• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 1996

Soil crusting and hardening as a result of drying after rainfall were examined in relation to seedling emergence by employing five rice varieties (Italiconaverneco, Dadazo, and Galsaekggarakshare, Dongjinbyeo and Sumjinbyeo) and two barnyardgrass species (E. crus-gallj var. oryzjcola and E. crus-galli var. praticola). Sandy loam, loam, and silty loam soils were used. The artificial rainfall of 0, 20 and 40mm were applied after sowing and covering with 4cm soil. Air temperature and solar radiation averaged over 9 days after seeding was 31.3$^{\circ}C$ and 16.9MJ /m$^2$, respectively. Soil strength increased rapidly by drying after artificial rainfall, being greater in soils with greater amount of clay and artificial rainfall. Soil crust was formed on the surface with artificial rainfall in all soils tested. However, soil crust was exfoliated in silty loam and loam soil, and lifted as seedlings emerge. Seedling emergence of rice varieties was decreased by rainfall treatments. Sumjinbyeo and Dongjinbyeo showed much poorer seedling emergence especially in sandy loam soil than the other varieties. Poor seedling emergence of these varieties might have been caused by delayed seedling emergence which had made them expose to greater soil strength. Seedling emergence of barnyardgrasses showed no differences among soil textures and rainfall treatments, because they emerged rapidly before soil crusting and hardening were proceeded enough to hamper seedling emergence. Seedling emergence of Sumjinbyeo and Dongjinbyeo decreased with increasing soil strength averaged over 3 days to 5 days after seeding, being lowered to 80% at soil strength of 1.0kg/cm$^2$ and to 50% at 1.7kg/cm$^2$. Emergence speed of barnyardgrasses was faster than rice varieties, and E. crus-galli var. oryzjcola than E. crus-galli var. praticola. Italiconaverneco and Dadazo showed faster emergence in rice varieties. Galsaekggarakshare showed slower emergence speed than these two varieties with similar seedling emergence percentage. The greater and faster elongations of mesocotyl and incomplete leaf in rice, and of mesocotyl in barnyardgrass were the characteristics responsible for higher seedling emergence rate in the environment examined.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 1996

벼 담수직파재배에서 Pythium arrhenomanes 1398에 의한 벼목썩음병의 발병 억제효과가 높은 biological control agent를 배지와 growth chamber 검정을 통하여 선발하고 생물학적 방제 효과를 온실에서 검정한 결과 공시한 66 세균 중 91-110 균주에 의해서만 벼모썩음병의 발병이 억제되었다. CMA 배지 검정에서는 P. arrhenomanes 1398 균주만을 접종한 볍씨는 100% 발병율을 보인 반면 91-110 균주와 P. arrhenomanes 1398 균주를 함께 처리한 경우에는 25.0%가 발병되었으며, 이 효과는 metalaxyl을 처리한 볍씨에서의 21.7% 발병율과 유사하였다. Growth chamber 검정에서는 P. arrhenomanes 1398 균주만을 접종한 볍씨는 27.7% 모 출아율을 보인 반면 91-110 균주와 함께 처리하면 59.1%가 출아되었다. 그러나 91-110 균주에 의한 발병 억제효과는 50% household bleach로 표면 소독한 볍씨에서만 인정되었으며, 이 소독한 볍씨를 91-110 균주의 세균 부유액에 침지하여 3시간 진탕한 후 그 부유액을 따라내고 24시간 배양한 것이 진탕하지 않고 배양한 것에 비하여 모출아율이 54.3%에서 65.7%로 증가되었다. 91-110 균주와 P. arrhenomanes 1398 균주를 함께 처리한 볍씨의 출아율은 62.3%로서 P. arrhenomanes 1398 균주만을 접종한것의 30.8%에 비하여 높았다. 이상과 같이 담수직파한 벼모썩음병의 발병 억제효과가 높은 91-110 균주는 Bacillus brevis로 동정되었다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2000

