• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 2020

Intellectual disability affects all spheres of the lives of people can be who suffer from it. Unfortunately, modern medicine cannot cure intellectual disability. However, the quality of life improved by means of physical exercise. In this study, we compared the health-related physical fitness, metabolic syndrome index and mental health between a game biking group(5 participants) and a brisk walking group(4 participants). This study used a between-subject design and verified by non-parametric test. The participants performed an exercise program with warm up and resistance training for 12 weeks. A game bike was used for the physically impaired, where the individual looked at a screen and pedaled. The fasters he pedaled the faster the object on the screen movies. We measured health-related physical fitness, metabolic syndrome index and mental health. We also measured their perceived exertion and interest during the exercise by a visual analog scale. The results before and after the exercise program showed that health-related physical fitness, metabolic risk factors, mental health level were improved in both groups. As we hypothesized before the study, the game biking group showed a statistically significantly different level on the Rating of Perceived Exertion than the brisk walking group and a higher level on the Rating of Exercise Interest during the exercise program. Our results lead to a conclusion that an exercise program with the use of a game bike improve motivation for exercise participation in intellectually handicapped participants.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1040-1050
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• 1997

Pulmonary rehabilitation has been known to improve dyspnea and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic lung disease, although it does not improve pulmonary function. The mechanism of this improvement is not clearly explained till now; however some authors suggested that the improvement in the skeletal muscle metabolism after the rehabilitation could be a possible mechanism. The metabolc changes in skeletal muscle in patients with COPD are characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation which causes early activation of anaerobic glycolysis and excess lactate production with exercise. In order to evaluate the change in the skeletal muscle metabolism as a possible cause of the improvement in the exercise tolerance after the rehabilitation, noninvasive $^{31}P$ magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) of the forearm flexor muscle was performed before and after the exercise training in nine patients with chronic lung disease who have undertaken intensive pulmonary rehabilitation for 6 weeks. 31p MRS was studied during the sustained isometric contraction of the dominant forearm flexor muscles up to the exhaustion state and the recovery period. Maximal voluntary contraction(MVC) force of the muscle was measured before the isometric exercise, and then 30% of MVC force was constantly loaded to each patient during the isometric exercise. After the exercise training, exercise endurance of upper and lower extremities and 6 minute walking distance were significantly increased(p<0.05). There were no differences of baseline intracellular pH (pHi) and inorganic phosphate/phosphocreatine(Pi/PCr). After rehabilitation pHi at the exercise and the exhaustion state showed a significant increase($6.91{\pm}0.1$ to $6.99{\pm}0.1$ and $6.76{\pm}0.2$ to $6.84{\pm}0.2$ respectively, p<0.05). Pi/PCr at the exercise and the recovery rate of pHi and Pi/PCr did not show significant differences. These results suggest that the delayed intracellular acidosis of skeletal muscle may contribute to the improvement of exercise endurance after pulmonary rehabilitation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.546-554
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• 2020

Natural food additives have recently attracted attention as alternatives to synthetic additives. However, little information is available regarding their potential toxicity. In this study, we evaluated ten different natural food additives that are widely used in commercial foods in South Korea based on their actual usage level and daily intake. The results showed that none of the tested natural additives exhibited cytotoxicity in terms of inhibition of cell proliferation/viability and lactate dehydrogenase leakage. Additionally, the tested natural food additives did not generate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas they significantly decreased intracellular ROS levels produced by hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, none of the tested natural additives affected cell proliferation and viability in 2D and 3D intestinal epithelium models. Taken together, the ten natural food additives did not exhibit cytotoxicity in their actual usage levels. These findings can be used to further assess the toxicity of natural food additives.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1385-1390
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• 2006

