• Title/Summary/Keyword: 추세식

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Sixty Years History of the Korean Geographical Society as a Numerical Record (숫자로 본 대한지리학회 60년)

  • Hyong, Kie-Joo
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.40 no.6 s.111
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    • pp.748-761
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    • 2005
  • This study attempts to describe and periodinate the sixty years history of Korean Geographical Society. For the purpose, several numerical records concerned with the society were employed. The Korean Geographical Society was established in 1945 as a first academic society in geography. The international participation of Korean geographers started when it applied for the IGU membership in 1959. Next year, Korean's application was approved at the 19th IGC in Stockholm. The 40 years later, Korea came to host the 29th IGC in Seoul. This means that the activity of Korean geographers has been vigorous during the 40 years in accordance with high growth of Korean economy. The number of the society member reached 116 in the latter part of 1960s. It grew steadily from 1970s to 1990s and now amounts to around one thousand. It is believed that such trend is associated with the increase of geographical department and the development of graduate programs during past 40 years in Korea. The number of the advanced degree holders was only 2 in 1960, and now reachs 338 among which 166($43\%$) obtained from the foreign country. The Int issue of the society journal 'Geagraphy' -the title was changed to 'Journal of the KGS' in 1993-was published in 1963. It has gradually developed into the annual for $1966{\~}1973$, the semi-annual for $1974{\~}1990$, the quaterly for $1991{\~}1997$, and the hi-monthly until 2005. One issue per year has been published in English since 1993. The annual number of papers accepted by the editorial board has increased from 7 in 1960s-1970s to 52 in the new millennium. In terms of the specialty distribution of total 725 papers after 1963, many Korean geographers have been preferable to the field of socio-economic and urban geography as their major, and next histro-cultural and physical geography. Recently, a growing number of younger geographers are more interested in such diversified fields as ecological geography, socio-historical geography, applied geography concerned with GIS technic, geography education and so on. Such trend is a reflection of the new era which is characterized by diversity, software, high technology, globalization and others. The sixty years history of the society nay be summarized into the five phases of periodization: (1) establishment and chaos($1945{\~}1959$), (2) reconstruction(1960${\~}$1969), (3)reorganization(1970${\~}$1989), (4) jump and rush($1990{\~}1999$), (5)globalization($2000{\~}\;$).

Exposure Assessment for Pesticide Residues in Vegetables using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data for Seoulites (국민건강영양조사에 근거한 채소류 섭취에 따른 서울시민의 잔류 농약 노출량 평가)

  • Jang, Mi-Ra;Moon, Hyun-Kyung;Kim, Tae-Rang;Yuk, Dong-Hyun;Hwang, In-Sook;Kim, Moo-Sang;Kim, Jung-Hun;Chae, Young-Zoo
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.44 no.5
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    • pp.443-452
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    • 2011
  • The characteristics of pesticide residues were examined in 18,069 samples from 91 vegetable commodities collected in Seoul from 2007 to 2009, and the vegetable dietary intakes of Seoulites were estimated using the Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey data from 2008. The hazard index was calculated using vegetable pesticide residues and dietary vegetable intake by Seoulites. Detection rates for pesticide residues in vegetables were 11.2 % in 2007, 8.6 % in 2008, and 12.0 % in 2009. Excess rate of Maximum Residue Limits tended to decline from 4.6 % in 2007, to 2.8 % in 2008, and 2.1 % in 2009.Daily vegetable intake for Seoulites was 288.12 ${\pm}$ 214.8 g, and vegetable intake by males was more than that of females (p < 0.001). The hazard index was the highest at $2.76{\times}10^{-2}$ in 2007, and the lowest at $1.69{\times}10^{-2}$ in 2009. The risks caused by multiple pesticides in vegetables were very low and vegetable intake was safe considering the hazard index values.