This study was conducted to evaluate development of seed pellet technique such as pellet polymer search, the shape formation and hardness, the germination and emergence rate of the pellet seeds for labor-saving and reducing production cost in onion(Allium cepa L.) cultivation. The pellet seeds shape formation was good such as kaolin, clay, ash, and gypsum, and clay was good shape formation but surface of pellet seed was cracked during the drying. PG(pearlite + gypsum) as pellet material and PVA as binder were the best among the material in consideration with shape and hardness together. The hardness of the pellet seeds was affected by polymers, the kinds and concentration of binders, and that degree was large at polymer. The high hardness polymers were gypsum and coal ash, but burned lime was the lowest hardness among the pellet material. The germination(GP) and emergence percentage(EP) of pellet seed with PG in vitro were the highest among the material, and that was 93.6, 91.8%, respectively. The EP of pellet seed with PG at 20, $25^{\circ}C$ were 91.3, 92.0%, respectively, The EP of pellet seed were over the 91%, and those did not show difference with field moisture capacity , and that of 5 and 6mm size seed were the highest as 92%, respectively. and other size seeds showed over 90%, too. The EP of pellet seed with PG was decreasing as increasing the sowing depth, and that of at 10mm sowing depth was the highest as 92.7%. The time to 50% emergence of that under 70% field moisture capacity was 158h, and that was delayed at 20h compare to control seed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2003

To improve the percentage of field germination of Zanthoxytum piperitum DC., storage in ground(control) and several chemicals as treatments was investigated. Germination percentage was 30.3 and 22.7% in GA$_3$(100 ppm) and NaCIO(10%), respectively compared with 17.3％ in storage in ground without treatments. Germination percentage reached maximum between 26 and 33 days after seeding and then increased slowly. Top/Root ratio was the highest at storage in ground after the treatment of GA$_3$ 100ppm.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.632-638
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• 2006

Characteristics of sweet (sugary, su) and super sweet (shrunken-2, sh2) corn seeds shelled by different threshing methods at different moisture content status were studied. Hybrid seeds of a su (Early Sunglow ${\times}$ Golden Cross Bantam 70, GCB 70) and a sh2 (Xtrasweet 82 ${\times}$Fortune) were dried to moisture content of 12, 15, 18, and 21%. Hand shelling did not give any mechanical damages to seeds, while an electrical corn thresher gave some visible mechanical damages. The emergence rate of hand shelled seeds was higher than that of machine shelled seeds by $6{\sim}14%$ for a su and by $9{\sim}18%$ for a sh2 hybrid depending on seed moisture contents in cold test. The optimum seed moisture content to reduce mechanical threshing damages and to improve seed quality was 15% for su and 12% for sh2 hybrid seeds. At the optimum seed moisture contents, germination rate at $25^{\circ}C$, emergence rate in the cold test and ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity were highest, while the percentage of damaged seeds and leakage of total sugars and electrolytes in soaking water were minimized.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.370-375
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• 1996

This study was conducted to find out the feasibility in direct seeded rice cultivation on the reclaimed saline soil. Seedling emergence was tested under the different application rates of rice straw and seeding depth, and also under combined treatments soil moisture regimes and seeding depth on saline soils in a greenhouse. The comparison of seedling stand and yield performance of rice in rotary till after broadcast seeding and in non-plow after broadcast seeding were tested on a field that reclaimed saline soil. Seedling emergence ratio in application of rice straw(4 and 6 tons /ha) was higher than that in non-application of rice straw. Seedling emergence and plant height were remarkably increased with the shallow seeding depth in the application of rice straw(4 tons /ha). The seedling emergence under proper soil moisture condition(25%) was higher than that under excess soil moisture condition(35%). Under proper soil moisture condition, the plant height was increased with the shallowed seeding depth. The number of seedling stand per m$^2$ in non-plow after broadcast seeding was larger than that in rotary till after broadcast seeding. Panicle number per m$^2$ in non-plow after broadcast seeding was much larger than that in rotary till after broadcast seeding and the yield showed the same trends as panicle number.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.35-41
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• 2002

