• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.237-244
• /
• 2015

Entering the 20th century since the industrial revolution, the cement has been widely used in the field of construction and civil engineering due to the remarkable development of construction industry. However, result from that development, each kind of industrial by-products and waste and the carbon dioxide generated in the process of cement production cause air pollution and environmental damage so earth is getting sick now slowly. Therefore, we have to recognize importance about this. It means that the time taking specific and long-term measures have come. In this research paper, as substitution of the cement generating environmental pollution, we investigate the hydration reaction of non-Sintered Cement mortar mixed with GBFS, active stimulant of alkaline and sulphate series by using SEM and XRD, mechanical and chemical properties according to the curing method. As a result of this experiment, NSC realized outstanding strength for water curing and steam curing. It means that it has a good possibility as substitution of cement. From now on, it can be used for structure satisfying specific standard. We expect to find a substitution of outstanding cement by progressing continuous research making the best use of pros and cons according to the curing method.

• 한국해양학회지
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.338-356
• /
• 1994

Sediment samples from the continental shelf of the South Sea of Korea are analysed to determine the concentration of Al, Fe, Mn, cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr and Pb. among these samples, fine-grained sediments were also analysed by a sequential extraction technique to know geochemical forms of the metals in this environments. The total concentration of Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn in bulk sediments decreased gradually with the increase of distance from the coastal zone. This distribution patterns are well coincide with grain size distribution. However, the patterns of Mn, co and Pb do not follow such and overall distribution. The concentration of Pb, particularly, did not show any features in areal distribution, which may be result from different pathways to the sediments, compared to the other metals. the speculation data show that a considerable amount of Cd, Mn and Co are bounded in the carbonate fraction, accounting for 42.8%, 40.3% and 30.6%, respectively. Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe are largely associated to oxide fraction with proportions of 34.4%, 23.1%, 15.5% and 13.7%, respectively. However, the metals in residual fraction account for more than 50% of the total metal concentration, except for Mn. These observations emphasize that residual fraction in the dominant component controlling the elemental concentration.quartz and glauconite grains.Accordingly,these sediments are interpreted as an extension part of transgressive sand deposit that are widely distributed on the continental shalf floor of southern Yellow Sea.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.91-107
• /
• 1995

충남 예산-공주-청양지역의 대흥, 평안, 신양(청당)광산에서 산출되는 녹니석에 관하여 화학적 및 성인적 연구를 하였다. 이들 광상은 초염기성암기원의 사문암이 열수변질작용을 받아 생성되었다. 활석 광석의 주 구성 광물은 활석, 녹니석, 금운모, 각섬석류, 사문석, 탄산염광물 등이고 이밖에 감람석, 휘석류, 크롬철석, 스멕타이트, 녹니석/스멕타이트의 혼합층상광물들과 같은 팽윤성 광물들이 소량 산출된다. 이 중 감람석과 크롬철석은 광상의 초염기성암 기원을 지시하는 중요한 광물이다.녹니석은 활석 광석의 불순 광물 중 가장 많은 양을 차지하는 광물이다. 이들 녹니석은 성인적으로 활석과 밀접하게 연관된 녹니석과 그렇지 않은 녹니석의 두 가지 뚜렷한 타입으로 나뉘어지며 이들은 화학적으로 명확한 차이를 보인다. 전자의 녹니석은 Mg/(Mg+Fe)비가 높으며 매우 일정한 범위의 Mg/(Mg+Fe)qkl (0.784∼0.951/산소수 14 기준)를 보여주고, 높은 8면체 치환양 (0.892 (-0.200∼0.692)/산소수 14, 이상적인 클리노클로어/차모사이트 성분 기준)과 넓은 범위의 Al 함량 변화 (2.975 (1.085∼3.160)/산소수 14 기준), 높은 Cr, Ni 함량을 갖는다. 이들은 매우 제한되고 높은 Mg/(Mg+Fe)비를 갖는 환경에서 생성되었으며 따라서,활석과 밀접하게 연관된 녹니석은 생성시, 주변암에 둘러싸여 있는, 초염기성암 기원의 사문암에 의해 주로영향을 받았다. 후자의 녹니석은 전자의 녹니석에 비하여 Fe 함량이 더 놓으며 광범한 범위의 Mg/(Mg+Fe)비 (0.378∼0.852/산소수 14 기준)를 보여주고, 더 적은 범위의 8면체 치환양 (0.560 (-0.035∼0.525)/산소수 14, 이상적인 클리오클로어/차모사이트 성분 기준)과, 전반적으로는 더 높은 값을 가지면서 더 좁은 범위의 Al 함량 변화 (1.491 (1.468∼2.959)/산소수 14 기준)를 보여주며, 낮은 Cr, Ni 함량을 갖는다. 이들은 낮은 Mg/(Mg+Fe)비를 갖고 전자에 비해 Al이 풍부한 환경에서 생성되었으며, 따라서 활석과 연관되지 않은 녹니석은 생성시 광체와 인접한 화강아질 편마암에 의해 주로영향을 받았을 것으로 생각된다. 녹니석의 이러한 2가지 화학조성상의 경향은 녹니석과 공존하는 운모류나 각섬석류들의 화학분석결과와도 잘 일치한다. 이러한 결과는 이 지역의 활석 광상이 초염기성암 기원의 사문암이 열수변질작용을 받아 생성되었음을 명확하게 지시하며, 따라서 활석 광석내에 존재하는 녹니석은 활석의 근원 광물로서 녹니석편암 및 녹니석 편마암 매의 녹니석이 활석화되고 남은 잔존광물이 아니라, 주변암에 의해 성분상의 영향을 받은 열수와 사문암과의 변질교대작용에 의한 활석화과정 중에 주로 생성된 것으로 추정된다. 이러한 결과는 연구지역의 활석광상이 초염기성암의 사문암화 작용과 활석화 작용의 두 가지 변질작용에 의해 형성되어졌음을 알려준다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.324-330
• /
• 1994

