• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.423-434
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• 2022

The two previously developed artificial diets (N4 and N6) used for rearing Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae) larvae, were selected as highly-fit ones for rearing Mythimna loreyi larvae. Almost all biological characteristics were not significantly different between the colonies reared on the two diets at 25℃ and 15:9 h (light:dark) photoperiod. The developmental periods were 4.9-5.2 days for eggs, and 22.3-23.2 days for larvae. The pupal period and weight were different between the sexes in each diet colony. The pupal periods in females and males showed 12.6-12.8 days and 14.1-14.5 days, respectively. The pupal weights were ca. 345 mg for females and ca. 380 mg for males. The pupation and emergence rates were ca. 91-94%, and ca. 91-95%, respectively, without significant differences between the two colonies. The pre-oviposition and oviposition periods were 3.4 days and 4.7-4.8 days, respectively. The adult longevity was 8.2 days in females and 10.3-12.4 days in males. Total offsprings produced were found to be 724-847 larvae on an average with ca. 1,400 maximum larvae. In the life table analysis, the intrinsic rates of increases (0.1181 for N4 and 0.1253 for N6) were not significantly different between the two colonies. Individual differences in the larval instar number 5 and 6 were found within a diet colony. The ratios of 5-instar larvae were ca. 22% in N4 colony and ca. 7% in N6 colony. The larval period of 6-instar larvae was longer than that of 5-instar larvae. Width of head capsule in larvae varied from ca. 309 ㎛ for 1st instar to ca. 3,065 ㎛ for 6th instar. Body lengths measured from ca. 2.0 mm for 1st instar to ca. 29.1 mm for 6th instar. Larvae of M. loreyi and M. separata were found at the same time in a maize field during June and July, 2020.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the biological characteristics of the brown lacewing Micromus angulatus (Stephens) at four different temperatures (15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$) and $70{\pm}10%$ relative humidity under a photoperiodic regime of 16:8(L:D) h. The developmental threshold and effective accumulative temperature from egg to pupa for M. angulatus were $9.6^{\circ}C$ and 270.3 day-degrees, respectively. The developmental period of egg, larva, and pupa at $25^{\circ}C$ was 4.4, 5.5, and 6.9 days. respectively. The longevity of an adult female M. angulatus was 34.9 days. The oviposition period for M. angulatus was 28.7 days, in which it laid a total number of 515.2 eggs during its life span. The maximum number of eggs laid by a female in a day was 54.8. Daily consumption by M. angulatus at $25^{\circ}C$ was 18.9 $1^{st}$ instars, 47.2 $2^{nd}$ instars, 57.7 $3^{rd}$ instars, and 91.0 adults of the glasshouse potato aphid, Aulacorthum solani. Therefore, M. angulatus could be a promising biological control agent against aphids.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.152-159
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• 2001

Electric vehicle performance is very dependent on traction batteries. For developing the electric vehicles with high performance and good reliability, the traction batteries have to be managed to get maximum performance under various operating conditions. The enhancement of the battery performance can be accomplished by implementing battery management system (BMS) that plays important roles of optimizing the control mechanism of charge and discharge of the batteries as well as monitoring battery status. In this study the battery management system has been developed for maximizing the use of Ni/MH batteries in electric vehicle. This system provides several tasks: the control of charging and discharging, overcharge and over-discharge protection, the calculation and display of state of charge, safety and thermal management. The BMS was installed in and tested using the DEV5-5 electric vehicle developed by Daewoo Motor Co. and Institute for Advanced Engineering in Korea. The 18 modules of Panasonic Ni/MH battery, 12 V-95 Ah, were used in the DEV5-5. The high accuracy within the range of $3\%$ and the good reliability were shown in the test results. The BMS can also improve the performance and cycle life of Ni/MH battery pack as well as the reliability and safety of the electric vehicles (EV).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.1 s.138
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• pp.43-50
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• 2005

Parasitism of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens, to its main host insect, the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis in Korea was compared with that of T. ostriniae that is the dominant species in China on the same host insect. Parasitoid adults of both species emerged more than 50 percent within 4 hours after lights-on in 16L/8D photo period regime and showed a circadian rhythm of emergence. The developmental period from oviposition to emergence in both parasitoids was ca. 11 days and there were no significant differences between the two species and between female and male of each species, either. Both species also showed superparasitism even when the parasitic rates in one egg mass were below 100 percent. Both species oviposited by 5 days after emergence, and maximum longevities of each female adult of both species were 8 day for T. evanescens and 6 day for T. ostriniae. The total number of eggs parasitized by T. evanescens was ca. 38 eggs and ca. 31 eggs by T. ostriniae. Newly emerged female parasitoid laid eggs on about $50\%$ of the host insect egg mass, and the parasitism decreased with the adult age of egg parasitoids in both species. The sex ratio of two species was female-biased about $80\%$.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2011

The practice of asphalt pavement recycling has grown rapidly over the decade, one of which is the cold in-place recycling with the foamed asphalt (CIR-foam) or the emulsified asphalt (CIR-emulsion). Particularly, in Iowa, the CIR has been widely used in rehabilitating the rural highways because it significantly increases the service life of the existing pavement. The CIR layer is typically overlaid by the hot mix asphalt (HMA) to protect it from water ingress and traffic load and obtain the required pavement structure and texture. Most public agencies have different curing requirements based on the number of curing days or the maximum moisture contents for the CIR before placing the overlay. The main objective of this study is to develop a moisture loss index that the public agency can use to monitor the moisture content of CIR layers in preparation for a timely placement of the wearing surface. First, the moisture contents were measured in the field using a portable time domain reflectometry (TDR) device. Second, the weather information in terms of rain fall, air temperature, humidity and wind speed was collected from the same location. Finally, a moisture loss index was developed as a function of initial moisture content, air temperature, humidity and wind speed. The developed moisture loss index based on the field measurements would help the public agency to determine an optimum timing of an overlay placement without continually measuring moisture conditions in the field.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3472-3480
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• 2010