Location Service Modeling of Distributed GIS for Replication Geospatial Information Object Management (중복 지리정보 객체 관리를 위한 분산 지리정보 시스템의 위치 서비스 모델링)

  • Jeong, Chang-Won;Lee, Won-Jung;Lee, Jae-Wan;Joo, Su-Chong
    • The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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    • v.13D no.7 s.110
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    • pp.985-996
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    • 2006
  • As the internet technologies develop, the geographic information system environment is changing to the web-based service. Since geospatial information of the existing Web-GIS services were developed independently, there is no interoperability to support diverse map formats. In spite of the same geospatial information object it can be used for various proposes that is duplicated in GIS separately. It needs intelligent strategies for optimal replica selection, which is identification of replication geospatial information objects. And for management of replication objects, OMG, GLOBE and GRID computing suggested related frameworks. But these researches are not thorough going enough in case of geospatial information object. This paper presents a model of location service, which is supported for optimal selection among replication and management of replication objects. It is consist of tree main services. The first is binding service which can save names and properties of object defined by users according to service offers and enable clients to search them on the service of offers. The second is location service which can manage location information with contact records. And obtains performance information by the Load Sharing Facility on system independently with contact address. The third is intelligent selection service which can obtain basic/performance information from the binding service/location service and provide both faster access and better performance characteristics by rules as intelligent model based on rough sets. For the validity of location service model, this research presents the processes of location service execution with Graphic User Interface.

Prevalence of Orthostatic Dysregulation in Elementary School Students and Frequency of Individual Symptoms (학동기 아동의 Orthostatic Dysregulation의 유병률과 임상증상의 빈도에 대한 연구)

  • Yang, Eun Seok;Kim, Eun-Young;Moon, Kyoung-Rae;Park, Sang Kee;Park, Young Bong;Rho, Young Il
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.48 no.2
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    • pp.138-142
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    • 2005
  • Purpose : The purpose of the present study was to access the prevalence of orthostatic dysregulation(OD) and the frequency of each category for major and minor criteria among elementary school students using the OD questionnaire. Methods : We carried out inquiry by questionnaire as to the frequency of OD among two elementary schools with 725 students, 10 to 12 years of age, residing in Gwangju, Korea. The questionnaire was made according to criteria proposed by the Japan OD Study Group. Results : Of the 725 students(male 390; female 335) questioned, the OD was found in 338 students (53.5 percent). Prevalence of OD in males(59.2 percent) was significantly higher than in females(46.8 percent)(P<0.05). Palpitation with slight exercise(95.9 percent) was the most frequent major symptom. Headaches(85.8 percent) were the most frequent minor symptom among cases of OD. Conclusion : The prevalence of OD in elementary school students in this study(53.5 percent) was higher than in other studies. Contrary to studies from other countries, the male to female ratio was reversed. Because the diagnostic criteria seem to be dependent on subjective reporting of the symptoms, a newer diagnostic system based on more objective findings should be established.

Enhanced Bioremediation of Phenanthrene Using Biosurfactant (생물계면활성제를 이용한 Phenanthrene의 생물학적 처리)

  • 신경희;김경웅
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.36 no.5
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    • pp.375-380
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    • 2003
  • This study was carried out 1) to investigate the pH effect on solubilization of phenanthrene by biosurfactant in aqueous system and 2) to evaluate the pH effect on the biodegradation rate of phenanthrene in the presence and the absence of the biosurfactant by phenanthrene degraders. Tween 80, which is a chemically synthesized surfactant, showed greater solubilizing capacity than rhamnolipid. The solubilization capacity can be expressed as a MSR(molar solubilization ratio=moles of organic compounds solubilized per mole of surfactant). The calculated MSR of Tween 80 and rhamnolipid were 0.1449 and 0.0425 respectively. The kinetic study of phenanthrene solubilization by rhamnolipid showed that solubilization mechanism could reach equilibrium within 24 hours. Addition of 240 ppm rhamnolipid solution, which concentration is 4.3 times of Critical Micelle Concentration(CMC), caused 9 times solubility enhancement compared to water solubility. The highest solubilities were detected around a pH range of 4.5-5.5. Changes in apparent solubility with the changes in pH are possibly related to the fact that the rhamnolipid, an anionic surfactant, can form different structures depending on the pH. Two biodegradation experiments were performed in the absence and the presence of rhamnolipid, with the cell growth investigated using a spread plate method. The specific growth rates at pH 6 and 7 were higher than at the other pH, and the HPLC analysis data, for the total phenanthrene loss, confirmed the trends in the $\mu$(specific growth rate) values. In presence of rhamnolipid, maximum $\mu$ values shifted from around pH 5 which showed maximum enhancement of solubility in the abiotic experiment, compared to the $\mu$ values obtained without the biosurfactant. In this study, the increase in the observed specific grow rate(1.44 times) was not as high as the increase in solubilization(5 times). This was supported by the fact all the solubilized phenanthrene is not bioavailable to microorganisms.

