• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.113-123
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• 2008

We have analyzed a long term data of marine environments, red tide information and meteorology acquired by NFRDI and KMA, in order to understand the characteristics of marine environments in the Narodo coastal waters which is known to be the first outbreak region of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms. During the period of from 1992 to 2007, Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms have first occurred more often in August. However, the outbreak time of the blooms tended to be earlier annually, and in addition, the surface salinity also had a tendency to increase. Consequently, it suggested that there might be a relationship between the transition of the outbreak time of the blooms and salinity. On the other hand, insolation was relatively rich but precipitation was relatively scarce in Gohung Province, compared to Yeosu or Tongyeong, when Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms first occur in Narodo coastal waters. Average water temperature and salinity in August in Narodo coastal waters were all higher than those in Gamak and Jinhae bays, suggesting that Narodo coastal waters are a region of relatively high water temperature and high salinity. Also, concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll- a were significantly low than those in Jinhae Bay, which is known to be a eutrophicated region, while the overall water quality seemed to be similar to Gamak Bay. The results of PCA(Principal Component Analysis) proved that insolation and water temperature are the most important factors for the outbreak of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in Narodo coastal waters while concentrations of COD and dissolved oxygen are secondly important. Furthermore, typhoons also appeared to be one of most important factors for the outbreak of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.237-241
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 한국 남해해역의 해양환경 중 해수표면온도의 변화와 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조의 시공간 분포가 밀접한 관련성을 가지고 있음을 파악하였다. GIS와 원격탐사기술은 한국 중남부해역에 적용되었고, 이 지역은 매년 하계에 적조가 최초로 발생하는 지역이다. 해수표면온도를 포함한 적조의 이동 경향을 비교하기 위해 현장조사에 의한 적조 분포가 조사선에 의해 수집되어졌다. 또한, 적조의 위성영상과 해수표면수온 분포를 Landsat 위성자료를 통해 획득하였다. 위성자료에 의해 추정된 적조의 분포와 해수표면온도분포는 유사한 패턴을 나타내고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 여름철에 한반도 남동부 연안해역에서 나타나는 적조의 분포와 이동경향은 이 지역의 해수온도 분포의 시공간적인 분포에 밀접한 관계가 있다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.129-136
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• 2014

This study deals with red tide detection by using the remote sensing imagery from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), the world's first geostationary orbit satellite, around the southern coast of Korea where the most severe red tide occurred recently. The red tide zone was determined by the available data selection from the GOCI imagery during the period of red tide occurrence and also the severe red tide zone was detected through the spatial analysis by temporal change out of the red tide zone. This study results showed that the coast in the vicinity of the Hansan and Yokji in Tongyeong-si was classified into the severe red tide zone, and that the red tide was likely to spread from the coast of Hansan and Yokji to the one of Sanyang-eub. In addition, the comparative analysis between the area of red tide occurrence, the prevention activities of Gyeongsangnam-do provincial government and the amount of the damage cost over time showed close correlation among them. It is still early to conclude that the study is showing the severe red tide zone and the spread path exactly due to various factors for red tide occurrence and activities. In order to improve the reliability of the results, the more data analysis is required.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.258-260
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• 2023

목포해양대학교와 삼성중공업은 2021년 공동 연구를 통하여 '실습선 기반 원격/자율 운항 선박 시스템 개발 및 검증'을 수행하였고 이를 통하여 목포해양대학교 실습선인 세계로호를 활용하여 삼성중공업의 자율운항 선박 시스템(Autonomous Navigation System)인 SAS의 Test Bed 시연 실험 시스템을 구축하여 2022년 자율운항 선박(MASS) 기술 요소에 대한 시뮬레이션 기반 SAS(Samsung Autonomous Ship) System 검증 및 '운항 노선에 대한 설정을 통한 선박 자율운항 검증'을 위한 실선·실해역 실험을 통해 이를 시연 및 검증을 시행하였다. 특히 의미 있는 것은 자율운항선박 실선 테스트 과정 중 발생할 수 있는 모든 위험요소 분석을 위해 한국선급과 HAZID Workship을 실시하였고, 이를 통해 국내최초 자율운항실험용 기국 승인 및 선급임시검사 완료 후 실험이 진행되었다는 것이다. 이 연구에서는 실습선 기반 자율운항 선박 실해역 실험 연구를 소개하고 그 결과를 운항자 입장에서 분석하여 향후 보완하여야 할 사항을 제시하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers Conference
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• 1991.07a
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• pp.1-5
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• 1991

