• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.322-327
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• 2010

Wheat is widely used in food industry because of its low price, convenience, protein-rich resource, easy processibility, and so on. However, people who have wheat-gluten allergy need gluten-free products. Especially, gluten-free products are desirable to early childhood even though they may or may not be sensitive to wheat-gluten. As the alternative of wheat flour, recently, rice flour is gaining popularity. Hence, we developed the puffed rice snack for the baby. In order to prepare for rice extrudate, 1 kg rice flour, 450 g water, and 6 g salt were mixed together and then steamed for 1 hr. The rice extrudate was shredded into pieces (0.5 cm${\times}$0.5 cm) and dried up to 4.5% moisture content. The dried rice shreds were puffed at $257^{\circ}C$ in a puffing machine. The puffed rice snack was oval-shaped having thickness of 0.5 cm, white in color with brown flakes. Appearance and texture of the puffed rice snacks were evaluated by the measurement of the texture, isothermal water absorption, expansion, and the color. Puffed rice was more porous, because rice increased up to about two times larger than its original volume. Texture of the rice puffing snack was suitable for early childhood. Rice puffing snack showed potentials including soft, low-allergenic, and easily digestible properties. It is concluded that rice puffing snack has potential in the food markets for early childhood.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.101-114
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• 2023

Background: This study aimed to explore the overall perception of pit and fissure sealants and suggest methods to revitalize their current stagnation. Methods: To determine the social perception of the change in coverage policy for pit and fissure sealants, we categorized them into five time periods. The first period (December 1, 2009 to November 30, 2010), the second period (December 1, 2010 to September 30, 2012), the third period (October 1, 2012 to May 5, 2013), the fourth period (May 6, 2013 to September 30, 2017), and the fifth period (October 1, 2017 to December 31, 2022). We utilized text mining, an unstructured big data analysis method. Keywords were collected and analyzed using Textom, and the frequency analysis of the top 30 keywords, structural features of the semantic network, centrality analysis, QAP correlation analysis, and co-occurrence analysis were conducted. Results: The frequency analysis showed that the top keywords for each time period were 'Cavities', 'Treatment', and 'Children'. In the structural features of the semantic network of pit and fissure sealants by time period, the density index was found to be around 1.00 for all time periods. The QAP correlation analysis showed the highest correlation between the first and second periods and the fourth and fifth periods with a correlation coefficient of 0.834. The co-occurrence analysis showed that 'cavities' and 'prevention were the top two words across all time periods. Conclusion: This study showed that pit and fissure sealants are well accepted by the society as a preventive treatment for caries. However, the awareness of health education related to these sealants was found to be low. Efforts to revitalize stagnant pit and fissure sealants need to be strengthened with effective education.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2015

Eight species of the family Bithyniidae, Bithynia striatula, B. tentaculata, B. siamensis, B. leachi, B. kiusiuensis, B. misella, Bithynia sp. from Nepal, and Gabbia australis were studied for comparison of the radula structure by scanning electron microscope. Radular ribbons of B. siamensis and B. leachi had 60-70 rows, and the other species had 40-50 rows. Teeth of all species studied had symmetrical structure, i.e. a total of seven teeth (one central tooth, and one lateral and two pairs of marginal teeth on each side) in each row were observed. The basic tooth formula of eight bithyniids was 2:1:1:1:2. Numbers and shapes of cusps were slightly differ from individuals or species. The mesocone of the central tooth of B. striatula, B. tentaculata, B. siamensis and Bithynia sp. differed from those of the other species observed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.350-361
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to find general trends in dental fear among adolescences at 15-17 years of age, differences in levels of dental fear according to relevant variables, and the degrees to which those variables influence fear of dental treatment and their causal relationships. The researcher made use of a questionnaire including tools of questionnaire survey DFS, DBS and questions regarding characteristics of adolescences, and then analyzed covariate structure modeling by using LISREL 8.12 after conducting univariate analysis by employing SPSS. Cronbach's reliability coefficients showed higher in DFS(0.957), DBS(0.916), and GFS(0.910). The more recent experience in pain in the oral cavity and the stronger pain when treating dental disease and the more frequent experience in pain when treating dental disease and also the more broken dental appointments, the higher levels of dental fear showed with statistical significance. The linear structure equation model was statistically appropriate and well fit. By the model, severity and frequency of pain during treatment, experience of breaking dental visit appointment, distrust for dentists and general fear were directly influenced on dental fear.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.4 s.93
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• pp.275-291
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• 2002