본 연구는 기존 벼 펠렛종자 제조장치의 제조성능 및 제조 벼 펠렛종자 품질향상을 위하여 펠렛재료 공급부, 성형부, 펠렛종자 배출부를 개선 설계 제작하여 그 성능과 제조 벼 펠렛종자 특성을 구명함으로써 직파용 벼 펠렛종자 대량생산을 위한 제조장치 개발의 기초 자료를 얻고자 수행하였으며 그 주요 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 펠렛재료의 일정한 공급과 펠렛재료가 성형 홈으로부터의 이탈하는 것을 줄이고, 펠렛종자의 완전한 배출이 가능하도록 한 벼 펠렛종자 제조장치를 설계·제작하였으며, 벼 펠렛종자 제조장치를 상토 종자혼합비, 성형롤의 회전속도에 따라 실험한 결과 벼 펠렛종자 제조 능력은 성능 개선 전의 펠렛종자 제조장치에 비하언 약 1.7배 향상된 제조능력을 보였으며, 성형률은 최대 약 89 %로 나타나 개선 전의 71%에 비해 18 %정도 성형률이 향상되었다. 그러나, 벼 종자손실률은 약 24% ∼ 49%로 거의 비슷한 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 제조된 벼 펠렛종자의 특성을 분석한 결과 펠렛종자의 구형률은 99.1%로 거의 구형으로 제조됨을 알 수 있었으며, 무게는 제조 직후에는 약 1.70 g, 완전 건조 후에는 1.31 g으로 나타났고, 직경은 약 12.03 mm에서 건조 후 11.53 mm로 축소되었다. 개선 전에 비해 직경과 무게가 약간씩 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 재선된 제조장치에서 펠렛재료가 성형롤의 성형 홈에 압축 공급되고, 펠렛재료의 손실도 적었기 때문으로 판단된다. 제조된 한 개의 벼 펠렛종자 내에 포함된 완전 벼 종자의 개수는 상토 종자혼합비가 커질수록 성형롤의 회전속도가 낮을수록 많아지는 것으로 분석되었으며, 모두 펠렛종자 당 평균 약 3 개 이상의 완전 벼 종자를 포함하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 개선 전에 비하여 펠렛종자 내에 포함된 평균 완전 종자수도 증가하였으며, 3개 이상 완전 종자를 포함한 펠렛종자의 비율도 증가하여 유압에 의한 펠렛재료 공급과 성형롤의 개선효과가 있었던 것으로 보인다. 음지 건조 후 벼 펠렛종자의 압축강도는 약 132 N ∼ 152 N으로 조사되었으며, 개선전에 비하면, 약 30 %가 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 출아율 실험 결과 상토 종자혼합비 6 : 1, 성형롤 회전속도 7 rpm에서 건답직파는 100%, 답수직파는 97 %의 출아율을 보여 만족할 만한 결과를 얻었으나, 그 외의 경우는 거의 90 % 이하의 출아율을 보여 출아율을 높이기 위한 방안이 필요한 것으로 보인다. 본 연구의 벼 펠렛종자 제조장치의 적정운전 조건은 제조된 벼 펠렛종자의 특성과 출아율을 고려해 볼 때 상토 종자혼합비 6 : 1, 성형롤 회전속도 약 7 rpm으로 판단되며, 이 때 제조능력은 시간당 약 65 Kg(펠렛종자 약 39,000 개), 성형률 약 87 %, 종자손실률은 약 30 %, 펠렛종자 내 평균 종자수는 약 5.5 개, 완전 벼 종자 3개 이상 포함 펠렛종자 비율은 약 100 %가 될 것으로 보인다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 1995

Investigated were the relationships between plumule elongation characteristics and seedling emergence of 46 varieties including native, improved and red rice varieties of Korea, and varieties from U.S.A., Italy, India, Japan under 1, 3, and 5cm deep sowing with irrigated and non-irrigated condition. Experiments were carried out in paddy field of sandy loam. There was heavy shower of 19.2mm on the next day of seeding and thereafter, clear and dry weather continued during the experiment period. Soil temperature averaged over 30 days after seeding was $16.4^{\circ}C$ at 3cm depth. Soil hardness increased linearly up to 2.5kg /$cm^2$ on the 14th day after seeding, on which date irrigated plot was irrigated through furrow, and up to 4kg / $cm^2$ on the 28th day in non-irrigated plot. Soil hardness dropped near to 0kg /$cm^2$ after irrigation and developed up to 2.5kg /$cm^2$ again by 28 days after seeding. Seedling emergence was higher in irrigated plots than non-irrigated plots at all seeding depths. Korean improved varieties were substantially lower in seedling emergence under non-irrigated condition of 1 cm deep sowing than those under irrigated condition. This poor seedling emergence resulted mainly from delayed emergence by exposing them to greater soil strength. Percent seedling emergence under irrigated and non-irrigated condition showed signifi-cant correlations at 3 and 5 cm deep sowing. Korean improved varieties belonged to the group of poor seedling emergence, and I taliconaverneco, Chinsura Boro and Weld Pally to best group under both irrigation conditions at 3 and 5cm deep sowing. Seedling emergence showed highly signifi-cant positive correlation with the plumule length of mesocotyl ＋ 1st internode ＋ incomplete leaf and of mesocotyl＋coleoptile. Among the characters constituting plumule length, incomplete leaf length showed greatest positive correlation followed by coleoptile and mesocotyl under irrigated condition at 3 and 5 cm deep sowing, and highest correlation with mesocotyllength followed by first internode and incomplete leaf under non-irrigated condition. Days to 50% seedling emergence at 1 cm deep sowing with irrigation showed great varietal variation of 10 to 30 days, and showed high significant negative correlations with percent seedling emergence under both irrigation conditions except for 1 cm deep sowing with irrigation, Days to seedling emergence revealed sig-nificant negative correlations with plumule characters except 2nd internode, showing highest cor-relation with incomplete leaf length.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 2020

