• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.873-882
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• 2017

Smart cards are currently used in about 150 locales, including the metropolitan ares, and are utilized as a policy base for various public areas, including public transportation, bus fares, and public transportation requirements. However, excluding the metropolitan area and some metropolitan areas, there are many areas where the existing BIS data was unable to match station information on the data and Smart cards itself are not available on the bus stop information by the line. The purpose of this research was to produce bus stop information generated by the bus stop based on the bus route, and the actual stop information generated by the model presented in the study was derived by matching the actual station information.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.637-645
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• 1985

To predict speciation of copper and cadmium in natural waters, the stability constant of complexes formed between copper or cadmium and natural organic ligands have been determined by the ion selective electrodes at pH 6. The stability constants for copper and cadmium, log $K'_{CuL} = 5.80\;and\;log K'_{CdL}=3.82$, were incorporated inot MINEQL computer program and prediction of chemical species of copper and cadmium in a model fresh water system was made by using this computer program. The natural organic ligands form complex with cupric ions at the concentration of $10^{-6}$ moles/l and with cadmium ions at the concentration of $10^{-5}$ moles/l. This result showed that prediction of chemical species of heavy metals in natural waters was not possible without taking into account the presence of the natural organic ligands.

• Vending industry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.82-83
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• 2012

자동판매기는 우리 주변에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 단순한 제품이지만, 최근 자판기기가 정보통신기술과 결합되면서 새로운 형태로 진화하고 있다. 미국 업체들은 자판기와 IT에 익숙한 밀레니엄세대를 대상으로 즉석에서 제품 정보를 디지털 방식으로 확인하고 현금 대신 카드로 결제 가능한 자판기들을 출시하고 있다. 특히, 펩시(Pepsi)는 최근 선물기능을 장착한 신개념 자판기인 Social Vending을 출시하는 등 자판기들의 '스마트화' 확대되고 있다.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.95-101
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• 2016

With the rapid development of Internet and communication network technology, various studies had proceeded to develop the technology of wireless sensor networks. Authentication schemes for user and sensor are critical and important security issue to use wireless sensors legally. First, Das introduce a user authentication scheme using smart card and password for wireless sensor networks, various studies had proceeded. Chem et al. suggested a secure user authentication scheme against smart card loss attack but Chen et al. scheme does not still resolve some security vulnerability such as perfect forward secrecy, session key exposure by gateway node, anonymity, and the password check. To resolve the problems, this paper proposes a security enhanced user authentication using the fuzzy extraction, elliptic curves cryptography and dynamic ID and analyzes the security.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.579-590
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• 2018

In May 2014, AppCard(Which is a smartphone application designed to register and use a credit card in a mobile phone by credit card company.) was attacked by smshing and a vulnerability which could not obtainable phone number. After that, credit card companies have supplemented and operated by introducing additional authentication methods to supplement the vulnerability. However, The analysis of the authentication environments, purposes and methods is not enough to lower the level of vulnerability and risk from existing accidents. This study analyzes the authentication process of the AppCard in the electronic financial service by applying the NIST's authentication guidelines, identifies the problems and suggests improvement directions. The method analyzed in this study can be applied to the analysis of the authentication method in addition to the application card, so that it will be highly utilized.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.2089-2099
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• 2015

This study examined the relationships between the blood heavy metal (Pb, Hg and Cd) concentration and exposure-related factors. The subjects were 2,042 (male: 953, female: 1,089) who were recruited through a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Differences in the concentrations of mercury were observed in males, whereas females showed differences in lead and cadmium. Analyses of the blood concentrations according to body mass index and waist circumference showed significantly higher concentrations of mercury. In males, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol of dyslipidemia was higher than normal in the blood lead concentration. In females, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of dyslipidemia was higher than normal in the blood lead concentration. The blood lead and cadmium concentrations of male smokers was higher than non-smokers, and cadmium showed the same results in females. The blood lead levels were higher in male alcohol consumers than non-drinkers. The blood concentrations of mercury and cadmium showed significant differences according to household income. Blood concentrations of heavy metals were closely related to exposure-related factors, and age, smoking, drinking alcohols, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and household income were found to be relevant.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.14-24
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• 2010

