• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2009

Xanthii fructus which is well known as "Chang-ihjah" in Korea is the dried fruit of Xanthium strumarium L. (or Xanthium sibiricum PATR. Ex WIDD., Asteraceae. XS). Water extract of this fruit has been used for treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as tympanitis, allergic rhinitis, or ozena as alternative therapy material usually by oral administration in far Eastern countries including Korea. In this study, the effect of XS extract (XS-E) or XS-30% acetone fraction layer (XS-30% AFL) on the differentiation of $CD4^+$ T cells isolated from NC/Nga mouse and the production of IL-17 was investigated. The experimental results showed that $100\;{\mu}g$/mL of XS-E could decrease the production of IL-17 by $CD4^+$ Th17 cells by 2 fold and only $20\;{\mu}g$/mL of XS-30% AFL could inhibit 3.5 fold. The amount of IL-17A and IL-22 mRNA determined by real-time PCR was decreased remarkably when XS-E or XS-30% AFL was treated on $CD4^+$ Th17 cells(p<0.01, p<0.001). The amount of IL-17A protein determined by ELISA was also decreased remarkably(p<0.05, p<0.001). To study the effect of XS-E or XS-30% AFL on the proliferation of Th17 cells, $CD4^+$ T cells of a NC/Nga mouse was firstly differentiated by rIL-6/TGF-$\beta$ and then stimulated by rIL-23. The control group of Th17 cells were doubled every each day, while those of XS-E or XS-30% AFL treated group were shown to be delayed remarkably by these extracts. In conclusion, XS can inhibit the differentiation of Th17 cells of NC/Nga mouse and the production of IL-17 successfully, which may be a beneficial result for the treatment of atopic skin dermatitis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.176-180
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine effect dietary protein and calcium levels on calcium metabolism of the rat. Weaned 6-week old male rats were divided into 4 groups and were fed experimental diets for six weeks. Experimental groups were HPNC group-high protein normal calcium (protein: 400 g/kg diet, calcium: 0.5%), HPLC group-high protein low calcium (protein: 400 g/kg diet, calcium: 0.1%), NPNC group-normal protein normal calcium (protein: 200 g/diet, calcium: 0.5%), NPLC group-normal protein low calcium (protein: 200 g/diet, calcium: 0.1%). The calcium excretion in urine was higher in high protein group than in normal protein group, and it was highest in HPLC group. The activation of alkaline phophatase had a tendency to low in normal calcium group, and the concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) was the lowest in HPLC group. The deoxypyridinoline (DPD) concentration of urine was investigated as the highest in HPLC group and it was significantly lower in HPNC group that consumed normal calcium. The bone density of the femur was the highest in NPNC group and the lowest in NPLC group. As the results of this study, calcium excretion in urine and DPD density were the highest and the bone density was the lowest in HPLC group. It may suggest that the deficiency of calcium causes adversely effect in calcium metabolism upon consuming high protein diet. Therefore, it should be emphasized to consume enough calcium to prevent the hindrance of skeletal metabolism caused by deficiency of calcium upon consuming high protein diet.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.769-778
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• 2014