The Feasibility of the DKUH-75 Left Ventricular Assist Device for Acute Cardiogenic Shock in Pigs (돼지의 급성 심인성 쇼크 모델에서 DKUH-75 좌심실보조키의 유용성에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Seong-Sik
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.40 no.3 s.272
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    • pp.168-179
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    • 2007
  • Background: The recent trend of an increasing number of patients with acute cardiogenic shock or chronic congestive heart failure following myocardial infarction, as well as the considerable number who can not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass after open heart surgery, call for immediate efforts to develop affordable ventricular assist devices that are suitable for the Korean physique. Recently, a pneumatic pulsatile ventricular assist device (VAD), named DKUH-75, has been developed by the Department of Biomedical Engineering, in collaboration with the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery of Dankook University College of Medicine. The feasibility of the DKUH-75 VAD was evaluated on the bases of common hemodynamic variables and echocardiographic measurements in pigs, which are subjected to an acute cardiogenic shock state following myocardial infarction, using a novel coronary artery ligation method employing the ischemic preconditioning concept. Material and Method: Acute cardiogenic shock was induced in 10 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc strain pigs by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery via an ischemic preconditioning process. The hemodynamic variables were monitored, with epicardial echocardiographic measurements performed before and one hour after the ligation. The DKUH-75 VAD was implanted into 5 pigs one hour after the onset of the shock. The hemodynamic variables and echocardiographic measurements were taken one hour after installation of the VAD. Result: The systolic, diastolic and mean systemic arterial pressures were significantly decreased in all the experimental animals one hour after the ligation. The systolic, diastolic and mean pulmonary arterial pressures were increased (Eds note: this completely contradicts the preceding statement? However, if you mean the non-experimental animals this should be stated?). The left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was increased, but the cardiac index decreased, An increase in the left ventricular end systolic dimension and decreases in the fractional shortening and ejection fraction were observed all animals one hour after the coronary artery ligation. In all 5 of the VAD implanted pigs, the systolic and mean systemic arterial pressures were increased, and the pulmonary arterial pressures decreased one hour after the implantation; the LVEDP decreased, but the cardiac index was significantly increased, In the echocardiographic measurements, the left ventricular end systolic dimension decreased after the implantation of the VAD, but the fractional shortening and ejection fraction significantly increased. Conclusion: Significant improvements in the hemodynamic variables and echocardiographic measurements were observed in the 5 VAD implanted animals one hour after installation, which had been subjected to an acute cardiogenic shock state by ligation of the coronary artery, indicating that the DKUH-75 VAD could help in the recovery of the myocardial function. This suggests that the DKUH-75 VAD is feasible in the short term in relation to an acute cardiogenic shock state due to myocardial infarction.

