• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.2B
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• pp.177-185
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• 2008

Accurate monitoring of snow cover is a key component for studying climate and global as well as for daily weather forecasting and snowmelt runoff modelling. The few observed data related to snowmelt was the major cause of difficulty in extracting snowmelt factors such as snow cover area, snow depth and depletion curve. Remote sensing technology is very effective to observe a wide area. Although many researchers have used remote sensing for snow observation, there were a few discussions on the characteristics of spatial and temporal variation. Snow cover maps were derived from NOAA AVHRR images for the winter seasons from 1997 to 2006. Distributed snow depth was mapped by overlapping between snow cover maps and interpolated snowfall maps from 69 meteorological observation stations. Model parameters (Snow Cover Area: SCA, snow depth, Snow cover Depletion Curve: SDC) were built for 7 major watersheds in South Korea. The decrease pattern of SCA for time (day) was expressed as exponentially decay function, and the determination coefficient was ranged from 0.46 to 0.88. The SCA decreased 70% to 100% from the maximum SCA when 10 days passed.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.5D
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• pp.821-829
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• 2006

Traffic load comprise primary input to pavement design causing pavement damage. therefore it should be proceeded suitable traffic load distribution modeling for pavement design and analysis. Traffic load have been represented by equivalent single axle loads (ESALs) which convert mixed traffic stream into one value for design purposes. But there are some limit to apply ESALs to other roads because it is empirical value developed as part of the original AASHO(American Association of State Highway Officials) road test. There have been many efforts to solve these problems. Several leading country have implemented M-E(Mechanistic-Empirical) design procedures based on mechanical concept. As a result, they established traffic load quantification method using load distribution model known as Axle Load Spectra. This paper details Axle Load Spectra and presents axle load distribution model based on normal mixture distribution function using truck load data collected by WIM system installed in national highway. Axle load spectra and axle load distribution model presented in this paper could be useful for basic data when making traffic load quantification plan for pavement design, overweight vehicle permit plan and pavement maintenance cost plan.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.503-524
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• 2000

Intercomparisons between four kinds of data have been done to estimate the accuracy of satellite observations and model reanalysis for middle and lower tropospheric thermal state over regional oceans. The data include the Microwave Sounding Units (MSU) Channel 2 (Ch2) brightness temperatures of NOAA satellites and the vertically weighted corresponding temperature of ECMWF GCM (1980-93). The satellite data for midtropospheric temperatures are MSU2 (1980-98) in nadir direction and SC2 (1980-97) in multiple scans, and for lower tropospheric temperature SC2R (1980-97). MSU2 was derived in this study while SC2 and SC2R were described in Spencer and Christy (1992a, 1992b). Temporal correlations between the above data were high (r${\ge}$0.90) in the middle and high latitudes, but low(r${\sim}$0.65) over the low latitude and more convective regions. Their values with SC2R which included the noises due to hydrometeors and surface emission were conspicuously low. The reanalysis shows higher correlation with SC2 than with MSU2 partially because of the hydrometeors screening. SC2R in monthly climatological anomalies was more sensitive to surface thermal condition in northern hemisphere than MSU2 or SC2. The first EOF mode for the monthly mean data of MSU and ECMWF shows annual cycle over most regions except the tropics. The mode in MSU2 over the Pacific suggests the east-west dipole due to the Walker circulation, but this tendency is not clear in other data. In the first and second modes for the Ch2 anomalies over most regions, the MSU and ECMWF data commonly indicate interannual variability due to El Ni${\tilde{n}$o and La Ni${\tilde{n}$a. The substantial disagreement between observations and model reanalysis occurs over the equatorial upwelling region of the western Pacific, suggesting uncertainties in the model parameterization of atmosphere-ocean interaction.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.367-374
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• 2010