The rapid urbanization and increase in population due to industrialization have led to the extension of cities and the reduction in naturality as a necessity. Now, it is the biggest threat to virtuous circle of ecosystem. With the expansion of common recognition that this ecological crisis would be accompanied by the crisis of mankind, many countries all around the world are conducting researches to indicate the optimum consumption level of individual as an index in addition to cross-national environmental indicators such as ESI, EPI and SDI, by measuring environmental consumption of state, local government or individual, and comparing each region. Based on this background, this research was carried out to estimate the environmental capacity of 23 local government in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The result of EF estimation showed that EF value necessary for life per head in Gyeongsangbuk-do was 0.9534, and it showed an ecological deficit of 25.3 percent when analyzing it in consideration of the ecological capacity. Also, among the local governments in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Youngduk-gun displayed the highest EF, and Ulleung-gun displayed the lowest EF. But when analyzing the ecological deficit in consideration of the ecological capacity of each region, Gumi-city showed the greatest ecological deficit, and Youngyang-gun showed the biggest ecological capacity. The environmental capacity estimated in this study is to digitize the ecological capacity and ecological deficit of each local government in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The estimated optimum environmental capacity of each local government suggests the scale of environmental preservation and proper development and furthermore, could be used as fundamental data for persuading members of each local government when selecting a location of development facility or preservation area.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.165-177
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of senior welfare centers and the cause of differences among senior welfare centers in that regard, and to investigate influential factors for the differences in efficiency and the size of the influence of the factors. What methods would be effective at assessing the efficiency of senior welfare centers by taking into account their circumstances was reviewed, andpost-hoc analyses were made by using data envelopment analysis(DEA) and DAE/AP Modified prosthetic which were useful tools to evaluate relative efficiency. After 20 senior welfare centers located in Gyeonggi-do were selected, their yearly operating data of 2009 were utilized. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of senior welfare centers. The evaluation data released by the Gyeonggi Welfare Foundation were analyzed by DEA, which is one of nonparametric statistics, and it was possible to obtain significant results on the regional operating efficiency of social welfare centers in 14 metropolitan cities and provinces, the causes and degree of their inefficiency and what areas one could refer to. As the data for the counties were utilized in this study, it's not quite possible to produce accurate results on the relative efficiency of senior welfare centers, but this study could be said to be of significance in that it suggested how to evaluate the overall operating efficiency of senior welfare centers in the counties involving the degree of their operating inefficiency, what improvements should be made and what reference groups there might be and provided information on the usefulness of the DEA model.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the antioxidative and cellular protective effects on HaCaT cells and erythrocytes of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves extract and its fractions. All experiments were performed with 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction of M. oleifera leaves. The free radical scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of the extract and fractions of M. oleifera leaves were in the following order: 50% ethanol extract ($77.10{\mu}g/mL$) < ethyl acetate fraction ($20.63{\mu}g/mL$) < aglycone fraction ($17.00{\mu}g/mL$) by using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. In $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system using the luminol, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities (total antioxidant capacity, $OSC_{50}$) of aglycone fraction ($OSC_{50}=0.63{\mu}g/mL$) was the strongest among all extracts, which was much higher than L-ascorbic acid ($1.50{\mu}g/mL$). In the $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage of erythrocytes, the cellular protective effects of 50% ethanol extract (${\tau}_{50}=46.9min$) and aglycone fraction (${\tau}_{50}=122.1min$) were higher than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}=37.7min$), known as a lipophilic antioxidant at $10{\mu}g/mL$. After cell damage induced by $400mJ/cm^2$ UVB irradiation, the cellular protective effects of ethyl acetate and aglycone fraction of M. oleifera leaves extract were showed on the concentration from 0.20 to $1.56{\mu}g/mL$. These results suggest that M. oleifera leaves extract and its fractions can function as a natural antioxidant agent in cosmetics on skin exposed to UV radiation by protecting cellular membrane against ROS.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.312-323
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• 2011

Objective: This study compared the bone thickness of the palate between lateral cephalogram and 3D model measurements. Methods: The subjects consisted of 30 adults (15 men,15 women) with a normal skeletal pattern and occlusion. The CT images were transformed to a 3D model, and were compared with the cephalometric image. Descriptive statistics for each variable were calculated. Results: In the 3D CT model, the mid-palatal area was the thickest part. It became thinner as the palate tapered laterally. In the male group, the thinnest portion was positioned 6 mm away from the mid-palate, while in the female group the thinnest portion was 8mm away from the mid-palate. Correlation analysis between the lateral cephalometric and 3D CT model revealed a significant correlation except in the mid palatal area and the area 2 mm lateral to the mid-palate in men, whereas there was a significant relationship in every area in the women. In both men and women, the highest correlation appeared in the area 8 mm lateral to the mid palate. Conclusions: Using regression analysis, an actual prediction of the bone thickness between the measured bone thickness of the lateral cephalometric radiograph and 3D model was made. This will provide useful information for mini-implant length selection when inserting into the palate.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to develop and introduce a novel intraoral appliance for bruxism composed of power switch and biofeedback device and further to examine inter- and intra-reliability of the appliance prior to clinical tests. The newly-developed appliance consisted of detection sensors, a central processing unit (CPU), a reactor and a storage unit and a displayer. Compact-sized, waterproof switches were selected as bruxism detection sensor and any sensor activation by clenching or grinding event was processed at the CPU and transmitted, by radio wave, to the reactor and storage unit and triggered auditory or vibratory signal, subsequently producing biofeedback to the patient with bruxism. The data on bruxing event in the storage unit can be displayed on the computer, making it possible analyzing frequency, duration and nature of bruxism. Cast models were obtained from ten volunteers with normal occlusion to evaluate reliability of the appliances. For inter-operator reliability on the intraoral appliances, each operator of the two fabricated the appliance for the same subject and compared the minimal contact forces provoking auditory biofeedback reaction in vertical, lateral and central directions. Intra-operator reliability was also investigated on the appliances made by a single operator at two separate times with an interval of two days. Conclusively, the newly-developed appliance is compact and safe to use in oral circumstance and easy to make. Furthermore, it had to be proven reliability excellent enough to apply in clinical settings. Thus, it is assumed that this appliance with the processor and the storage of data and auditory or vibratory biofeedback function is available and useful to analyze and control bruxism.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.691-709
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• 2011

