to increase carbon storage by 4.4% by the year 2050, relative to the carbon storage observed in 2020. In contrast, if deforestation continues without forest restoration efforts, we predict a concerning decrease in carbon storage by 11.5% by the year 2050, compared to the levels in 2020. Our findings underscore the significance of prioritizing and continuing forest restoration efforts to effectively increase carbon storage in North Korea. Furthermore, the implications presented in this study are expected to be used in the formulation and implementation of long-term forest restoration strategies in North Korea, while fostering international cooperation towards this common environmental goal.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.121-127
• /
• 2012

Cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forests are one of dominant forest cover types in Asia monsoon climate regions. However, our understanding of how much storages carbon in these ecosystems is limited. We studied carbon storage in three cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forests at Jirisan National Park, Korea. The biomass of trees in the three stands on an average was $112tC\;ha^{-1}$ and ranged from 107 to $119tC\;ha^{-1}$. The total amount of soil organic matter at a depth of 30 cm in the three stands on an average was $66tC\;ha^{-1}$. In addition, the total carbon stocks of biomass and soil was approximately $178tC\;ha^{-1}$, ranged from 167 to $184tC\;ha^{-1}$. Above values among three stands did not show the valuable difference at Jirisan National Park. The amounts of carbon storage in three ecosystems at Jirisan National Park, were higher than those of other studies significantly, except Seoraksan National Park.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
• /
• 2013.07a
• /
• pp.423-426
• /
• 2013

본 연구에서는 임분 단위에서 산림의 이산화탄소 흡수 및 저장 기능을 최적화 할 수 있는 최적의 산림시업체계를 도출하고자하였고, 이를 위해 임분 생장모델과 Simulated Annealing 휴리스틱 기법을 적용하여 임분탄소 최적화 프로그램을 개발하였다. 휴리스틱 알고리즘에서 최적해를 찾기 위해 반복 실행 되는 과정에서 더 이상 최적해을 찾지 못하고 목표 값이 어떤 일정한 값(Local Optimum)에 계속 머무는 현상을 해결하기 위해 임계치를 적용하며, SA 휴리스틱 기법에서는 열균형테스트를 이용하고 있다. 개발된 프로그램을 이용하여 3가지 산림 시업 시나리오에 대한 비교 분석을 실시하기 위해 프로그램을 실행한 결과, 목재수확량의 경우 목재수확량을 최대를 목표로 한 대안이 3개 시나리오 가운데 목재수확량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 또한 탄소저장량에서도 탄소저장량을 최적화한 대안이가 탄소저장량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타나 프로그램이 목적에 맞게 개발된 것으로 판단됐다. 또한 열균형 테스트의 온도저감율을 조정하여 프로그램을 반복실행하여 온도저감율이 프로그램 실행 시에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 온도저감율에 따라 출력되는 목적함수의 최적값과 프로그램 반복횟수가 영향을 받는 것으로 나타나 프로그램 실행을 최적으로 하기위해 온도 저감율의 파라미터 값을 0.1로 설정하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.81-99
• /
• 2015

The acceleration of global warming has required better understanding of carbon cycles over local and regional areas such as the Korean peninsula. Since forests serve as a carbon sink, which stores a large amount of terrestrial carbon, there has been a demand to accurately estimate such forest carbon sequestration. In Korea, the National Forest Inventory(NFI) has been used to estimate the forest carbon stocks based on the amount of growing stocks per hectare measured at sampled location. However, as such data are based on point(i.e., plot) measurements, it is difficult to identify spatial distribution of forest carbon stocks. This study focuses on urban areas, which have limited number of NFI samples and have shown rapid land cover change, to estimate grid-based forest carbon stocks based on UNFCCC Approach 3 and Tier 3. Land cover change and forest carbon stocks were estimated using Landsat 5 TM data acquired in 1991, 1992, 2010, and 2011, high resolution airborne images, and the 3rd, 5th~6th NFI data. Machine learning techniques(i.e., random forest and support vector machines/regression) were used for land cover change classification and forest carbon stock estimation. Forest carbon stocks were estimated using reflectance, band ratios, vegetation indices, and topographical indices. Results showed that 33.23tonC/ha of carbon was sequestrated on the unchanged forest areas between 1991 and 2010, while 36.83 tonC/ha of carbon was sequestrated on the areas changed from other land-use types to forests. A total of 7.35 tonC/ha of carbon was released on the areas changed from forests to other land-use types. This study was a good chance to understand the quantitative forest carbon stock change according to the land cover change. Moreover the result of this study can contribute to the effective forest management.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.733-743
• /
• 2020