1572년도에 발표된 두 수치모형 중 하나인 쌍곡형모형은 조석수치모형에 사용되는 수심적분된 두 방정식 (연속방정식과 운동량보존식)과 유사한 형태의 기본식을 사용하는데, 최초에 Ito and Tanimoto (1972)가 발표한 수식을 파의 군속도가 파속에 일치하지 않는 해역에서 오차가 발생한다.(중략)

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.68-77
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• 2002

We investigated the outbreak, maintenance, and decline of the red tide dominated by C. polykrikoides in the coastal waters off Southern Korea from August to October, 2000, by combining field data and NOAA satellite images. In general, the C. polykrikoides blooms, which have occured annually in Korean coastal waters from 1995 to 1999, initiate between late August and early September around Narodo Island and expand to the whole area of the southern coast. However, initiation and short-term change of the bloom of 2000 were quite different from the pattern observed previously. In mid-August, thermal fronts in sea surface temperature(SST) were formed: 1) between the Tsushima Warm Current Water (TWCW) and the Southern Korean Coastal Waters (SKCW), 2) between the jindo cold water mass and the southwestern coastal waters, and 3) between the upwelled cold waters in the southeast coast and the offshore warm waters. Free-living cells of C. polykrikoides were concentrated in these frontal regions. In late August, the thermal front TWCW-SKCW approached the mouth of Yeosuhae Bay where Seomjin River water and anthropogenic pollutants from the Industrial Complex of Gwangyang Bay are discharged. In the blooms of 2000 initiated in Yeosuhae Bay in late August, the dominant species, C. polykrikoides, co-occured with Alexandrum tamarense, Gymnodinium mikimotoi, Skeletonema coastatum, and Chaetoceros spp. Two typhoons, 'Prapiroon' and 'Saomai' during and the C. polykrikoides bloom probably affected the abundance of this species. After the former typhoon passed the Korean Peninsula, cell growth of C. polykrikoides was maximal, but after the latter typhoon, the C. polykrikoides bloom disappeared (20 September). On 5 October, the blooms dominated by C. polykrikoides broke out within the coastal waters of Jinhae Bay and Hansan-Keoje Bay. NOAA satellite images showed that the isothermal line of 22$^{\circ}C$ extended into Jinhae Bay. In this bloom, C. polykrikoides also occurred simultaneously with Akashiwo sanguinea(=Gym-nodinium sangunium), a common red tide-forming dinoflagellate species in fall and winter in these coastal bays.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.139-150
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• 2003

There was a close relationship between spatio-temporal distribution of Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tide and meso-scale variation of oceanographic environment around the Korean waters. Oceanographic conditions of Narodo island, where red tide usually first occurred during summer seasons were formation of the thermohaline frontal zone from 1995 to 2001. Huge C. polykrikoides red tides were observed in every uneven year during the past 7 years (1995~2001) and quasi-biennial oscillation also occurred in the oceanographic variations of sea surface temperature and salinity in the northern part of the East China Sea during the same years. The distribution area and moving pattern of C. polykrikoides red tides were definitely depended on the temporal and spatial variation of upwelling cold water originated form the southeastern coast of the Korean peninsula in summer season.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.223-226
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• 2007

