• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.184-190
• /
• 2011

Scrotal involvement has been reported from 2% to 38% of males with Henoch-Sch$\ddot{o}$nlein purpura (HSP). It may present before the rash occurs or even long time after it has disappeared. Scrotal involvement of HSP usually results in pain, tenderness, swelling or discoloration of scrotum. Scrotal pain sometimes mimics testicular torsion to various degrees, which can be followed by unnecessary operation. In our 2 cases, one was a 5-year and 11-month-old boy who came to our emergency department due to scrotal pain before the diagnosis of HSP, and the other was a 5-year and 1-month-old boy who came to the outpatient clinic due to scrotal pain after the resolution of HSP about 1 month before the visit. We performed Doppler ultrasonography (USG) to evaluate the acute scrotal pain in the two boys. On Doppler USG, epididymis showed increased blood flow, and testis showed normal blood flow. These findings enabled the diagnosis of acute epididymitis and excluded testicular torsion. Epididymitis was improved by conservative management including shortterm steroid therapy within 5 days. It is important to perform adequate evaluation with tools such as Doppler USG in the early course of acute scrotum of HSP, to avoid unnecessary scrotal exploration.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.10 no.10
• /
• pp.237-245
• /
• 2010

Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are the most objective measure of nerve function and essential for the diagnosis of sub-clinical neuropathy in diabetes mellitus and diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). This study evaluates the characteristic of electrophysiological abnormalities in DPN. Electrodiagnostic data from 120 patients with diabetic polyneuropathies and 77 control subjects were reviewed. Motor nerve conduction velocities (MNCV), distal motor latencies (DML), compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes, No potential frequency and conduction block were analyzed. Data were normalized based on normative reference values, and the proportion of nerves with abnormal values in the lower and upper limbs were evaluated. DPN was systemic demyelinating peripheral polyneuropathy and more severe abnormal nerve conduction was found in lower limbs than in upper limbs. The abnormal degree was more severe in peroneal nerve. It was no statistically significant difference of conduction block in control and DPN group. Our findings suggest that DPN had more common and severe peroneal nerve involvement in the motor nerve conduction studies (MNCS). These findings have important implications for the electrophysiological evaluation of DPN.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.193-197
• /
• 2006

Melanoma is a malignant neoplasm of melanocytes most frequently arising from the skin, but primary melanoma can also arise from the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal melanomas are most commonly metastases from a cutaneous melanoma. Primary melanoma of the stomach is rare and carries a poor prognosis. Reported here is the case of a 75-year-old man with a primary gastric melanoma who presented with a melena, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Most cases of melanoma are treated by excision of the primary tumor. Patients with melanoma have been treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. None of these modalities has been demonstrated to prolong the survival rate. To improve long-term disease-free survival, early diagnosis and surgical intervention are very important.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.125-135
• /
• 2001

Purpose : Efforts to predict long-term outcome of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSCS) have been made but have yielded conflicting results. Reports are rare especially in Pediatric patients. In this study, we reviewed the predictable prognostic factors in patients of FSGS Method : Fifty children who diagnosed as biopsy-proven FSGS at department of pediatrics at Yonsei university were studied retrospectively. Based on medical records, response to treatment and pathologic slides, we compared normal renal function group and decreased renal function group, assessed the factors affecting renal survival and progression to renal failure. Results : The mean age at onset was 8 1/12 years, sex ratio was 2.3 : 1, and the mean duration of follow-up was 7 1/12 years. The overall renal survival rate was $34\%$ at 5 years, $8\%$ at 10 years Five-year survival rate was $74\%$ in normal renal function group and $27\%$ in decreased renal function group. Between the two groups, there were no significant differences in age at onset, sex ratio, amount of proteinuria, incidence of hematuria and hypertension, mesangial hypercellularity. Decreased renal function group showed higher serum creatinine level, poor response to treatment, higher percent of glomeruli with sclerosis, moderate to severe tubulointerstitial change and vascular change(P<0.05). The prognostic factors of renal survival rate were same as above and incidence of hypertension also affected renal survival( P<0.05). The progression rate to renal failure did not show statistically significant factor. Conclusion : We reviewed the factors affecting long-term outcome of FSGS. Serum creatinine level, steroid responsiveness, and the degree of glomerulosclerosis were significant prognostic factors. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2001 ;5 : 125-35)