This study was conducted to examine the effects of the kinds and the levels of salted and fermented seafoods, shrimp and juice of anchovy, on the properties of kimchi during fermentation. There were no significant differences in pH and contents of total acid, reducing sugar, and organic acid examined except lactic acid contents among the kimchi samples at the same fermentation period. Until four days of fermentation, kimchi containing higher level of salted and fermented anchovy juice tended to have greater number of total microorganisms and of Leuconostoc genus microorganisms than the other kimchi samples. Sensory characteristics were not significantly different among the samples at the same fermentation period. significant decrease in pH and in reducing sugar content, and increase in total acid content were noticed in all the kimchi samples during fermentation. This was more marked in kimchi samples containg salted and fermented seafoods. Contents of malic and succinic acids decreased while those of actic and acetic acids increased with longer fermentation. There were significant changes in the numbers of microorganisms during fermentation. Carbonic mouthfeel, salty taste, sour taste and staled flay or of all the kimchi samples increased while firmness and crispness decreased with extended fermentation.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.20 no.1 s.51
• /
• pp.35-46
• /
• 2007

Shinyemi skarn deposits occur as Fe-Mo skarn type and Pb-Zn-Cu hydrothermal replacement type along the contact between Cretaceous Shinyemi granitoids and Cambro-Ordovician mixed limestone and dolostone sequence of the Choseon Supergroup. In the lower part of Western Shinyemi ore body two stages of skarn formation have been observed: the early, stage I (magnesian) skarn with Fe mineralization and the late, stage II(calcic) skarn with Mo mineralization. The stage I skarn spatially is overprinted by stage II skarn. The stage I skarn is predominantly composed of olivine, magnetite and diopside whereas, the stage II skarn is dominated by hedenbergite and garnet. The skarnification process occurred in two stages, both prograde and retrograde for stage I and stage II skarns. In stage I, the prograde skarns, mainly composed of anhydrous silicate minerals, were formed at relatively higher temperatures (about $400\;to\;550^{\circ}C$) under low $CO_{2}$ fugacity ($X_{CO2}<0.1$) conditions. On the other hand, the retrograde skarns that consisted of hydrous minerals were formed at lower temperatures (about $300\;to\;400^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.299-312
• /
• 2013

Magnetite, a major constituent mineral of the Hongcheon carbonatite-phoscorite complex, was produced over three stages in each rock type and decreased in quantity toward the late stage. Electron microprobe analyses for magnetite revealed that Ti and V were detected in traces, but showed increasing tendency from early to late stage. On the contrary, Mg and Mn decreased distinctly, and it is the general differentiation trend of carbonatitic magma. Al also showed decreasing tendency in carbonatite and phoscorite, and Cr was mostly below detection limit except late phoscorite. In early stage, $Fe^{2+}$ was largely replaced by $Mg{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$, and $Fe^{3+}$ by $Al^{3+}$ in magnetite, but it has nearly pure composition in late stage. Tendency of increase in V and decrease in Mn toward late stage represents that magma differentiation progressed under the condition of decreasing oxygen fugacity. Low concentrations of Mg, Al, Cr and Ti, as well as the absence of olivine and phlogopite, suggest that the Hongcheon carbonatite-phoscorite complex was generated from depleted magma. Especially, lower concentrations of Mg in magnetite compared to other typical carbonatite-phoscorite complex, and abundant occurrence of Fe-carbonate minerals and quartz in late stage, suggest that magma differentiation of the Hongcheon carbonatite-phoscorite proceeded to the latest stage.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.355-368
• /
• 2002

