• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2011.05a
• /
• pp.241-241
• /
• 2011

일반적으로 식생흐름의 층 적분 모형은 층의 수에 따라 2층 및 3층 모형으로 구분한다. 즉, 전체 수심을 식생영역과 상부영역으로 구분하는 2층 모형과 식생영역을 바닥 조도의 영향 유무에 따라 내부 및 외부 식생영역으로 구분하는 3층 모형으로 나뉜다. 본 연구에 사용된 수리실험 자료는 기존의 연세대학교에서 수행한 실험결과를 이용하여 각 모형의 정확성을 예측해 보았다. 다양한 실험조건에 적용한 결과, 3층 모형이 식생영역에서 유속의 변화를 고려할 수 있지만 레이놀즈응력의 영향에 민감하고, 적분된 유속은 2층 모형에 의한 예측 결과가 더욱 정확하였다. 3층 모형에서는 내부 식생영역의 결과는 전체흐름구조에 미미한 영향을 미치므로 무시할 수 있으며, 이를 바탕으로 식생영역에서 유속 변화가 고려되는 수정 2층 모형을 제시하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 기존의 2층 모형과 3층 모형의 장점을 취합하여 수정된 2층 모형의 방정식을 바탕으로 모형의 정확성을 평가하기 위하여 2층 모형, 3층 모형, 수정 2층 모형의 유속 분포를 비교 분석하여 모형을 검증하였다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.177-187
• /
• 1998

The spatially integrated model (SIM) which can evaluate temporal variation of groundwater quality is proposed in the stream-aquifer setting entered by nonpoint source contaminants. And the developed SIM included unsaturated soil zone and was tested against the spatially distributed model (SDM) of the coupled advection-dispersion and Richards equations for the various hydrologic and aquifer simulating conditions. The result of the comparison showed that the average concentration responses of saturated aquifer and groundwater outflow between the SIM and the SDM was in good agreement, except for the case of the large dispersivity ratio and thick aquifer system. And it is shown that for the cases of the large dispersivity ratio and thick aquifer system the performance of the nonlinear SIM is better than that of the linear SIM for evaluating the average concentration of groundwater outflow response.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.43 no.9
• /
• pp.823-833
• /
• 2010

Open-channel flows with submerged vegetation show two distinct flow structures in the vegetation and upper layers. That is, the flow in the vegetation layer is featured by relatively uniform mean velocity with suppressed turbulence from shear, while the flow in the upper layer is akin to that in the plain open-channel. Due to this dual characteristics, the flow has drawn many hydraulic engineers' attentions. This study compares layer-averaged models for flows with submerged vegetation. The models are, in general, classified into two-layer and three-layer models. The two-layer model divides the flow depth into vegetation and upper layers, while the three-layer model further divides the vegetation layer into inner and outer vegetation layers depending on the influence of the bottom roughness. This study compares the two-layer model and the three layer-model. It is found that the two-layer model predicts better the average value of the velocity and the prediction by the three-layer model is sensitive to Reynolds shear stress. In the three-layer model, the mean flow in the inner vegetation layer does not affect the flow seriously, which motivates the proposal of the modified two-layer model. The two-layer model, capable of predicting non-uniform mean velocity, is based on the Reynolds stress which is linear and of power form in the upper and vegetation layers, respectively. Application results reveal that the modified two-layer model predicts the mean velocity at an accuracy similar to the two- and three-layer models, but it predicts poorly in the case of very low vegetation density.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.50 no.9
• /
• pp.637-646
• /
• 2017

This study presents a numerical model for simulating dense interflows. The governing equations are provided and the finite difference method is used with the $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model. The model is used to simulate a dense interflow established in a deep ambient water, resulting velocity and excess density profiles. It is observed that velocity decreases in the longitudinal direction due to water entrainment in the vicinity of the outlet and rarely changes for increased Richardson number. Similarity collapses of velocity and excess density are obtained, but those of turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate are not. A shape factor for the dense interflow is obtained from the simulated profiles. The value of this shape factor can be used in the layer-averaged modeling of dense interflows. In addition, a buoyancy-related parameter ($c_{3{\varepsilon}}$) for the $k-{\varepsilon}$ model and the volume expansion coefficient (${\beta}_0$) are obtained from the simulated results.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2018.05a
• /
• pp.72-72
• /
• 2018

우리나라의 대형 저수지에 담수된 수체는 여름에 온도가 높은 표수층과 온도가 낮은 심수층, 그리고 두 층 사이에서 온도가 크게 변화되는 변온층으로 나뉘게 된다. 여름 홍수기에 상류 하천에서 저수지로 유입되는 부유사는 큰 밀도를 가지기 때문에 저수지의 바닥을 타고 하층 밀도류의 형태로 저수지 하류로 전파된다. 그러나 밀도류가 성층화된 저수지의 변온층에 도달하면 심수층과 변온층 하층의 낮은 온도로 인해 발생하는 수체의 큰 밀도로 하층으로 더 침투하지 못하고 변온층이나 심수층 상층에서 남아 하류에 중층밀도류의 형태로 전파된다. 대량의 탁수를 하류에 방류하면 하류 수질에 문제가 발생되며 저수시키면 댐 수질 및 심수층 생물체의 태양광 차단 문제가 발생되므로 저수지에서 밀도류의 조절은 대형 저수지 운영에 매우 중요한 사항이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 층적분 모형을 사용하여 대형 저수지에서 발생하는 중층밀도류의 전파 및 선택취수시설을 이용한 밀도류의 차단과 방류에 대해 수치모의하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 중층 밀도류를 수치모의하기 위한 1차원 수치모형을 제시하였으며 소양강댐 상류 소양호에 적용하여 적용성을 검토하고 밀도류의 전파 및 방류에 대해 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.9-13
• /
• 1995