The Clustering technology of Energy efficiency wireless sensor network gets the energy efficiency by reducing the number of communication between sensor nodes and sink node. In this paper, First analyzed on the clustering technique of the distributed clustering protocol routing scheme LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) and HEED (Hybrid, Energy-Efficient Distributed Clustering Approach), and based on this, new energy-efficient clustering technique is proposed for the cause the maximum delay of dead nodes and to increase the lifetime of the network. In the proposed method, the cluster head is elect the optimal efficiency node based on the residual energy information of each member node and located information between sink node and cluster node, and elected a node in the cluster head since the data transfer process from the data been sent to the sink node to form a network by sending the energy consumption of individual nodes evenly to increase the network's entire life is the purpose of this study. To verify the performance of the proposed method through simulation and compared with existing clustering techniques. As a result, compared to the existing method of the network life cycle is approximately 5-10% improvement could be confirmed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2013

This study investigated the quality changes of Samgyetang during storage, resulting from various degassing methods used at the packaging stage. Three different samples were prepared, one without any treatment (CON), a second with reduced head space volume by squeezing the pouch (RHS), and a third by flushing with nitrogen gas (NGF). These were retorted at $120^{\circ}C$ for 65 min under the F-value of approx. 8.0, and stored at $25^{\circ}C$ for 9 months. The oxygen ratio in the head space and the dissolved oxygen content of NGF samples tended to be lower than those of other samples over the storage period. Compared to the CON, the acid values of NGF and RHS samples were lower than the CON from month 3 and 6 (p<0.05). During storage, volatile basic nitrogen values of NGF and RHS samples increased slowly compared to the CON. To delay quality deterioration and extend the shelf-life of Samgyetang products, the reduction of oxygen content in the head space of the retort pouch (preferably by flushing with nitrogen gas) is recommended, even though no significant differences in sensory evaluation were observed among the samples during 9 months of storage (p>0.05).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.453-458
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• 2016

While the design of weirs requires a scour-considered strategy, research on the analysis of the effectiveness of hydraulic energy dissipaters and design criteria are scarce due to the limited experimental facilities and restraint in the experiment conduction period. The study analyzed the scour dissipation effect of multidirectional dissipaters to improve the scour problems of a weir downstream and suggests design criteria to minimize scour. A hydraulic model experiment was conducted for Nakdong River Hapcheon-Changnyeong Weir and a model in 1/25 of horizontal accumulation and 1/25 of vertical accumulation was produced. The experimental equipment was classified into channels and a flow rate supply and an underwater pump were installed to enable flow at a maximum of 2.0 m3/s. The experimental inflow was 1.3 m3/s, the upstream water level was 0.36 m, downstream water level was 0.24 m, and a cylinder wooden baffle, a dissipater, with a diameter of 0.05 m was made. A 3D scanner was also used for an accurate scour depth comparison for a length change of the baffle before and after installing the baffle. When the baffle was arranged in the shape of a V, the depth of scour decreased by 36% while the scour length decreased by 49% due to flow reduction compared to that before installing the baffle.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.103-115
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• 2011

Concrete slab curls and warps due to the uneven distribution of temperature and moisture and as the result, internal stress develops within the slab. Therefore, environmental loads must be considered in addition to the traffic loads to predict the lifespan of the concrete pavement more accurately. The strength of the concrete slab is gradually decreases to a certain level at which fatigue cracking is generated by the repetitive traffic and environmental loadings. In this study, a new fatigue regression model was developed based on the results from previously performed studies. To verify the model, another laboratory flexural fatigue test program which was not used in the model development, was conducted and compared with the predictions of other existing models. Each fatigue model was applied to analysis logic of cumulative fatigue damage of concrete pavement developed in the study. The sensitivity of cumulative fatigue damage calculated by each model was analyzed for the design factors such as slab thickness, joint spacing, complex modulus of subgrade reaction and the load transfer at joints. As the result, the model developed in this study could reflect environmental loading more reasonably by improving other existing models which consider R, minimum/maximum stress ratio.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2016

The winter cherry bug, Acanthocoris sordidus (Thunberg), is an insect pest hat damages plants from Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae. The developmental period from egg to adult averages 76 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Adult egg-laying occurred irregularly via spawning, averaging 195 (up to 468) eggs per individual on the abaxial leaf surface of the host plant. Results of linear regression indicated that the lower developmental threshold temperature was $13.9^{\circ}C$ and the effective accumulated temperature was 526.3 DD. Data from a pepper field in 2015 indicated that overwintering adults first appeared during late June (daily average temperature = $25.7^{\circ}C$), reaching maximum density by early September. A choice test examining colonization preferences using a net cage and a Y-tube olfactometer revealed that females gravitated toward conspecifics (other females, males, or both), whereas males moved toward empty areas. Finally, we found that communal breeding results in a longer developmental period and higher eclosion rates than solitary breeding. Developmental periods and eclosion rates were also for colonies in a large space than for those in a small space. This outcome suggests that colonization effects on insect development are stronger in a smaller area.