The multi-storied Daewonsa stone pagoda (Treasure No. 1112) in the Sancheong, Korea was studied on the basis of deterioration and geological safety diagnosis. The stone pagoda is composed mainly of granitic gneiss, partly fine-grained granitic gneiss, leucocratic gneiss, biotite granite and ceramics. Each rock of the pagoda is highly exfoliated and fractured along the edges. Some fractures in the main body and roof stones are treated by cement mortar. This pagoda is strongly covered with yellowish to reddish brown tarnish due to the amorphous precipitates of iron hydroxides. Dark grey crust by manganese hydroxides occur Partly, and some Part coated with white grey gypsum and calcite aggregates from the reaction of cement mortar and rain. As the main body, roof and upper part of the pagoda, the rocks are developed into the radial and linear cracks. Surface of this pagoda shows partly yellowish brown, blue and green patchs because of contamination by algae, lichen, moss and bracken. Besides, wall-rocks of the Daewonsa temple and rock aggregates in the Daewonsa valley are changed reddish brown color with the same as those of the pagoda color. It suggests that the rocks around the Daewonsa temple are highly in iron and manganese concentrations compared with the normal granitic gneiss which color change is natural phenomena owing to the oxidation reaction by rain or surface water with rocks. Therefore, for the attenuation of secondary contamination, whitening and reddishness, the possible conservation treatments are needed. Consisting rocks of the pagoda would be epoxy to reinforce the fracture systems for the structural stability on the basements.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.73-83
• /
• 2017

The surveyed mines are located in a polymetallic vein, replacement, and skarn mineral district in the central Andes of Peru. Iscaycruz, which includes underground and open pit mines that produce zinc and lead concentrates, was the largest mineral deposit of an important group of base metal deposits in the Andes of central Peru. The deposits are sub-vertical seams of polymetallic ores(Zn, Cu, and Pb). These seams are hosted by Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rock formation. The intrusion of igneous rocks in these formations originated metallic deposits of metasomatic and skarn types. The Raura mine is composed of polymetallic deposit of veins and replacement orebodies. The main sedimentary unit in the area is Cretaceous Machay Limestone. The Raura depression contains several orebodies each with different mineralization: predominantly Pb-Zn bearing Catuvo orebody; Ag-rich galena-bearing Lake Ninacocha orebody; Cu-Ag bearing Esperanza and Restauradora orebody. Huaron is a hydrothermal polymetallic deposit of silver, lead, zinc, and copper mineralization hosted within structures likely related to the intrusion of monzonite dikes, principally located within the Huaron anticline. Mineralization is encountered in veins parallel to the main fault systems, in replacement bodies known as "mantos" associated with the calcareous sections of the conglomerates and other favourable stratigraphic horizons, and as dissemination in the monzonitic intrusions at vein intersections.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.389-398
• /
• 1998

The Au-Ag deposit of the Oknam mine occurs as gold-silver-bearing rhodochrosite veins in biotite schist and phyllite of the Precambriam Yulri Group. Five stages of ore deposition are recognized, each showing a definite mineral assemblage. General mineral parageneses in veins (stage III) associated with gold and silver vary inwardly from the vein margin: arsenopyrite + pyrite $\Rightarrow$ sphalerite+chalcopyrite+galena+gold $\Rightarrow$ ga1ena+Ag-bearing minerals. Fluid inclusion data indicate that temperature and salinity of ore fluids overally decreased with time: $345^{\circ}{\sim}240^{\circ}C$ and 3.4~7.8 wt. % NaCl equiv during stage I (quartz vein mineralization), $313^{\circ}{\sim}207^{\circ}C$ and 2.3~8.7 wt.% NaCl equiv during manganese-bearing carbonate stages (II and III), and $328^{\circ}{\sim}213^{\circ}C$ and 3.6-5.4 wt.% NaCl equiv during stage IV (quartz vein mineralization). The ore fluids probably evolved through repeated pulses of boiling and later mixing with cooler and more dilute meteoric waters. Fluid inclusion data and geologic arguments indicate that pressures during the mineralization were in the range of 90 to 340 bars. Gold occurs as silver-rich electrums (21 to 29 atom. % Au) and was deposited at temperatures between $300^{\circ}$ and $240^{\circ}C$. Thermochemical calculations suggest that gold was deposited as a combined result of increase in pH and decreases in temperature, $fs_2$ and $fo_2$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.133-138
• /
• 1984

For the purpose of improving the precooked frozen food, the processing conditions of sardine steaks and the effect of soybean protein and corn starch on quality of the products during frozen storage were investigated. Fresh sardines were purchased from Busan Central Whole Sale Market and filleted. And then sardine meats were separated from fillets by fish meat separator. The meats were mixed with 0.5% sodium bicarbonate, 1.5% of table salt and 0.2% of polyphosphate, monosodium glutamate, white pepper, garlic powder and nutmeg, respectively. The mixture was minced with the stone grinder and filled in polyvinylidene chloride film tube and then stored at $-3^{\circ}C$ for 36 hours prior to frozen storage. Sardine steaks containing 3% of soybean protein were superior to those of containing 3% of corn starch or without soybean protein and corn starch on texture and eating quality of them during the period of frozen storage. It is convinced that addition of 3% of soybean protein to the sardine steak was benefically effective for the control of free drip, oxidative rancidity and the improvement of texture. The quality of frozen sardine steaks, by sensory evaluation, were preserved in good eating quality for 90 days during frozen storage.