Although the existing X-CASH card system observes the KS standard for a transportation card system, there has been an issue for interoperability between X-CASH and other public transportation system due to the partially undefined part in the standard. This issue is followed by the inconvenience of the existing X-CASH users. If the existing X-CASH card user wants to get any other public transportations which are not interoperated with X-CASH, the user would have to buy other cards. Consequently, some users have to bring more than one card with them. In addition, it is almost impossible that the existing X-CASH system operator makes the X-CASH card available for the infrastructure built by other cards operators because their technologies are too much different. The X-CASH operator must construct its own infrastructure on the same route and it would cause an unnecessary loss of expense and labor. To solve these problems, We modified the existing X-CASH system and developed the Nation-wide Interoerable X-CASH system which lets both the existing X-CASH card and Nation-wide Interoperable X-CASH card work. This developed X-CASH system consists of the purchase SAM, the purchase terminal and the settlement. And The conformity test for it was successfully authorized. Also we, KORAIL NETWORKS, have done the test-bed on this Nation-wide interoperable X-CASH system in Gwangju for six months with Telecommunications & Clearings, the HiPlusCard Corporation. This test confirmed that the Nation-wide Interoperable X-CASH system would practically work well.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.53-72
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• 2023

This study aimed to develop educational material on the proper use of plant-based milk alternatives in the form of a card news, based on a focus group interview(FGI) with adult consumers. The FGI participants were individuals who had directly purchased cow's milk, soy milk, or other plant-based milk alternatives within the past three months and consumed them at least once a month. The study consisted of 17 adults between the ages of 19 and 63 years who met these criteria(9 males and 8 females). It was identified what participants were curious about, interested in, and needed information regarding the proper use of plant-based milk alternatives through FGI. A 10-page card news was developed that was highly usable, taking into account the FGI results and the latest literature. In conclusion, this study developed a card news aimed at promoting the proper use of plant-based milk alternatives, which can be easily disseminated online in line with the trends in food consumption and digitization. The results of this study suggest that the continuous development and distribution of educational materials that reflect food consumption trends and maximize their usability should be provided for dietary life education, such as school subjects or out-of-school programs.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2008

Purpose : This post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study was conducted in Korea to assess the safety and reactogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine (GlaxoSmithKlineBiologicals'$Havrix^{TM}$) administered to the Korean population. Methods : A total of 1,188 healthy subjects with 1,122 subjects <6 years of age were enrolled to receive one dose of the hepatitis A vaccine from April 2005 to January 2006. Diary cards were provided to the subjects or subjects' parents for reporting solicited and unsolicited symptoms during the 4-day and 31-day post-vaccination follow-up period. Results : The number of subjects who returned diary cards was 568, whereas, 620 subjects did not return diary cards. Among the subjects who returned diary cards, 9.9% and 14.3% reported local and general solicited/unsolicited symptoms. Among the subjects who did not return diary cards, 1.6% and 8.4% reported local and general solicited/unsolicited symptoms. At least one unsolicited symptom was reported by 13.2% of the subjects. Conclusion : Results indicate that the vaccine was well-tolerated and had an acceptable safety profile. The use of diary cards in such a survey provided a prompt and reliable option for recording symptoms.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.456-460
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• 2012

This study was carried out as a survey on the level of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in 5 items of agricultural products (lettuce, pumpkin, head lettuce, cabbage and crown daisy) for which safety guidelines are not yet established in Korea. The 407 samples were collected from local markets in 9 regional places and the levels of metals were measured by ICP-MS and mercury analyzer. The average levels of Pb, Cd, As and Hg were 0.026, 0.018, 0.008 and 0.003 mg/kg for lettuce, 0.002, 0.001, 0.001 and 0.0006 mg/kg for pumpkin, 0.002, 0.005, 0.001 and 0.0005 mg/kg for head lettuce, 0.001, 0.002, 0.0002 and 0.0006 mg/kg for cabbage and 0.022, 0.014, 0.006 and 0.004 mg/kg for crown daisy. For risk assessment, the daily dietary exposures of Pb, Cd and Hg by intake of these agricultural products were calculated and compared with PTWI (provisional tolerable weekly intake) established by JECFA. The daily dietary exposure of heavy metals by intake of these agricultural products were 0.13, 0.56 and 0.09% of PTWI, respectively. These monitoring results will be utilized as fundamental data for the establishment of Korean standards of Pb, Cd, As and Hg in 5 items of agricultural products and valuable source for DB construction for science-based safety control of heavy metals in foods including agricultural products.