• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 1997

Purpose : Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. Recently, PLD has been drawing much attentions and considered to be associated with cancer Process since it is involved in cellular signal transduction. In this experiment, oleate-PLD activities were measured in various tissues of the living rats after whole body irradiation. Materials and Methods : The reaction mixture for the PLD assay contained $0.1\;\muCi\;1,2-di[1-^{14}C]palmitoyl$ phosphatidylcholine 0.5mM phosphatidylcholine, 5mM sodium oleate, $0.2\%$ taurodeoxycholate, 50mM HEPES buffer(pH 6.5), 10mM $CaCl_2$, and 25mM KF. phosphatidic acid, the reaction product, was separated by TLC and its radioactivity was measured with a scintillation counter. The whole body irradiation was given to the female Wistar rats via Cobalt 60 Teletherapy with field size of 10cmx loom and an exposure of 2.7Gy per minute to the total doses of 10Gy and 25Gy. Results : Among the tissues examined, PLD activity in lung was the highest one and was followed by kidney, skeletal muscle, brain, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, and liver. Upon irradiation, alteration of PLD activity was observed in thymus, spleen, lung, and bone marrow. Especially PLD activities of the spleen and thymus revealed the highest sensitivity toward $\gamma-rar$ with more than two times amplification in their activities In contrast, the PLD activity of bone marrow appears to be reduced to nearly $30\%$. Irradiation effect was hardly detected in liver which showed the lowest PLD activity. Conclusion : The PLD activities affected most sensitively by the whole-body irradiation seem to be associated with organs involved in immunity and hematopoiesis. This observation s1ron91y indicates that the PLD is closely related to the physiological function of these organs, Furthermore, radiation stress could offer an important means to explore the phenomena covering from cell Proliferation to cell death on these organs.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2010

Purpose: Simulation using computed tomography (CT) is now widely available for radiation treatment planning for breast cancer. It is an important tool to help define the tumor target and normal tissue based on anatomical features of an individual patient. In Korea, most patients have small sized breasts and the purpose of this study was to review the margin of treatment field between conventional two-dimensional (2D) planning and CT based three-dimensional (3D) planning in patients with small breasts. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five consecutive patients with early breast cancer undergoing breast conservation therapy were selected. All patients underwent 3D CT based planning with a conventional breast tangential field design. In 2D planning, the treatment field margins were determined by palpation of the breast parenchyma (In general, the superior: base of the clavicle, medial: midline, lateral: mid - axillary line, and inferior margin: 2 m below the inframammary fold). In 3D planning, the clinical target volume (CTV) ought to comprise all glandular breast tissue, and the PTV was obtained by adding a 3D margin of 1 cm around the CTV except in the skin direction. The difference in the treatment field margin and equivalent field size between 2D and 3D planning were evaluated. The association between radiation field margins and factors such as body mass index, menopause status, and bra size was determined. Lung volume and heart volume were examined on the basis of the prescribed breast radiation dose and 3D dose distribution. Results: The margins of the treatment field were smaller in the 3D planning except for two patients. The superior margin was especially variable (average, 2.5 cm; range, -2.5 to 4.5 cm; SD, 1.85). The margin of these targets did not vary equally across BMI class, menopause status, or bra size. The average irradiated lung volume was significantly lower for 3D planning. The average irradiated heart volume did not decrease significantly. Conclusion: The use of 3D CT based planning reduced the radiation field in early breast cancer patients with small breasts in relation to conventional planning. Though a coherent definition of the breast is needed, CT-based planning generated the better plan in terms of reducing the irradiation volume of normal tissue. Moreover it was possible that 3D CT based planning showed better CTV coverage including postoperative change.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2011