외국에서 ASM 모델의 BNR 적용 연구결과를 국내 하수에 적용하기에는 하수농도, 온도, 슬러지농도 등이 국내와는 달라 적용상 무리가 있다. 본 연구에서 BNR 시뮬레이션을 위한 입력 자료로 활용되는 인자들은 IAWPRC task group에서 제안하는 값들을 사용하되 국내 하수성상에서 필요로 하는 인자들은 직접 실험을 통하여 부분적으로 구해냄으로써 모델 시뮬레이션의 신뢰도를 높이고자 하였다. F/M비의 변화량과 1/SRT과의 관계로부터, 종속영양미생물 생산계수 $Y_H$값을 구한결과, 0.40mg VSS/mg COD였다. 이것을 ASM No.2d에 적용하기 위하여 mg cell COD formed/mg COD oxidized 단위로 환산한 결과 0.58을 나타냈다. H 하수처리장의 1차 침전지 하수를 이용하여 호기성상태에서 OUR Test를 통한 미생물에 의한 유기물 섭취시 산소섭취율 변화를 측정하였다. 호기성상태와 무산소상태에서 구한 쉽게 분해되는 용존성유기물(Ss)값을 비교해보면 각각 35.5mg/L와 39.9mg/L로 약간의 차이는 있으나 유사한 값을 보여주고 있다. 시뮬레이션을 위한 동력학적 계수 중 무산소 상태에서 종속영양미생물의 ${\mu}_{max,H}$는 $3.56d^{-1}$로 나타났고, 호기성상태에서는 구하면 ${\mu}_{max,H}$는 $4.2d^{-1}$로 산출되었다. 종속영양미생물의 사멸계수 $b_H$를 구하기 위한 실험에서 초기 OUR의 10%이내가 될 때까지 걸린 시간은 7일정도가 걸렸으며, 사멸률 $b_H$는 $0.043hr^{-1}$로 나타났다. 독립영양미생물의 최대비성장률 ${\mu}_{max,A}$는 최대암모니아 섭취률을 이용하여 구한 결과 $0.65d^{-1}$로 나타났다.EX>$60%{\sim}87%$가 수심 10m 이내에 분포하였고, 녹조강과 남조강이 우점하는 하절기에는 5m 이내에 주로 분포하였다. 취수탑 지점의 수심이 연중 $25{\sim}35m$를 유지하는 H호의 경우 간헐식 폭기장치를 가동하는 기간은 물론 그 외 기간에도 취수구의 심도를 표층 10m 이하로 유지 할 경우 전체 조류 유입량을 60% 이상 저감할 수 있을 것으로 조사되었다.심볼 및 색채 디자인 등의 작업이 수반되어야 하며, 이들을 고려한 인터넷용 GIS기본도를 신규 제작한다. 상습침수지구와 관련된 각종 GIS데이타와 각 기관이 보유하고 있는 공공정보 가운데 공간정보와 연계되어야 하는 자료를 인터넷 GIS를 이용하여 효율적으로 관리하기 위해서는 단계별 구축전략이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 인터넷 GIS를 이용하여 상습침수구역관련 정보를 검색, 처리 및 분석할 수 있는 상습침수 구역 종합정보화 시스템을 구축토록 하였다.N, 항목에서 보 상류가 높게 나타났으나, 철거되지 않은 검전보나 안양대교보에 비해 그 차이가 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다.의 기상변화가 자발성 기흉 발생에 영향을 미친다고 추론할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 추론된 기상변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다.게 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.는 초과수익률이 상승하지만, 이후로는 감소하므로, 반전거래전략을 활용하는 경우 주식투자기간은 24개월이하의 중단기가 적합함을 발견하였다. 이상의 행태적 측면과 투자성과측면의 실증결과를 통하여 한국주식시장에 있어서 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과할 수 있는 거래전략은 존재하므로 이러한 전략을 개발 및 활용할 수 있으며, 특히, 한국주식시장에 적합한 거래전략은 반전거래전략이고, 이 전략의 유용성은 투자자가 설정한 투자기간보다 더욱 긴 분석기간의 주식가격정보에 의하여 최대한 발휘될 수 있음을 확인하였다.(M1), 무역적자의 폭, 산업의 생산