Of various factors indicated for effective use of straight wire appliances, there was a great lack of studies both domestic and international about the curvatures of tooth crowns. This study was performed to investigate the labio/buccal clinical crown curvatures of Korean permanent teeth. For this study, three-dimensional laser scanning was performed on 36 dental casts with normal anatomic structures. Andrews plane and Facial axis of clinical crown (FACC) were designated as horizontal and vertical reference planes respectively. 2 or 3 lines, 1mm apart, were drawn superior, inferior, left and right of these reference planes. A three-dimensional coordinate table was made for points formed by crossing these lines, and averages of each coordinate point on the 36 dental casts were obtained. The curvature equation was made using three-dimensional coordinate points (x,y,z) and by this curvature equation, the curve ratio of each tooth was obtained. Curve ratio changes of each section of teeth were calculated by curve ratios of simplified curves. These two dimensional curves were simplified horizontally and vertically Conclusions for this study are as follows. 1. The basic data of labial and buccal clinical crown curvatures were obtained about Korean permanent teeth. 2. No significant difference was found between male and females. 3. Individual tooth characteristics 1) In maxillary central incisors, the difference in the curve ratio between the gingival and incisal sides was greater than for the other teeth. And the gingival side showed a greater curve ratio. 2) Maxillary canines showed more curvatures in the mesio-occlusal surface than the other surfaces. 3) In maxillary $1^{st}$ premolars, more curvatures were found in mesio-occlusal and disto-gingival surface, thus showing a twisted crown surface, but in maxillary $2^{nd}$ premolars, the crown curvatures of mesial and distal ends became parallel to each other. 4) No significant difference in crown curvatures was found between mandibular central and lateral incisors. 5) Occluso-gingival curvatures of mandibular$2^{nd}$ premolar turned out to be more rounded than mandibular $1^{st}$ premolars or maxillary $2^{nd}$ premolars. From the above conclusions, it can be deduced that the same bracket bases can be used for mandibular central and lateral incisors. But for maxillary $1^{st}\;and\;2^{nd}$ premolars and for mandibular $1^{st}\;and\;2^{nd}$ premolars, because crown curvatures showed significant differences, when making bracket bases there is ample reason to make bracket base curves differently for each type of tooth.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.3 s.98
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• pp.169-183
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• 2003

Tooth movement by orthodontic force effects great tissue changes within the periodontium, especially by shifting the blood flow in the pressure side and resulting in a hypoxic state of low oxygen tension. The aim of this study is to elucidate the possible mechanism of apoptosis in response to hypoxia in MC3T3El osteoblasts, the main cells in bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. MC3T3El osteoblasts under hypoxic conditions ($2\%$ orygen) resulted in apoptosis in a time-dependent manner as estimated by DNA fragmentation assay and nuclear morphology stained with fluorescent dye, Hoechst 33258. Pretreatment with Z-VAD-FMK, a pancaspase inhibitor, or Z-DEVD-CHO, a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, completely suppressed the DNA ladder in response to hypoxia. An increase in caspase-3-like protease (DEVDase) activity was observed during apoptosis, but no caspase-1 activity (YVADase) was detected. To confirm what caspases are involved in apoptosis, Western blot analysis was performed using anti-caspase-3 or -6 antibodies. The 10-kDa protein, corresponding to the active products of caspase-3, and the 10-kDa protein of the active protein of caspase-6 were generated in hypoxia-challenged cells in which the processing of the full length form of caspase-3 and -6 was evident. While a time course similar to this caspase-3 and -6 activation was evident, hypoxic stress caused the cleavage of lamin A, which was typical of caspase-6 activity. In addition, the stress elicited the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol during apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed that pre-treatment with SB203580, a selective p38 mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor, attenuated the hypoxia-induced apoptosis. The addition of SB203S80 suppressed caspase-3 and -6-like protease activity by hypoxia up to $50\%$. In contrast, PD98059 had no effect on the hypoxia-induced apoptosis. To confirm the involvement of MAP kinase, JNK/SAPK, ERK, or p38 kinase assay was performed. Although p38 MAPK was activated in response to hypoxic treatment, the other MAPK -JNK/SAPK or ERK- was either only modestly activated or not at all. These results suggest that p38 MAPK is involved in hypoxia-induced apoptosis in MC3T3El osteoblasts.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.310-317
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of reference points for edentulous patient by examining the correlation of teeth and face, and intraoral anatomic landmarks. Materials and methods: We examined a facial outline, length, bizygomatic width, nasion - gnathion length, glabella - nasion distance in 270 men and 280 women satisfied with inclusion criteria from Seoul National School of Dentistry. The shape of maxillary central incisor, mesiodistal crown width and length of maxillary 6 incisors, distance from incisive papilla to labial surface of maxillary central incisor, and perpendicular distance from incisive papilla to intercanine line were measured in the stone model. We analyzed the ratio and relevant relation statistically. Results: The probability on having the same shape of face and the relative same shape maxillary incisor was 55.56% and 46.43% for men and women. The facial length proved to be a more valuable measurement in women in the tooth selection. The ratio of bizygomatic width to mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisor, and the ratio of bizygomatic width to width of maxillary 6 incisors were 16.8 : 1 and 3.0 : 1 and were positively correlated with each other. The distance of the canines from the maxillary incisal papilla was $1.33{\pm}1.28mm$. The distance between the center of the incisal papilla and the labial surface of their maxillary central incisor was $9.23{\pm}1.20mm$. Conclusion: It was showed that anatomical reference points in tooth selection and arrangement for edentulous patient are useful and have validity in our limited study.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.232-242
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• 2008