We estimated the carbon storage of coal mines reclaimed using Betula platyphylla (BP), Pinus koraiensis (PK), and Pinus spp. (PS, Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, and Pinus thunbergii). The carbon storage of tree biomass (TB), forest floor(FF), mineral soil (MS), and the total forest were quantified. Reclaimed sites were located in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Jeollanam-do; reclamation was conducted at various times in each region. The carbon storage (ton C ha^-1) in FF (BP: 3.31±0.59, PK: 3.60±0.93, PS: 4.65±0.92), MS (BP: 28.62±2.86, PK: 22.26±5.72, PS: 19.95±3.90), and the total forest(BP: 54.81±7.22, PK: 47.29±8.97, PS: 45.50±6.31) were lower than that of natural forests (NF). The carbon storage in TB was lower in BP (22.57±6.18) compared to NF, while those in PK(21.17±8.76) and PS (20.80±6.40) were higher than in NF. While there were no significant differences in the carbon storage of TB, FF, and the total forest among tree species, results from MS showed a significant difference among species. TB and the total forest carbon storages in all sites increased after reclamation. Soil pH and cation exchange capacity values in BP and PS were lower than in NF. Amounts of labile carbon, available phosphate, and microbial biomass carbon in reclaimed sites were less than half of NF. There are a number of methods that could increase the reclamation efficiency. Applications of lime or organic fertilizers, as well as tillage operations, may improve soil properties in reclaimed coal mines. Additionally, pruning and thinning would increase tree growth thereby increasing carbon storage.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.95-104
• /
• 2016

The objective of this paper is to develop volume equation of street tree and its carbon stock for urban forest in Seoul. To develop the volume equation by major species in Seoul, data for street trees were obtained from four-species (e.g. Gingko biloba, Platanus occidentalis, Zelkova serrata, and Metasequoia glyptostroboides), which accounted for 79% all street trees in Seoul. This study used a variable based on diameter on breast height and four equation for calculating volume. The coefficient of determination, bias, and root mean square error were used to evaluate the precision of four equations. From these methods, the most suitable equations for Platanus occidentalis was aDb, the other was aD+bD2; coefficient of determination upper on 0.873. From the volume equation developed in this research, the estimated carbon stock were derived as about 33,760tC for four-species of urban forest in Seoul. The results of this paper offered volume equation and carbon stock that present growth information for street trees in urban forestry and these can be made available for evaluating the management for carbon in settlement.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.39 no.6_1
• /
• pp.1505-1515
• /
• 2023

As extreme weather events caused by climate change are occurring around the world, blue carbon has recently been gaining attention as a carbon sink. Blue carbon has been officially recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a means of reducing greenhouse gases, and various studies are underway to discover new blue carbon sources both domestically and internationally. Domestic blue carbon research is centered on carbon absorption and storage in tidal flats, which account for most of the coastal wetlands, but there is a lack of research on spatial information. This study utilized the carbon storage of tidal flats from previous studies and converted it into location and spatial information for each basin of the Geumgang and Nakdong rivers. In addition, a proxy value of carbon storage per area by basin was calculated to compare and analyze the total carbon storage of various tidal flats in Korea and abroad. As a result of the analysis, both the Geumgang and Nakdong River basins showed different amounts of carbon storage depending on the tidal flats data, with the highest amount in the Geumgang basin coming from the National Ocean Survey (469,810.1 Mg C) and the highest amount in the Nakdong River basin coming from the Ministry of Environment (217,145.01 Mg C). The results of this study can be used as a basis for future research on the establishment of domestic blue carbon spatial information.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.298-310
• /
• 2024