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.547-563
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the stress effects of time pressure and induced driver-anger on driving performance. The participants in the four different stress conditions(i.e., control condition, time pressure, induced anger, and mixed condition where induced-anger and time pressure were combined) were asked to drive the driving simulator, and their driving performances(i. e., lane crossing, signal violation, speeding, and deviation form designated path) were measured as the dependent variable. The results can be summarized as followings. (1) Induced-anger alone and the mixed driver stresses tended to yield deteriorated driving performances as well as awareness for designated path, (2) Time pressure alone appeared to have only limited effect both on the driving and path awareness. And (3) the effects of induced-anger alone and the mixed condition on driving performance and path awareness did not show ant significant difference. The results of the present study indicated that drivers' basic vehicle control and keeping awareness to destination could be affected differently by the types of driver stress.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.178-185
• /
• 2005

Purpose : Ocular adnexal and orbital infections are broadly divided into preseptal(periorbital) and postseptal(orbital) cellulitis by orbital septum. In this study, we investigated the difference between periorbital and orbital cellulitis regarding their pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatments, and prognosis. Methods : We reviewed medical records of 50 cases who were hospitalized in the Severance hospital due to orbital cellulitis from May 1995 to April 2004. Results : There were 32 males and 18 females. The mean age was $3.2{\pm}3.5$ year. According to the result of orbital computerized tomography, 36 cases were periorbital cellulitis, 10 cases orbital cellulitis and 4 cases not diagnosed. The clinical manifestations of periorbital cellulitis are periorbital swelling(100%), fever(19%), orbital pain(6%), and chemosis(22%). On the other hand, those of orbital cellulitis are periorbital swelling(100%), fever(80%), orbital pain(60%), proptosis(20%), chemosis(70%) and limitation of eye movement(20%). The etiologies of periorbital cellulitis are sinusitis(14%), upper respiratory infection(8%), conjunctivitis (19%), skin wound(14%) and unknown(44%). The etiologies of orbital cellulitis are sinusitis (50%), upper respiratory infection(20%), and unknown(30%). The first line antibiotics used in the majority of cases were combinations of cefoxitin+aminoglycoside. 5 patients with orbital cellulitis taking cefoxitin+aminoglycoside had to change the medication into vancomycin or clindamycin. 3 patients with orbital cellulitis underwent operation while 1 patient developed bacterial meningitis. Conclusion : According to invasion of orbit, ocular adnexal and orbital infections are quite different in their pathogenesis, treatment and prognosis. As atypical cases may confound the diagnosis, prompt orbital computerized tomography is required for an accurate diagnosis.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.30
• /
• pp.61-83
• /
• 2012

Al-Qaeda follower who planned to attacks the Pentagon and the Assembly by unmanned aircraft equipped with explosives was caught in the dictionary in September 2011. In addition, high-performance unmanned aerial vehicles in the United States 'sentinel' of the technology being leaked to Iran in late 2011 was an accident. Terrorist attacks on the forces used unmanned aircraft will be the day the not too distant. The purpose of this research is to provide response plans against acts of terrorism utilizing unmanned aircrafts to prevent large losses of lives such as the terrorist attacks of September 11. Discussing in detail, this research suggests revising and newly implementing the definition and categorization of unmanned aircrafts as well as relevant punishment in current aeronautics regulations as an initial response against acts of terrorism utilizing unmanned aircrafts. This is in order to newly implement and revise current relevant regulations that inadequately address the rapidly developing and changing unmanned aircrafts which will lead to increased sense of alarm for the potential terrorists, and also to introduce a systematic tool to punish those who commit such acts by clearly establishing the grounds for punishment. Also, under the binary operating system over airspace currently implemented globally, it is impossible to identify and control the infiltration of airspace by unmanned aircrafts. Recognizing such limitations, this research suggests a combined operation of airspace for unmanned and manned aircrafts as a second way of response for acts of terrorism utilizing unmanned aircrafts. A systematic integrated operation of airspace will appropriately control unmanned/ manned aircrafts that were not previously reported or otherwise have deviated from navigation routes, and will be able to prevent terrorism attempts utilizing aircrafts beforehand.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.47-56
• /
• 2008