In the stream-aquifer setting, this study evaluated the effects of spatial variability in nonpoint sources and hydraulic conductivity on groundwater outflow concentration history. Monte Carlo experiments based on the advection-dispersion equation were used to determine the statistical moments of groundwater outflow concentration history. The comparison between a spatially distributed model and spatially integrated model (SID) was made in order to examine the possibility of applying SID to the problems of nonpoint source groundwater pollution.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2017.05a
• /
• pp.63-63
• /
• 2017

우리나라에서 홍수기에는 하천에 부유사를 포함한 수체가 침강되어 하층 밀도류 형태로 전파된다. 온도로 성층화가 심하게 되지 않은 댐의 경우 하층 밀도류로 댐체까지 전파되고, 유출되어 하류로 흘러가거나 차단되어 담수된다. 침사용 저수지는 하류에 있는 저수지에 유사 전파를 막기 위해 건설된 댐으로, 이를 잘 관리하기 위해서는 밀도류의 차단에 대한 연구가 필수적이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 층적분 모형을 사용하여 밀도류의 전파와 이에 따른 저수지의 유사 차단 현상을 모의하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 1차원 수치모형을 제시하였으며 실내실험 자료에 적용하여 밀도류의 전파 및 차단 양상을 분석하였다. 모의 결과 소류사는 대부분 상류단에서 퇴적되고, 부유사가 밀도류에 포함되어 하류단까지 전파되고, 차단되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 질량보존과 운동량 보존에 의해 저수지 전체에서 밀도류 두께가 증가되며 담수되는 현상을 확인하였다. 담수된 밀도류의 포집효율에 영향을 미치는 인자를 분석하고, 포집효율에 대한 각 입자의 민감도 분석을 수행하였다.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.11-24
• /
• 2011

A real-time hybrid test of a 3 story-3 bay reinforced concrete frame which is divided into numerical and physical substructure models under uniaxial earthquake excitation was run using a fixed iteration implicit HHT time integration method. The first story inner non-ductile column was selected as the physical substructure model, and uniaxial earthquake excitation was applied to the numerical model until the specimen failed due to severe damage. A finite-element analysis program, Mercury, was newly developed and optimized for a real-time hybrid test. The drift ratio based on the top horizontal displacement of the physical substructure model was compared with the result of a numerical simulation by OpenSees and the result of a shaking table test. The experiment in this paper is one of the most complex real-time hybrid tests, and the description of the hardware, algorithm and models is presented in detail. If there is an improvement in the numerical model, the evaluation of the tangent stiffness matrix of the physical substructure model in the finite element analysis program and better software to reduce the computational time of the element state determination for the force-based beam-column element, then the comparison with the results of the real-time hybrid test and the shaking table test deserves to make a recommendation. In addition, for the goal of a "Numerical simulation of the complex structures under dynamic loading", the real time hybrid test has enough merit as an alternative to dynamic experiments of large and complex structures.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 1994

A fast Hankel transform (FHT) algorithm (Anderson, 1982) is applied to numerical evaluation of many Green's tensor integrals encountered in three-dimensional electromagnetic modeling using integral equations. Efficient computation of Hankel transforms is obtained by a combination of related and lagged convolutions which are available in the FHT. We express Green's tensor integrals for a layered half-space, and rewrite those to a form of related functions so that the FHT can be applied in an efficient manner. By use of the FHT, a complete or full matrix of the related Hankel transform can be rapidly and accurately calculated for about the same computation time as would be required for a single direct convolution. Computing time for a five-layer half-space shows that the FHT is about 117 and 4 times faster than conventional direct and multiple lagged convolution methods, respectively.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2017

This study presents a numerical model for simulating turbidity currents using the ULTIMATE scheme. For this, the layer-averaged model is used. The model is applied to laboratory experiments, where the flume is composed of sloping and flat parts, and the characteristics of propagating turbidity currents are investigated. Due to the universal limiter of the ULTIMATE scheme, the frontal part of the turbidity currents at a sharp gradient without numerical oscillations is computed. Simulated turbidity currents propagate super-critically to the end of the flume, and internal hydraulic jumps occur at the break-in-slope after being affected by the downstream boundary. It is found that the hydraulic jumps are computed without numerical oscillations if Courant number is less than 1. In addition, factors that affect propagation velocity of turbidity currents is studied. The particle size less than $9{\mu}m$ does not affect propagation velocity but the buoyancy flux affects clearly. Finally, it is found that the numerical model computes the bed elevation change due to turbidity currents properly. Specifically, a discontinuity in the bed elevation, arisen from the hydraulic jumps and resulting difference in sediment entrainment, is observed.