Telomeres at the end of chromosomes consist of tandem repeats of (TTAGGG)n DNA sequence and associated proteins. Telomeres have the essential functions in chromosome stability and genome integrity and are hence related to cell senescence and cancer. This study was carried out to quantify the amount of telomeric DNA and establish age prediction equations by using the quantity of telomeric DNA for cattle. Analysis of the telomere quantity of the lymphocytes was performed at different age, across breeds and between different sexes of cattle. We quantified the amount of telomeric DNA by the Q-FISH technique using the telomeric DNA probe in 460 cattle at age of 1~166 months in Korean Cattle and Holstein breeds. In results, we found that the amount of telomeric DNA decreased gradually with age. The amount of telomeric DNA of Korean Cattle was significantly higher than that of Holstein breed (P<0.01). In addition, the amount of telomeric DNA in male was significantly higher than that in female (P<0.01). Using the relationship between age and the amount of telomeric DNA in cattle, age predicting equations were established as a result of regression analysis. Because sex and breeds influenced telomeric DNA quantity, the age prediction equations were estimated separately in Korean Cattle females and Holstein females. The regression equations were $\hat{Y}$=$38.102X^2$-220.103X + 318.309 (P<0.0001, $R^2$=0.8019) in Korean Cattle females and $\hat{Y}$ = $42.799X^2$ - 199.682X + 242.106 (P<0.0001, $R^2$ = 0.8379) in Holstein females, where the X was quantity of telomeric DNA and Y was predicted age in months. These equations predicted the age of cattle with high significance and accuracy and have high R square values. Thus, it could be possible to scientifically predict the age using the above equations for Korean Cattle and Holstein females.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.306-316
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• 2015

An experiment in a controlled environment was conducted to evaluate the genotypic differences of grain yield and yield-related elements of rice under elevated air temperature. Eight rice genotypes included in three maturing group (early, medium, and medium-late maturing group) were grown with 1/5,000 a Wagner pots at four plastic houses that were controlled to the temperature regimes of ambient temperature (AT), $AT+1.5^{\circ}C$, $AT+3.0^{\circ}C$, and $AT+5.0^{\circ}C$ throughout the rice growing season in 2011. Ripened grain ratio and 1000 grain weight showed the most susceptible and tolerant responses to elevated air temperature, respectively. The grain yield reduction was attributable to the sharp decrease of ripened grain ratio. Grain yield was significantly decreased above the treatment of $AT+1.5^{\circ}C$ and $AT+3.0^{\circ}C$ in early maturing group and the others, respectively. Highly correlation to average temperature from heading to 20 days was revealed in yield (r = -0.69), ripened grain ratio (r = -82), fully-filled grain (r = -70), and 1000 grain weight (r = -0.31). The responses of yield and yield-related elements except number of spikelets and panicle to elevated air temperature were fitted to a logistic function. The parameters of logistic function for each elements except grain yield could not be applied to the other varieties. In conclusion, yield and yield-related elements responded differentially to elevated air temperature according to maturity groups and rice varieties. Ongoing global warming is expected to decrease the grain yield not only by decreasing the grain weight but also decreasing the ripened grain ratio in the future. However, the yield reduction would be mitigated by adopting and/or breeding the less sensitive varieties to high temperature.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.5 no.10
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• pp.2575-2583
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• 1998

The productionof the highly relible softwae systems and theirs performance evaluation hae become important interests in the software industry. The software evaluation has been mainly carried out in ternns of both reliability and performance of software system. Software reliability is the probability that no software error occurs for a fixed time interval during software testing phase. These theoretical software reliability models are sometimes unsuitable for the practical testing phase in which a software error at a certain testing stage occurs by causes of the imperfect debugging, abnornal software correction, and so on. Such a certatin software testing stage needs to be considered as an outlying stage. And we can assume that the software reliability does not improve by means of muisance factor in this outlying testing stage. In this paper, we discuss Bavesian software reliability growth modeling and estimation procedure in the presence of an imidentitied outlying software testing stage by the modification of Jehnski Moranda. Also we derive the Bayes estimaters of the software reliability panmeters by the assumption of prior information under the squared error los function. In addition, we evaluate the proposed software reliability growth model with an unidentified outlying stage in an exchangeable model according to the values of nuisance paramether using the accuracy, bias, trend, noise metries as the quantilative evaluation criteria through the compater simulation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.23-34
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• 2004

Video camera can be a useful tool to capture images for use in colorimeter. However the RGB signals generated by different video camera are not equal for the same scene. The video camera for use in colorimeter is characterized based on the CIE standard colorimetric observer. One method of deriving a colorimetric characterization matrix between camera RGB output signals and CIE XYZ tristimulus values is least squares polynomial modeling. However it needs tedious experiments to obtain camera transfer matrix under various white balance point for the same camera. In this paper, a new method to obtain camera transfer matrix under different white balance by using 3${\times}$3 camera transfer matrix under a certain white balance point is proposed. According to the proposed method camera transfer matrix under any other white balance could be obtained by using colorimetric coordinates of phosphor derived from 3${\times}$3 linear transfer matrix under the certain white balance point. In experimental results, it is demonstrated that proposed method allow 3${\times}$3 linear transfer matrix under any other white balance having a reasonable degree of accuracy compared with the transfer matrix obtained by experiments.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.343-352
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• 2011