Two-Lane Highway of Korea is important, Because it has the largeest portion of all roads of Korea. But it has only one lane for one direction. So, If Delays are happened by low-speed vehicles, high-speed vehicles should over-take through the other side of the road. This over-takings can generate the high possibility of traffic accidents and the severity of traffic accidents by over-takings is very high. Because it generates a head-on collision. But the level of Service that indicates the operation states of Two-Lane Highway is defined as a conception that explains the operation conditions of traffic safety etc. Whencalculating the Level of service. It is considered by only delays. So, in this paper, first, this author wants to present the calculation of delay-time by Total-Delay Rate. Second, by multiplying this delay-time by the costs of delays wants to present the method of calulates the total delay costs. Third, to consider the traffic accidents, After predicting the number of traffic accidents, As multipling this by the average of costs of traffic accidents. want to present the method to calculate Total traffic accidents costs. Forth, present the operation costs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.548-557
• /
• 1993

Background: Bronchiectasis is a irreversible disease, a lot of cases of which are associated with chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema and bronchial asthma due to chronic recurrent pulmonary infection. Therefore, pulmonary functions in bronchiectasis may also vary with associated diseases or involved segments. Methods: For the evaluation of ventilatory dynamics in bronchiectasis with respect to the pathoanatomic types of bronchiectasis and the degree of dyspnea, a total of 93 cases comprising 45 cases of tubular, 30 saccular and 18 mixed type of bronchiectasis whose clinical diagnosis was confirmed by bronchography were analyzed retrospectively. They were also divided into two groups: those with Hugh-Jones dyspnea grade 1 & 2 (group I) and those with Hugh-Jones dyspnea grade 3 & 4 (group II). Pulmonary functions tested in this study were analyses of curves of forced expiratory volume and flow-volume, and determinations of maximal voluntary ventilation and closing volumes. Results: The results were as follows; 1) The vital capacity and parameters reflecting expiratory flow rate except PEF were significantly reduced in saccular and mixed type than that in tubular type of bronchiectasis. 2) In saccular and mixed type, the maximal voluntary ventilation tended to decrease while CV/VC tended to increase. 3) As the degree of dyspnea became serious, the involved segments were progressively increased. In contrast, ventilatory functions were significantly reduced in proportion to the severity of dyspnea. Conclusion: These findings suggest that in bronchiectasis, there be obstructive ventilatory impairment combined with mild restrictive ventilatory impairment, which becomes more prominent in saccular and mixed type and also as the degree of dyspnea progresses.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.115-125
• /
• 2003

The concrete median barriers are the most popular safety appurtenance that can be installed on narrow medians and are effective in keeping uncontrolled vehicles from crossing into opposing lanes of traffic. It is necessary to install and maintain median barriers because it is very difficult to reserve enough room required for medians in KOREA. Also, concrete median barriers are accepted as the actual alternatives for median barriers, mostly because they require almost no maintenance even after serious collisions. Typical concrete median barriers are 810mm high and have 596mm high glare screens on top of them. However we have experienced a number of "climb" and "roll-over" accidents of heavy vehicles and most of all, there have been some serious accidents caused by the part of broken glare screens. So the improvement study of concrete median barriers started. Prior to this study, a new type of concrete median barrier was suggested which is 1,270mm high and has no glare screens on top of it. So it was required to compare the properties of various types of concrete median barriers including the new type to find the optimal type of concrete median barrier. In this study, we have evaluated the characteristics of four types of concrete median barriers (New Jersey type, F type, constant slope type, and wall type). We have performed many computer simulations for the evaluation of the crashworthiness of them, and through the simulations we have tried to find a proper type of concrete median barrier. Through the computer simulations, we evaluated the structural stability and safety of the four types of concrete median barriers. We confirmed the structural stability and safety of them But in regard to the probability of "roll-over" of heavy vehicles, the higher concrete median barriers showed better performances than the lower. As the result of this study a new type of concrete median barrier was recommended.