관절잡음의 발생은 측두하악 관절의 구조적, 기능적 이상의 징후로 여겨져왔다. 이러한 관절잡음을 평가하는데 electrovibratography가 비침습적이고 신뢰할만한 방법으로 제시되어 왔으며 이를 통해 관절잡음의 진동수와 진폭 및 전체 에너지 양상을 숫자화하고 도식화 하는 것이 가능하게 되었다. 기존의 연구에서 여러 가지 관절잡음의 양적, 질적 분석이 시도되어 왔다. 이번 연구의 목적은 관절 잡음이 도식화되어 나타나는 frequency spectrum pattern을 integral>300Hz/<300Hz ratio와 함께 분석하는 것이다. 본 실험에서는 Joint Vibration AnalysisTM를 사용하여 측두하악 관절 장애의 증상이 없는 10명의 대조군과 관절 잡음과 동통이 있으나 개구제한을 보이지 않는 정복성 관절원판 변위의 범주에 있는 20명의 실험군에서 관절진동을 분석하였으며 관절진동 기록 시에 Jaw tracker를 함께 사용하여 개폐구시 관절잡음 발생의 위치를 감별하고 치아접촉음을 배제하여 관절잡음을 분석하였다. 그 후 실험군을 frequency spectrum pattern에 따라 4가지 하위 그룹으로 나누어 분석하였다. 실험 결과 실험군과 대조군의 하위 그룹 1에서 유사한 frequency spectrum pattern과 ratio범위를 보였으며 실험군의 하위 그룹 2,3,4 에서는 더 불규칙한 에너지 양상을 보이는 frequency spectrum pattern과 더 큰 ratio가 관찰 되었다. 이번 연구를 통해 Joint Vibration AnalysisTM가 악관절 진동의 특성을 감별하는데 유용함을 알 수 있었고 Joint Vibration AnalysisTM를 이용한 지속적인 진동 분석이 환자 교육뿐 아니라 성공적인 턱관절 기능이상의 진단과 치료에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.65-85
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• 1999

Objectives: To determine the effect of interpolation functions when processing the digital periapical images. Material and Methods: The digital images were obtained by Digora and CDR system on the dry skull and human subject. 3 oral radiologists evaluated the 3 portions of each processed image using 7 interpolation methods, and ROC curves were obtained by trapezoidal methods. Results: The heighest Az value(0.96) was obtained with cubic spline method and the lowest Az value(0.03) was obtained with facet model method in Digora system. The heighest Az value (0.79) was obtained with gray segment expansion method and the lowest Az value(0.07) was obtained with facet model method in CDR system. There was significant difference of Az value in original image between Digora and CDR system at a=0.05 level. There were significant differences of Az values between Digora and CDR images with cubic spline method, facet model method, linear interpolation method and non-linear interpolation method at α=0.1 level.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.7 no.2_3
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• pp.95-101
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• 1993

1992년 6월부터 1993년 9월 동안에 서울에서 이루어진 바랭이와 잔디의 분지형(branching pattern)과 유효엽면적(effective leaf area)에 대한 정량적 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 분지 끝 지점의 2차원적인 위치는 수학적 방식을 이용한 이론적 모델에 의해 분지사이의 각과 분지 길이들이 상대적인 비를 이용하여 계산할 수 있다. 2. 분지각과 분지길이의 상대적인 비는 바랭이나 잔디의 개체와 군락의 전체적인 구조를 효과적으로 분석하는데 있어 매우 적절하게 사용될 수 있다. 3. 시간에 따라 변화되는 분지형을 명확히 분석하기 위해 positive feedback theory를 성장 분석 모델로 적용하였다. 4. 분지의 마디 배열은 봄에서 여름에 이르는 생장 기간동안에 변화됨을 나타내었다. 주지(mother branch)와 복지(daughter branch)사이의 각은 적정치에 수렴하는 양상을 보였으며 그 평균값은 바랭이가 50도, 잔디가 59도임을 알 수 있었다. 5. 야외에서 관찰된 실험적 측정치아 모식적 구성을 통해서 최대 물질 생산과 연관된 햇빛 흡수와 수용의 극대화를 위한 분지형과 최대 유효엽면적의 상관 관계를 분석하였다. 6. 따라서 수학적 모식을 이용한 분지형 분석은 실험적 측정치와 잘 일치하며, 이런 수관형의 형성은 유전적 요소와 환경적 요소에 의해 영향을 받을 뿐만 아니라 식물의 적응적 중요성을 지니는 유효잎면적, 관수용 및 광합성과 물질생산의 극대화를 분석하는데도 유효하게 쓰일 수 있다.