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 1968

Maximal oxygen uptake was measured in twenty-eight middle-aged men aged 45.0 (range: 40.3-50.7) years and fourteen middle-aged women aged 40.5 (range: 34.3-47.5) years by means of a treadmill test. The physique of subjects were:mean skinfold thickness at 4 sites, namely, back, arm, waist and abdomen was 7.59 mm in men and 14.5 mm in women; total body fat estimated from the mean skinfold thickness, 11.9% fat in men and 25.5% fat in women. The detailed observations are as follows: 1. Maximal oxygen uptake expressed on any reference unit in men was greater than that of women. The values of men to women were: 2.61 to 1.92l/min., 45.1 to 37.0 ml/min./kg, 51.8 to 46.5 ml/min./kg lean body mass (LBM), 15.7 to 12.6 ml/min./cm body height. 2. Maximal pulmonary ventilation in men was 80.2 l/min. and 63.5 l/min. in women. 3. There was a correlation of fairly high degree between maximal oxygen uptake and body weight, namely, r=0.56 in men and r=0.79 in women. The correlation between maximal oxygen uptake and lean body mass also was fairly high, namely, r=0.58 in men and r=0.69 in women. 4. The correlation between maximal pulmonary ventilation and body weight or lean body mass was r=0.51 and r=0.25 in middle-aged men and r=0.41 and r=0.19 in middle-aged women, respectively. 5. Maximal heart rate in men was 176.4 beat/min. and it was 183.9 beat/min. in women. 6. Maximal oxygen pulse in men was 14.6 ml/beat and 9.5 ml/beat in women. 7. Aerobic work capacity of korean middle-aged men and women maintained the same level as that of young men and women, respectively, as shown by maximal oxygen uptake expressed ml/min./kg or ml/min./kg lean body mass.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.744-750
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• 2012

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of 12 weeks-moderate aerobic exercise training on body composition, adiponectin, retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4), and vascular inflammation factors in obese children. The subjects were classified into two groups, one of which was an exercise group (n=15) practicing moderate aerobic exercise training for 12 weeks, and the other group, the control group (n=13), was not in that program. The exercise group participants performed on the treadmill running at heart rate reserve (HRR) 50% of exercise intensity for 300 kcal of the consumed time. The results of all the studies and inspections are as follows: Weight, body mass index, body fat, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower, while $VO_2$ max was higher in the exercise group than in the control group (p<0.05, respectively). Fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels in the exercise group were significantly decreased (p<0.05), whereas adiponectin levels in the exercise group were significantly increased after 12 weeks' exercise training (p<0.05). In addition, our results showed that RBP4, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations in the exercise group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). This investigation has shown that a 12 weeks-regular aerobic exercise program offers useful effects such as an amelioration of inflammation and body indices in obese children.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.466-473
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• 2000