In this study, we analyzed the results of previous studies on different types of agricultural ecosystems to understand how environmental factors in soils, which serve as significant carbon reservoirs within agricultural ecosystems, a type of terrestrial ecosystem, affect soil carbon storage and soil respiration. As a result, most previous studies have been conducted on paddy field and facility cultivation area. And, the carbon storage in the soil and the soil's chemical properties, such as soil pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content, and total nitrogen content, were higher in paddy field and orchard compared to field, facility cultivation area, and other cultivation area. The soil respiration in paddy field was also higher than in other types of agricultural ecosystems. Furthermore, soil carbon storage showed a significant correlation with soil organic matter (R²=0.7237, p=0.0000), total nitrogen (R²=0.8419, p=0.0000), and available phosphorus (R²=0.3123, p=0.0024), while soil respiration had a significant relationship with soil organic matter (R²=0.5644, p=0.0000). In this study, agricultural ecosystems were found to act as carbon sinks, with soil carbon storage measured at 49.1±8.9 tons C ha^-1 in orchard, 31.8±6.9 tons C ha^-1 in paddy field, and 25.3±28.0 tons C ha^-1 in facility cultivation area. Therefore, agricultural ecosystems need to manage soil carbon storage and carbon emissions through proper soil nutrient management.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.69-85
• /
• 2014

Carbon stocks of NFI plots can be accurately estimated using field survey information. However, an accurate estimation of carbon stocks in other unsurveyed sites is very difficult. In order to fill this gap, various spatial information can be used as an ancillary data. In South Korea, there is the 1:5,000 forest type map that was produced by digital air-photo interpretation and field survey. Because this map contains very detailed forest information, it can be used as the high-quality spatial data for estimating carbon stocks. In this study, we compared three upscaling methods based on the 1:5,000 forest type map and 5th national forest inventory data. Map algebra(method 1), RK(Regression Kriging)(method 2), and GWR(Geographically Weighted Regression)(method 3) were applied to estimate forest carbon stock in Chungcheong-nam Do and Daejeon metropolitan city. The range of carbon stocks from method 2(1.39~138.80 tonC/ha) and method 3(1.28~149.98 tonC/ha) were more similar to that of previous method(1.56~156.40 tonC/ha) than that of method 1(0.00~93.37 tonC/ha). This result shows that RK and GWR considering spatial autocorrelation can show spatial heterogeneity of carbon stocks. We carried out paired t-test for carbon stock data using 186 sample points to assess estimation accuracy. As a result, the average carbon stocks of method 2 and field survey method were not significantly different at p=0.05 using paired t-test. And the result of method 2 showed the lowest RMSE. Therefore regression kriging method is useful to consider spatial variations of carbon stocks distribution in rugged terrain and complex forest stand.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.100 no.4
• /
• pp.708-714
• /
• 2011

Wood store carbon that the forest absorbed until burned or decomposed over a long period. Such materials are most used in houses except in paper and pulp, and the use of wood in houses play an important role in reducing green-house gases. Therefore, we estimated the amount of carbon stocks in Korean houses, and analyzed how much contribution such stocks offers to green-house gas reduction. As the result, the carbon stocks amount of the wood products in Korean houses was 28.4 million $tCO_2$, which is 4.6% of the total annual green-house gas emission in Korea (620 million $tCO_2$ e), and 77.4% of forest sinks (LULUCF). Even though few wooden houses which use most wood in housing exist in Korea, the carbon stocks of wood products in houses in 2010 increased to 4.1 times that in 1975 (21.4 million $tCO_2$) because the carbon stocks increased due to apartment construction, which hit its stride from the last 1980's.