A Novel Chenodeoxycholic Derivative HS-1200 Enhances Radiation-induced Apoptosis in Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells (담즙산 합성유도체(HS-1200)가 인체 유방암 세포주(MCF-7)에서 유도하는 방사선 감작 효과)

  • Lee Hyung Sik;Choi Young Min;Kwon Hyuk Chan;Song Yeon Suk
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.145-154
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    • 2004
  • Purpose : To examine whether a synthetic bile acid derivatives (HS-1200) sensitizes the radiation-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and to investigate the underlying mechanism. Materials and Methods : Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in exponential growth phase were treated with HS-1200 for 24 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$ with 5$\%$ CO$_{2}$ in air atmosphere. After removal of HS-1200, cells were irradiated with 2$\~$8 Gy X-ray, and then cultured Ii drug-free media for 24-96 hours. The effect of radiation on the clonogenicity of MCF-7 cells was determined with clonogenic cell survival assay with 16$\mu$M of HS-1200. The induction of apoptosis was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and Hoechst staining. The expression level of apoptosis-related molecules, such as PARP, Bax, Bcl-2, Bak and AIF, were assayed by Western blotting analysis with 40$\mu$M of HS-1200 combined with 8 Gy irradiation. To examine the cellular location of cytochrome c, bax and AIF immunofluorescent stainings were undertaken. Results : Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 40$\mu$M of HS-1200 combined with 8 Gy irradiation showed several changes associated with enhanced apoptosis by agarose gel electrophoresis and Hoechst staining. HS-1200 combined with 8 Gy irradiation treatment also enhanced production of PARP cleavage products and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio by Western blotting. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential ($\Delta$$\psi$$_{m}$) and increased cytochrome c staining indicated that cytochrome c had been released from the mitochondria in HS-1200 treated cells. Conclusion : We demonstrated that combination treatment with a synthetic chenodeoxycholic acid derivative HS-1200 and irradiation enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). We suggest that the increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio In HS-1200 co-treatment group underlies the increased radio sensitivity of MCF-7 cells. Further futures studies are remained elusive.

Estimation of resistance coefficient of PHC bored pile by Load Test II (재하시험에 의한 PHC 매입말뚝의 저항계수 산정 II)

  • Park, Jong-Bae;Park, Yong-Boo;Kwon, Young-Hwan
    • Land and Housing Review
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2018
  • In Europe and the United States, the use of limit states design has almost been established for pile foundation design. According to the global trend, the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs has established the basic design criteria of the bridge under the limit state design method. However, it is difficult to reflect on the design right now because of lack of research on resistance coefficient of the pile method and ground condition. In this study, to obtain the resistance coefficient of PHC bored pile which is widely used in Korea, the bearing capacity calculated by the LH design standard and the bridge design standard method, the static load test(21 times) and the dynamic load test(EOID 21 times, Restrike 21) The reliability analysis was performed on the results. The analysis of the resistance coefficient of PHC bored pile by loading test was analyzed by adding more than two times data. As a result, the resistance coefficient obtained from the static load test(ultimate bearing capacity) was 0.64 ~ 0.83 according to the design formula and the target reliability index, and the resistance coefficient obtained from the dynamic load test(ultimate bearing capacity) was 0.42~0.55. Respectively. The resistance coefficient obtained from the modified bearing capacity of dynamic load test(EOID's ultimate end bearing capacity + restrike's ultimate skin bearing capacity) was 0.55~0.71, which was reduced to about 14% when compared with the resistance coefficient obtained by the static load test(ultimate bearing capacity). As a result of the addition of the data, the resistivity coefficient was not changed significantly, even if the data were increased more than 2 times by the same value or 0.04 as the previous resistance coefficient. In conclusion, the overall resistance coefficient calculated by the static load test and dynamic load tests in this study is larger than the resistance coefficient of 0.3 suggested by the bridge design standard(2015).