Cauliflower mushroom ($Sparassis$ $crispa$) is being cultivated as a functional mushroom since the mushroom contains larger amount of ${\beta}$-glucan than other edible or medicinal mushrooms. In this study, as a fundamental study for the cultivation process of cauliflower mushroom, we assayed the mycelial growth and the productivity of the mushroom cultivated on the sawdust-based medium made of larch ($Larix$ $kaempferi$) by 4 kinds of medium densities and 6 kinds of particle sizes. Low densities of sawdust-based media (0.68~0.72 g/$cm^3$) showed high variations in mycelial growth at early stage on sawdust-based medium. The coefficient of variance for the mycelial growth decreased from higher than 40% at the 3rd week to lower than 10% at the 7th week. High density of sawdust-based medium (0.80 g/$cm^3$) showed relatively lower variation in the mycelial growth at early stage with less than 30% of coefficient of variance, the high density of sawdust-based medium was thought to be quite stable compared to the lower densities of sawdust-based medium. From the viewpoint of mushroom productivity especially for the goods (excluding bottom of fruiting body), 0.76 g/$cm^3$ was better than any other densities; the return rates of fruiting body from each medium were 12.2, 13.6, 13.1, and 12.0% for 0.80, 0.76, 0.72, and 0.68 g/$cm^3$, respectively. By the way, it took about 40 days for harvesting from primordium formation with the sawdust-based medium excluded the particles less than 1 mm, while it took about 70 days with the medium including the particles less than 1 mm. The yield from the sawdust-based medium with the particles less than 1 mm was also quite less than any other sawdust-based medium especially for the goods. Therefore, we recommend that the sawdust-based medium with larch for the cultivation of cauliflower mushroom be prepared as 0.76 g/$cm^3$ in medium density with excluding the particles less than 1 mm.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.365-378
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• 2009

This study performed microbiological hazards analysis in raw food materials, cooking processes, kitchen staff, utensils, and the environment in order to obtain contamination levels of S. aureus in school foodservice operations. S. aureus was not detected in cooked foods offered by the foodservice operations; however, it was found in raw food materials prior to cooking. In the case of vegetables, S. aureus was detected in washed mung bean sprouts, parboiled mung bean sprouts, and bellflower roots both before and after disinfection, at levels of 2.2, 1.0, 1.0, and 1.0 log CFU/g, respectively. For processed foods, S. aureus was detected in one sample of packaged bean curd as well as in mung bean jelly cake at the level of 1.5 log CFU/g. For meat products, S. aureus was detected in beef brisket and chicken at levels of 2.3 and 1.3 log CFU/g, respectively. To determine microbiological hazard data for the hands and gloves of cooking personnel, the staff members were divided into two groups: a group presenting Enterobacteriaceae or coliforms, and another group presenting neither Enterobacteriaceae nor coliforms. The results showed that S. aureus was detected on the hands of staff in each group at levels of 2.0 and 2.1 log CFU/hand, respectively, and at 1.8 and 0.0 log CFU/hand on the gloves of staff in each group, respectively. Among kitchen utensils, as an environmental factor in school foodservice operations, S. aureus was detected on meat knives, mixing bowls, and dish cloths at levels exceeding 1.0 log CFU/hand.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.796-805
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between quality factors and freshness or palatability of Hanwoo beef according to storage condition. The drip loss, cooking loss, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), total viable counts (TVC) and sensorial characteristics of Hanwoo beef (raw and cooked) were investigated during storage for 36 d at 0 and $10^{\circ}C$. The drip loss, cooking loss, VBN, and TBARS were increased during storage period. The correlation between these factors and freshness was shown to be highly significant at both $10^{\circ}C$ than $0^{\circ}C$. Especially, correlation of between the cooking loss and freshness of Hanwoo beef showed high significance (p<0.01) at higher storage temperature. The correlation coefficient between factors such as VBN, cooking loss, and TVC and palatability were decreased with increased storage temperature. As a statistical analysis result, a multiple regression equation of $Y_1=10.768-0.706X_1$ (Drip loss) with $R^2=0.87$ was obtained for freshness evaluation of Hanwoo beef. Also, multiple regression with drip loss ($X_1$) and TVC ($X_5$) increased the coefficient of determination for sensorial palatability ($Y_2$) to $R^2=0.95$ with a regression equation of $Y_2=9.702-0.438X_1(Drip\;loss)-0.232X_5(TVC)$.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.305-335
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• 2005