This study was performed to classify habitat types depending on environmental factors and to find out distribution characteristics of functional feeding groups of aquatic insects which were collected at that habitat types. Field survey was conducted twice in a year for every spring and fall from 2007 to 2008 for 38 sites in the Geum River. During the field survey 15 environmental factors were measured at each 38 sites and analyzed by similarity analysis method to classify habitat types. The result of similarity analysis showed that the 38 sites could be grouped into 7 classes like as C1 and C3 class belong to Head water(HD), C2 and C4 and C5 class belong to Middle stream(MS), C6 and C7 class belong to Large River(LR) based on euclidean distances 4. And also, we could extract the main environmental factors affecting the classification of habitat types such as Stream Width and Elevation of physical environmental factors, Water Temperature, Conductivity and DO of chemical environmental factors, percentages of Sand, Silt and Gravel of substrate factors. Total 142 species of aquatic insects in 46 families, 9 orders were collected during the field surveys and the occurrence number of species and individuals showed high correlation with the Velocity factor and the percentage of Sand factor of each habitat types. In addition, correlation analysis between functional feeding groups and environmental factors represented that (1) Filtering-collectors(FC) affected by Velocity, Stream Width and Silt, (2) Gathering-collector(GC) affected by Velocity, (3) Predator(P) affected by Elevation, Velocity, Boulder, Conductivity and Sand, (4) Plant-piecer(PP) affected by Water Width and Silt, (5) Scraper(SC) affected by Elevation and Conductivity, (6) Shredder(SH) affected by Elevation, Boulder, DO, pH, Conductivity and Water Temperature respectively. As a result of this study, Elevation, Stream Width, Velocity, Conductivity, Water Temperature and percentage of Sand factors which were deduced by stepwise multiple regression analysis had correlations($r{\geqq}0.600$, p<0.01) with biota community inhabitation. Therefore these six environmental factors were regarded as major environmental factors that might affect highly the distribution of functional feeding groups in stream ecosystem of the Geum River.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2009

The effect of water temperature (T) and body weight (W) on oxygen consumption of fasted starry flounder Platichthys stellatus was investigated in order to assess the metabolic response of this species at given conditions. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured under six different water temperatures (4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$) and at two different body weights (mean weight of fry group : 1.5 g; fingerling group : 37.4 g) at an interval of 5 minutes for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. In each treatment three replicates were set up and a total 540 fish in fry groups and 90 fish in fingerling groups were used. The OCRs increased with increase of water temperature in both groups (p<0.001). Mean OCRs at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$ were 1386.0, 1601.7, 1741.0, 1799.2, 2239.1 and $2520.3mg\;O_2\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ in fry groups, and 83.8, 111.4, 126.3, 147.1, 187.7 and $221.3mg\;O_2\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ in fingerling groups, respectively. The OCRs decreased with increasing body weights at six different water temperatures (p<0.001). The relationship between water temperature and body weight is described by the following equation : OCR=1520.91+40.85T-49.22W ($r^2=0.95$, p<0.001). The energy loss by metabolic response increased with an increase in water temperature and a decrease in body weight (p<0.001). Mean energy loss rates by oxygen consumption at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$ were 907.9, 1046.5, 1141.6, 1177.0, 1467.3 and $1650.1kJ\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ in fry groups and 54.8, 73.0, 82.9, 96.2, 122.9 and $144.6kJ\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ in fingerling groups, respectively. The $Q_{10}$ values of fingerling groups were higher than those of fry groups at given temperature ranges. The $Q_{10}$ values at $4{\sim}7^{\circ}C$, $7{\sim}10^{\circ}C$, $10{\sim}13^{\circ}C$, $13{\sim}16^{\circ}C$ and $16{\sim}19^{\circ}C$ were 1.62, 1.32, 1.12, 2.07 and 1.48 in fry groups, and 2.59, 1.52, 1.67, 2.25 and 1.73 in fingerling groups, respectively.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the color stability of new silorane-based composite resin compared with methacrylate-based composite resins after immersion in 3 staining solutions. One silorane-based composite(Filtek P90) and 3 methacrylate -based composites(Filtek Z250, Filtek Z350, Tetric Ceram) were evaluated. Twenty disk-shaped specimens($10{\times}2mm$) of each of 4 composite resins were prepared. The specimens were then divided into 4 groups of 5 specimens each and immersed in 3 staining solutions( coffee, red wine, curry solution) or distilled water(control) for 28-day test period. Color of the specimens was measured with a spectrophotometer(Color Eye 7000A) using CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ color space relative to CIE standard illuminant D65 at baseline, 1day, 3days, 7days, 14days, 21days and 28days after staining. The color differences( ${\Delta}{E^*}_{ab}$) were calculated. The results were obtained as follows ; 1. The mean color changes(${\Delta}{E^*}_{ab}$) of the composites were greatest in curry solution, then red wine, coffee and distilled water, in decreasing order. 2. The mean color changes(${\Delta}{E^*}_{ab}$) of the composites were greatest in Z350, Z250, Tetric Ceram and P90, in decreasing order.