대구지역 대기환경용량평가에 관한 연구

  • Choe, Geun-Sik;Kim, Hae-Dong
    • 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2010.04a
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    • pp.90-91
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    • 2010
  • 우리나라는 산업화와 도시화의 급속한 발전으로 인한 대기오염물질배출시설, 자동차 통행량, 에너지 사용량의 증가 등으로 대기오염물질배출원의 수와 규모가 증대되어 광역도시를 중심으로 대기질이 악화되고 있다. 특히 우리나라의 수도권대기질은 선진국의 주요 도시에 비해 대기오염 상태가 좋지 않은 것으로 평가됨에 따라 정부는 대기질을 OECD선진국 수준으로 개선한다는 목표를 세우고 있으나, 지역의 대기상태 및 그 동안의 대기질 개선을 위해 이행된 정책의 효율성 측면에서 볼 때 사후적인 규제위주의 농도규제 방식으로는 급증하는 대기오염배출시설의 배출량총량 관리가 어렵고, 지자체별로 개별적인 분산관리로는 광역적으로 이동되는 대기오염물질의 관리가 불가능하다. 또한 대기오염과 상관성이 큰 에너지정책, 산업정책, 도시계획 등 관련 정책과의 통합적 접근이 어렵기 때문에 사전에 이를 예방하는 총량관리가 요구되어 진다. 총량규제란 특정지역의 기상, 지형조건 등을 이용하여 대기환경용량을 산출하고 이를 기초로 지역별 배출허용총량을 할당하여 궁극적으로는 오염원별로 대상오염물질의 삭감량을 정하는 제도로 선진국에서는 대기환경용량을 바탕으로 1970년대부터 사업장을 중심으로 배출농도 규제와 함께 총량규제를 병행 실시하고 있으며, 최근에는 자동차에도 실시하고 있다. 우리나라에서도 대기환경보전법 제9조에서 환경기준을 초과하여 사람의 건강이나 재산, 동식물의 생육에 중대한 위해를 가져올 우려가 있다고 인정되는 경우에는 동 지역 또는 특별대책지역 중 사업장이 밀집되어 있는 구역에 대하여 배출되는 오염물질을 총량으로 규제할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다. 또한, 환경부는 2003년도에 서울, 인천, 경기도내 19개시 지역을 대상으로 대기오염물질의 배출총량을 관리하는 대기오염총량제 실시를 포함한 '수도권대기질개선에관한특별법'을 제정하였고, 현재는 사업장에게 연도별 배출허용총량을 할당하고, 할당량 이내로 오염물질을 배출하도록 관리하는 사업장 대기오염물질총량관리 제도로 시행 중에 있다. 그러나 수도권대기질개선특별대책을 수립하면서 총량관리의 본격 이행 및 배출권 거래제도 도입에 대한 특별법안이 제정되고 부분적으로 시행되고 있으나, 우리나라에 총량관리를 본격 이행하는데 있어서의 필요한 준비여건은 아직 초기 단계이고, 관련 연구의 수행실적 또한 수도권에 제한되어 적은 편이다. 따라서 현재는 총량관리가 수도권에 국한하여 실시되고 있으나, 점차 타 도시까지 광역적으로 확대될 것으로 예상되는 바 이에 필요한 제반 사항들에 대한 조사 분석을 통하여 정책방향을 설정하는 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것이다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구에서는 대구지역을 대상으로 대기오염농도 및 대기오염물질 배출량에 대한 현황조사를 실시하고, 이를 토대로 고농도가 자주 발생되거나 그러할 가능성이 높은 $NO_X$을 대상으로 대기오염기여도를 평가하고 대기확산모델을 통한 대기환경용량을 산정하였다. 대기오염농도 현황을 살펴본 결과, 대구지역의 대기오염은 $NO_2$, $SO_2$, CO는 전형적인 1차오염물질의 변화경향을 보였으며, $PM_{10}$는 봄철에 황사의 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 나타나 실제 대구지역에서 배출되는 양을 추정하기 힘든 것으로 판단된다. 또한 $NO_2$는 공업, 상업지역에서 $SO_2$$PM_{10}$는 공업지역, CO는 상업지역, $O_3$은 교외지역에서 높은 농도를 나타내는 것으로 파악되었다. 대구지역의 대기오염물질 배출량 현황은 CO가 47%, NOX가 43%로 전체 배출량의 90%를 차지하였고, 2005년 이후 $NO_X$는 감소하고 $SO_X$가 증가하는 추세이다. 또한 배출원대분류 중도로 및 비도로이동오염원에서 발생되는 선 오염원이 75%로 대구지역에서 가장 크게 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. ISCST3 대기확산모델을 이용하여 대기환경용량을 산정하기위하여, 먼저 대구지역의 대기환경용량평가는 가시적인 위해성이 높고 개선정책이 용이한 $NO_X$을 대상물질로 선정하였고, 배출량과 오염농도간의 상관도가 0.659로 높은 것으로 판단되어, 배출량을 삭감하였을 때 대기오염농도의 개선이 명확히 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다음으로, 단위격자 당 한계배출율을 알아내는 작업을 실시하여, 대구지역을 동일하게 장기환경기준 80%수준인 22.4ppb를 만족시키기 위한 한계배출율은 2.23g/s가 필요한 것으로 파악되었고, 산출한 한계배출율을 이용하여 장기환경기준치 80%수준 달성을 목표로 하는 경우의 대기환경용량을 산정하고 실제 배출량과 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 대구지역 전체의 환경용량은 약 3만 톤으로 실제 배출량 2만2천 톤에 약 8천 톤 이상의 여유가 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 그러나 구역별로 상이한 차이를 보였으며, 이에 따른 구역별 개선정책이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 대기환경용량을 파악한 후 단위격자 당 한계배출율을 초과하는 대상 지역을 추출하여 삭감한 결과 초과배출량의 80%를 삭감해야 대구지역 전체에서 50ppb이하 농도가 되는 것을 알 수 있었는데, 실제로 초과배출량의 80%를 삭감하는 것은 어려움이 있다고 판단되어, 대구지역을 동일한 %율로 삭감한 결과 30% 삭감했을 때 50ppb수준을 달성하였고, 50%삭감했을때 2007년 환경기준인 30ppb수준을 달성하였다. 또한 배출원대분류 중 기여율이 높은 도로와 비도로오염원을 50%삭감한 결과 도로이동오염원의 삭감만으로도 상당한 고 배출지역의 농도저감에 효과가 있는 것으로 파악되고, 비도로오염원을 포함하여 삭감하였을 때는 대구지역 전체에서 50ppb이하로 내려가는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 따라서 향후 총량규제의 실시에 맞추어 대구지역의 실제적인 환경용량의 정확한 파악과 고배출지역에 대한 삭감방법에 관한 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다. 이 연구 결과는 앞으로 시행될 지역총량규제에 대한 기초적인 방법론으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