해상에서의 조난통신은 최초의 모오스부호에 의한 조난통신에서 무선전화에 의한 조난통신을 거쳐 현재는 디지털선택호출장치에 의한 조난통신방식으로 변화하고 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 대부분의 해안국 운용체제는 아직도 무선전화에 의한 조난통신 처리 방식에 주로 의존하고 있어 디지털선택 호출장치에 의한 조난통신 처리를 위한 개선이 시급하다. 여기에서는 우리나라 해역에서 발생하고 있는 조난신호의 통신방식별 송수신 현황 및 우리나라 해안국의 설치 현황을 분석하고 각 해안국의 통신권에 대한 시뮬레이션을 토대로 해안국의 조난통신을 위한 운용상의 문제점과 효율적인 조난통신을 위한 해안국의 연계 방안 및 디지털선택호출장치에 의한 효율적인 조난신호 처리 절차에 대하여 제안하였다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.69
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• pp.225-230
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to examine the fluctuation in phytoplankton assemblages with regarding to environmental conditions and nutrients, which were surveyed quarterly over the fours seasons (February, May, July, and October). In turn, an understanding of biological effects should provide insights into a wide range of initiated Cochlodinium blooms in Narodo. Sampling was carried out throughout 2001 on the coasts of Busan (St. 1), Yeosu (St. 2), Narodo (St. 3), Kohung (St. 4), and Kwangdo (St. 5). The maximum surface water temperature was recorded in July, and it ranged from 20 to $22^{\circ}C$. Salinity showed no great variation, which maintained itself in the range of 29-34 psu. The maximum surface salinity was recorded in February, which was about 34 psu. The chlorophyll $\alpha$ concentration of the surface water ranged from 0.01 to $1.3\;{\mu}g\;1^{-1}$. The concentrations of $NH_{4}-N $ were persistently high from February to October; in particular, the peak was observed at St. 1 in February and May (0.15 and $0.19\;{\mu}mol\;1^{-1}$, respectively), while it was detected at St. 2 in July and October (0.22 and $2.2\;{\mu}mol\;1^{-1}$ respectively). Similar trends to those for $NH_4-N $ were observed in the concentrations of $NO_{2}-N$ and $NO_{3}-N$. In contrast to nitrogen, a distinct peak of $NO_{4}-P$ at St. 3, 4, and 5 was observed throughout year $(0.01-0.1\;{\mu}mol\;1^{-1}$ except for October. At St. 1 encounter a peak of cell number of 30,000 and $13{\times}10^3$ cells $1^{-1}$, respectively, in July and October. During the period of this study, the majority of the taxa were diatoms. The dinoflagellates were rather abundant after February, in particular at St. 3, 4, and 5 which attained an abundance of $10\~20\%$without marked fluctuation during the period of this study. At St. 3, the highest average cell width, $178.11\;{\mu}m$, was recorded: the highest cell length, $337.72\;{\mu}m$, was measured in July. Consequently, dinoflagellates bloom in July at Narodo influenced by warm water current are not only associated with a desirable development of cell morphometric characteristics, but also with the health growth of C. polykrikoides. During the period of this study, warm water currents caused an increased water temperature in Narodo, but did not change the amount of nutrients.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.691-696
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• 2001

The first bloom of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was observed in the estuary of Nak-dong river near Pusan in Korea in 1982. Since then, there have been irregular blooms, sometimes spread over the adjoining .to Jinhae Bay even though it was confined to the bay and its vicinites until 1988. It had been outbroken frequently in the adjacent to Tongyeong, Geoje, Namhae and Yeosu coast since 1989. It became widespread along the coast of the South Sea to the East Sea of Korea in 1995. And in October in 1998 and 1999, the bloom had been taken place in Kunsan coast of Yellow Sea. According to the observations in situ, the frequency of occurrence has been increased year by year. The prevailing bloom season was from July to October with peak in September. The duration of the bloom became longer with the year, and sometimes lasted more than one month. The density of the bloom did not exceed 5,000 cells $mL^{-1}$until 1991, but it increased year by year to the highest of 43,000 cells $mL^{-1}$ in 1999. With respect to the assembleges of species in dinoflagellate blooms, C. polykrikoides was one of the important species with diatoms and the other dinoflagellates in 1980s. But since then, C. polykrikoides made an almost monospecific bloom. Based on two decadal observations of C. polykrikoides blooms, it became widespread throughout whole coast of the Korea, persistent for about one or two month long in some year, and monospecisc high density blooms. It was reported that significant fish mortalities were caused by this harmful dinoflagellate blooms especially in the fishfarms accomodating intensive fish cages such as Tongyeong, Namhae-do, Geoje, Yeosu and Geomun-do fishfarming yards. This widespread and persistent harmful algal blooms impede the development of marine aquaculture industries.