This paper is a result from validation study for SPDA(A Screening Scale For Potential Drug-use Adolescents) created in 2003 and newly developed during 2004. SPDA aims to screen adolescents in their early stage of drug-use and to help practitioners make a preventive approach for the adolescents. 4307 junior and senior high school students were selected as primary research subjects by stratified and quota sampling methods. 305 adolescents on probation were also selected as a comparison group and asked to answer the same questionnaire. Reliability for SPDA recorded 0.914, which proved to be better than previous year's (0.898). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to test construct validity proved that SPDA could be divided into 7 factors and that each factor structure of SPDA could be a proper measurement model with high level of fitness and factor loadings. Discriminant analysis to test predictive validity confirmed that SPDA could classify the adolescents excellently by the frequency of drug-use, with hit ratio of 86.6 percent(78.8% and 87.4% for junior and senior high school students respectively). For concurrent validity test, Hare Home Self-Esteem Scale, Hare School Self-Esteem, Zuckerman-Kuhlman Sensation-seeking Scale were employed to find correlation with SPDA and all the three scales had significant Pearson correlation coefficients with SPDA. Known-groups validity test indicated that SPDA had an adequate power to classify out adolescents on probation from those in schooling, with a hit ratio of 71.8 percent. Cut-off point to detect adolescents with high risk of substance use was 77, which indicated approximately T score, 55 (0.5 SD), satisfying sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency criteria.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.457-463
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• 2008

Background: The attenuation of the lung parenchyma increases on expiration as a consequence of decreased air in the lung. Expiratory CT scans have been used to show air trapping in patients with chronic airway disease and diffuse parenchymal disease and also in asymptomatic smokers. Although there have been several reports investigating the regional air trapping on a expiratory CT scan, there have been only a few reports evaluating the changes of whole lung attenuation with considering its clinical significance, and especially in healthy subjects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation of an expiratory increase of lung attenuation with age and smoking in healthy subjects. Methods: Asymptomatic subjects who underwent a low dose chest CT scan as part of a routine check-up and who showed normal spirometry and a normal inspiratory CT scan were recruited for this study. We excluded the subjects with significant regional air trapping seen on their expiratory CT scan. Lung attenuation was measured at 24 points of both the inspiratory and expiratory CT scans, respectively, for 100 subjects. The correlations between an expiratory increase of the lung attenuation and the amount of smoking, the patient's age and the results of spirometric test were assessed. Results: There were 87 men and 13 women included in this study. Their median age was 49.0 years old (range:25~71). Sixty current smokers, 24 ex-smokers and 16 non-smokers were included. As age increased, the expiratory increase of lung attenuation was reduced at every measuring points (r=-0.297~-0.487, Pearson correlation). The statistical significance was maintained after controlling for the effect of smoking. Smoking was associated with a reduction of the expiratory increase of lung attenuation. But the significance was reduced after controlling for the patient's age. The $FEV_1$, FVC, $FEV_1/FVC$ and $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}$ were not associated with an expiratory increase of lung attenuation. Conclusion: The expiratory increase of lung attenuation in subjects with a normal inspiratory CT scan was negatively correlated with age. It was also reduced in heavy smokers. It may reflect aging and the smoking related changes.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2010

Purpose: The purposes of this study was to evaluates shear bond strength between zirconia core and veneer-ceramic in order to examine the clinical practice of colored zirconia block fabricated by infiltration method into the metal chloride solution. Material and methods: CNU block and $Everest{(R)}$ ZS blank were used. VITA In-$Ceram{(R)}$2000 YZ Coloring liquid (LL1) and 3 aqueous metal chloride solutions containing chromium and molybdenum ingredients were used. 40 zirconia specimens were prepared into cuboid shape ($5{\times}5{\times}10 mm$). All specimens were divided into 5 groups by infiltrating into the coloring liquids. After that, porcelain was build up into the shape of $5{\times}5{\times}4mm^3$, followed by sintering. The maximum loading and shear bond strength was measured. Failure patterns and failure sites were examined. Results: 1. There were no statistical differences in shear bond strength between zirconia blocks (P > .05). 2. There were no statistically significant differences in shear bond strength between non-colored and colored zirconia blocks, while shear bond strength of non-colored zirconia blocks is higher than that of colored specimen (P > .05). 3. In the comparison with shear bond strength among colored zirconia blocks, there were no statistical differences according to kinds of coloring liquid (P > .05). 4. Mixed failure patterns were mainly observed in the failure between zirconia and veneering ceramic. The veneering ceramic failure of all specimens was observed in either interface of zirconia or veneering ceramic. Conclusion: Shear bond strength between colored zirconia and veneering ceramic shows lower tendency than non-colored zirconia, but there was clinically allowable value.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.206-211
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• 2018