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The Study on Aviation Crime in Aviation Safety and Security Act of Korea ("항공안전 및 보안에 관한 법률"에 있어서 항공범죄에 관한 연구)

  • Hwang, Ho-Won
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.27-54
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    • 2010
  • Soon after September 11 attacks in 2001, there were strong demands in Korea on making relevant laws and regulations on aviation security, and Korean parliament legislated "Aviation Safety and Security Act"to fulfill the demands on safety and security of aircrafts during aviation. However, the current Aviation Safety and Security Act seems to have many problems which do not meet the practical needs in Korea, because there were not enough considerations on the practical needs and extinguishable national circumstances on civil aviation system in Korea, but only regarded the relevant international conventions and foreign practices on it. In this context, it is necessary to amend several provisions in Aviation Safety and Security Act to enhance more practical efficiencies in its implementation through systematization of the provisions on crimes which may happen during aviation. In this context, this article argues two main issues. First, Article 39 of Aviation Safety and Security Act does not express whether it is possible to punish the attempt of crime of causing damage to aircraft. Therefore, regarding a principle of legality, it is impossible to punish the perpetrator even when coincidently failed to destruct or damage aircraft. In this context, this article argues that the necessity to introduce the possibility to punish the attempt of crime of causing damage to aircraft. Second, regarding Article 160 of Civil Aviation Act of Korea, current Aviation Safety and Security Act should be amended by guaranteeing the culpability of negligence of crime of causing damage to aircraft.

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