Background : Patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer are often treated with radiation alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Both modalities have a potentially damaging effect on pulmonary function. In order to examine changes in the cardiopulmonary exercise function of patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer before and after conventional radiotherapy, we conducted a prospective study involving patients with such cancer, that had received radiation therapy. Method : Resting pulmonary function test, thoracic radiographic finding and cardiopulmonary exercise test(CPET) were assessed prior to and 4 weeks following radiation therapy in 11 male patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Patient with endobronchial mass were excluded. Results : The forces vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$ and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) did not decreased between before and 4 weeks after radiation but the diffusing capacity (DLCO) had decreased by 11% 4 weeks after radiation, which was not statistically significant. No changes in maximal oxygen consumption ($VO_2$max), carbon dioxide production ($VCO_2$), exercise time and work load were attributed to radiation therapy. Follow up cardiopulmonary exercise testing revealed unchanged cardiovascular function, ventilatory function and gas exchange. No difference in cardiopulmonary exercise test performance was observed between pre- and post-radiation. Conclusion : Cardiopulmonary exercise function did not decrease within the short-term after the radiation of patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.553-561
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare cardiopulmonary function, RPE(Rating of perceived exertion), and blood lactate when examining the GXT(Graded exercise testing) of wheelchair treadmill and arm ergometer. Participants were 11 wheelchair basketball players with non disability. While examining the GXT of wheelchair treadmill and arm ergometer, cardiorespiratory functional capacity was measured by using $Quarkb^2$ and Polar and RPE was measured through Borg Scale. The lactate analyser, YSI-2000 was used to measure blood lactate level when resting, right after exercise, two minutes, four minutes, six minutes, and ten minutes of recovery. Data was analyzed by paired t-test using SPSS 18.0 program and significance for all statistical analysis was fixed at .05 confidence level(p<0.05). The conclusion of this study is below. First, maximal oxygen uptake which is a factor of cardiopulmonary function showed the highest with arm ergometer, the rate of respiratory exchange showed the highest with wheelchair treadmill, and maximal heart rate showed the highest with wheelchair treadmill. Second, subjective exercise intensity showed the highest with arm ergometer at the end point. Third, blood lactate level showed the highest with arm ergometer right after exercise.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.154-161
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• 1997

Background : Although the long term adverse effects of cigarette smoking on health are well known, the acute possible detrimental effects of smoking on pulmonary or cardiovascular function, especially when these systems are stressed by the metabolic demands of exercise, have not been well studied The purpose of this study is to determine the acute action of cigarette smoking on cardiopulmonary function under stress. Method : Twenty -one healthy smoking subjects were studied. Before exrecise testing, history taking, physical examination and baseline studies, including CBC, chest PA, PFT and EKG, were done. The subjects performed an incremental bicycle exercise test to exhaustion on two occasions, one without smoking and the other after smoking 5 cigarettes/h for 2 hours. All indices of P.F.T. and bicycle ergometry were compared between before and after smoking. Results : 1. $VO_2$max and $O_2$ pulse showed significant decrease in smoking day. 2. Although there were no significant differences, anaerobic threshold showed a tendency of decrease and HRmax showed that of increase in smoking day. 3. P.F.T. and respiratory indices showed no significant change io smoking day. Conclusion : Cigarette smoking has immediate adverse effect, especially on the cardiovascular system rather than the respiratory system. These results would be due to the effect of elevated HbCO and/or impaired blood flow in response to the exercise stimulus.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.415-425
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• 2001

Background : The correlation between the high resolution computed tomography(HRCT) emphysema score and the physiologic parameters including resting and exercise pulmonary function test was investigated in 14 patients($60.6{\pm}10.3$ years) with pulmonary emphysema. Methods : The patients underwent a HRCT, a resting pulmonary function test, and incremental exercise testing(cycle ergometer, 10 W/min). Computed tomography scans were obtained on a GE highlight at 10 mm intervals using 10 mm collimation, from the apex to the base after a full inspiration. The emphysema scores were determined by a CT program 'Density mask' outlining the areas with attenuation values less than -900 HU, indicating the emphysema areas, and providing an overall percentage of lung involvement by emphysema. Results : Among the resting PFT parameters, only the diffusing capacity(r=-0.75) and $PaO_2$ (r=-0.66) correlated with the emphysema score(p<0.05). Among the exercise test parameters, the emphysema score correlated significantly with the maximum power(r=-0.74), maximum oxygen consumption(r=-0.68), anaerobic threshold(V-slope method: r=-0.69), maximal $O_2$-pulse(r=-0.73), and the physiologic dead space ratio at the maximum workload(r=-0.80)(p<0.01). Conclusion: We could find that exercise testing parameters showed a much better correlation with the HRCT emphysema score, which is known to have a good correlation with the pathologic severity than the resting PIT parameters. Therefore it is suggested that exercise testing is superior to resting PIT for estimating in the estimation of the physiologic disturbance in emphysema patients.