Purpose: Recently, a method of forming a slot in the prosthesis lingual has been introduced to solve the occlusal and aesthetic disadvantages of screw-retained prosthesis in the manufacture of implant-fixed prosthesis and to ensure retrievability in cement retained prostheses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the internal gap on the removal of the prosthesis in the preparation of cement-retained implant prostheses with lingual slots. Materials and methods: Titanium abutment and internal gap of the zirconia prosthesis to be attached to the upper part were set to 30, 35, and $50{\mu}m$, respectively. Three for each type total 15 were produced for each type. The zirconia prosthesis formed a retrievable cement-type slot with a space of 1 mm at the location where the titanium abutment meets the shelf area. Autocatalytic resin cement was used for bonding of abutment and zirconia prosthesis, and the maximum removal stress value was measured in units of Ncm by using the customized equipment of the cemented specimen. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the three groups by statistical analysis (${\alpha}=.05$), modified by post hoc test the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Bonferroni correction method were used to compare the two methods (${\alpha}=.017$). Results: There was no statistically significant difference in removal stress between the $30{\mu}m$ group and the $35{\mu}m$ group in the internal gap (P = .032), and there was a significant difference between the $30{\mu}m$ group and the $50{\mu}m$ group, between the $35{\mu}m$ group and the $50{\mu}m$ group (P < .017). Conclusion: Thus, the internal gap of computer-aided design affected the retention between the zirconia prosthesis and the titanium abutment.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.278-286
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• 2008

Many studies regarding Casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate(CPP-ACP) have demonstrated the remineralization ability on the demineralized enamel surface. A question is still remained that how deep can the calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) ions supplied by the CPP-ACP paste penetrate into the enamel subsurface. The aims of this study were to measure the penetrating depth of Ca and P ions in the demineralized human enamel in vitro, and were to determine the amount and depth of Ca and P ions according to the duration. The amount and depth of Ca and P ions were measured by microscopic observation with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM; LEO SUPRA 55, Carl Zeiss, Germany) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS; GENESIS 2000, EDAX, USA: Linescan of Calcium and Phosphorus). Freshly extracted four human 1st premolars were obtained from the Dept. of Pediatric Dent., Kyung Hee Univ. Buccal surfaces of the 1st premolars were covered with nail varnish to form a window on the middle third of buccal surface. All of the teeth with enamel windows were immersed in a solution of 0.1 M lactic acid, Carbopol C907 (carboxypolymethylene BF Goodrich, Cleveland, OH, USA) at pH 4.8, and then incubated for 7 days. Each tooth crown was sawn in half through the midline of buccal window along the long axis of premolar. The four blocks of premolars were immersed in a 10-times diluted solution of CPP-ACP paste (Tooth Mousse, GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan) for 1, 2, 3 and 5 weeks while the rests were immersed in a placebo solution (distilled water) for the same duration. Each specimen was embedded in epoxy resin, and was sectioned perpendicular to the window, using a water-cooled diamond blade saw. The spectrum density indices of Ca and P were measured in the sound, de- and remineralized enamels by FE-SEM and EDS. The Student's t test was performed to compare the Spectrum Density Indices (SDI) of sound, re-and demineralized enamels, and to compare the differences among the durations. Followings are the conclusion : 1. The penetration depth of the remineralizing ions (Ca & P) of CPP-ACP paste is related to the depth of demineralized enamel (approximately $1050{\sim}1350{\mu}m$). It is revealed that the penetration depth of both ions reaches full thickness of decalcification and even slightly into the sound enamel. 2. The Ca & P levels of remineralized enamels in 1, 2 weeks were significantly higher than those of the sound enamels (p<0.05). 3. No statistically significant difference of Ca & P levels was found in relation with the increasing duration of remineralization (p>0.05).