The developmental period of Laodelphax striatellus Fallen, a vector of rice stripe virus (RSV), was investigated at ten constant temperatures from 12.5 to $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ at 30 to 40% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Eggs developed successfully at each temperature tested and their developmental time decreased as temperature increased. Egg development was fasted at $35^{\circ}C$(5.8 days), and slowest at $12.5^{\circ}C$ (44.5 days). Nymphs could not develop to the adult stage at 32.5 or $35^{\circ}C$. The mean total developmental time of nymphal stages at 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and $30^{\circ}C$ were 132.7, 55.9, 37.7, 26.9, 20.2, 15.8, 14.9 and 17.4 days, respectively. One linear model and four nonlinear models (Briere 1, Lactin 2, Logan 6 and Poikilotherm rate) were used to determine the response of developmental rate to temperature. The lower threshold temperatures of egg and total nymphal stage of L. striatellus were $10.2^{\circ}C$ and $10.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. The thermal constants (degree-days) for eggs and nymphs were 122.0 and 238.1DD, respectively. Among the four nonlinear models, the Poikilotherm rate model had the best fit for all developmental stages ($r^2$=0.98~0.99). The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the two-parameter Weibull function ($r^2$=0.84~0.94). The emergence rate of L. striatellus adults using DYMEX$^{(R)}$ was predicted under the assumption that the physiological age of over-wintered nymphs was 0.2 and that the Poikilotherm rate model was applied to describe temperature-dependent development. The result presented higher predictability than other conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2000

In existing models in optimization, the crisp data improve has been used in the objective or constraints to derive the optimal solution, Besides, the subjective environments are eliminated because the complex and uncertain circumstances were regarded as Probable ambiguity, In other words those optimal solutions in the existing models could be the complete satisfactory solutions to the objective functions in the Process of application for industrial engineering methods to minimize risks of decision-making. As a result of those, decision-makers in location Problems couldn't face appropriately with the variation of demand as well as other variables and couldn't Provide the chance of wide selection because of the insufficient information. So under the circumstance. it has been to develop the model for the location and size decision problems of logistics facility in the use of the fuzzy theory in the intention of making the most reasonable decision in the Point of subjective view under ambiguous circumstances, in the foundation of the existing decision-making problems which must satisfy the constraints to optimize the objective function in strictly given conditions in this study. Introducing the Process used in this study after the establishment of a general mixed integer Programming(MIP) model based upon the result of existing studies to decide the location and size simultaneously, a fuzzy mixed integer Programming(FMIP) model has been developed in the use of fuzzy theory. And the general linear Programming software, LINDO 6.01 has been used to simulate, to evaluate the developed model with the examples and to judge of the appropriateness and adaptability of the model(FMIP) in the real world.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.259-265
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the effect of chick weight in the early growth period on market-weight of Korean native chickens (KNCs). We measured the body weights of 1,087 chickens (male 479, female 608) of 13 KNC strains at 1-84 days of age at two week intervals. The growth performance of the 13 KNC strains was investigated. Correlation coefficients among the weights of chickens in each growth period and regression of market-weight on early chick weights were analyzed. The results showed that the average body weight of 70-day-old KNCs was 1,962g: 2,154g and 1,819.7g for males and females, respectively. The equation for regression of body weight on age was estimated as $\hat{Y}=0.1347X^2+18.738X-40.134$ ($R^2=0.9418$). Using this regression equation, the duration required to attain a KNC market-weight of 2 kg was estimated as 71.8 days. All the correlation coefficients between early chick weight and market-weight were significantly positive. Although the correlation coefficients among the chick weights in each growth period decreased with increase in age interval, early growth weight had a significant effect on late growth performance. The correlation coefficient between market-weight at 70-days and chick weight at 1-day was estimated to be a low as 0.10-0.13. In the estimations of market-weight correlation coefficients, correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination were high in the female and male chicks after 28-days and 42-days of age, respectively. The results of the analysis of correlation and regression between early chick weight and market-weight of KNCs showed that market-weight could be predicted based on the weights of 28-day-old females and 42-day-old males.