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the selection of an appropriate sowing method in on ginseng growth, and the results are as follows. SAS (semi-automatic sower), commonly used by direct seeding farms, provides fast operation speed but results in high labor cost, while (Hooper Seeder Sowing) offers fast operation speed and high germination rate, but leads to increased laborer's fatigue. Daily working area per sower was 6,611 ㎡ for a motor type, and the operation time to sow 3,305 ㎡ was 15 hours for broadcast planting, and 8 hours for SAS. The germination rate of 1-year-old ginseng according to direct seeding was 69.1% for the treatment plot under broadcast planting, followed by 66.4% and 67.3% for manual sower and hoop sower, respectively, and the germination rate of SAS was the lowest at 64.2%. In addition, there were no differences in shoot and root growth of 1-year-old ginseng among the sowing methods. Therefore, the sowing method can be chosen depending on the economic size of ginseng farmers. That broadcast sowing (BS) is appropriate for small scale farmers, while motor-driven seeder sowing (MDS) for direct seeding is more suitable for large scale farmers.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.81-81
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• 2020

본 연구는 새싹인삼(Panax ginseng sprout) 재배용으로 이용하기 위한 묘삼(종삼)의 장기 저온저장 시 사용되는 필름의 종류가 묘삼의 출아율이나 생육에 영향을 미치는 지 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 포장에 사용된 필름은 다공성물질인 제올라이트와 페그마타이트가 5% 함유된 50㎛ low density polyethylene(기능성 LDPE) 필름과 nylon/polyethylene 80 ㎛(Ny/PE) 필름에 묘삼을 100g씩 포장한 후 골판지 상자에 담아 -2℃의 저장고에서 10개월 동안 저장하면서 8개월째부터 2개월마다 시료를 꺼내어 5℃에서 5일 동안 온도 순화를 시킨 후 1차 조사에서는 육안조사로 실험실에서 건전한 묘삼과 부패 묘삼을 조사하였고, 건전한 묘삼만 새싹인삼 수경재배 농가에 재식한 후 2차 조사로 묘삼의 출아율과 출아된 묘삼이 새싹인삼으로 건전하게 생육한 비율을 조사하였다. 조사결과 Ny/PE 필름에 8개월 저장된 묘삼의 경우 1차 육안검사 시 뇌두부위가 검게 변하여 묘삼이 대부분 고사된 것으로 조사되었다. 필름 개봉 전 필름 내부의 O₂ 및 CO₂ 가스농도를 측정한 결과 O₂ 농도는 1.91%, CO₂ 농도는 38.9%로 측정되었고, 필름 개봉 시 알코올 냄새의 이취가 나는 것으로 보아 Ny/PE 필름으로 포장 된 묘삼이 -2℃의 저온저장기간 동안에도 호흡을 하면서 필름 내 산소를 완전히 소모하고 혐기적인 환경으로 변화시켜 대사활동이 불가능하였기 때문에 뇌두의 싹이 고사된 것으로 조사되었다. 반면 기능성 필름으로 포장한 묘삼은 저장 8개월에 정식 후 74.3%의 출아율을 보였고, 건전한 새싹인삼의 비율은 67.2%로 조사되었다. 정식 전·후 묘삼의 개체수 대비 건전 출아율의 비율은 56.7%를 나타내어 Ny/PE 필름으로 포장한 묘삼의 결과와 큰 차이를 보였다. 기능성필름의 개봉 전 필름 내부의 O₂ 및 CO₂ 가스농도를 측정한 결과 O₂ 농도는 12.9%, CO₂ 농도는 4.6%로 측정되어 묘삼의 저온저장 시 필름을 적용할 경우 공기의 유동이 원활이 이루어져 내부 O₂ 농도를 일정 수준 이상 유지해주는 필름을 사용하는 것이 묘삼의 출아와 생육에 좋은 것으로 조사되었다.