• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1968

For the purpose of assessing the influence of the mamillary bodies on the general activity and stress response, mamillary body·damaged rats(mamillary body group), operated control rats, and normal control animals were prepared and 2 experiments were carried out. The mamillary bodies. were damaged electrolytically by passing 0.3 ma d.c. current through stereotaxically implanted electrodes. The operated control group received the same treatment except passage of current. In the 1st experiment, each subject belonging to the mamillary body group .(9 rats) or the operated control group (13 animals) was put individually into an activity cage across which an infrared beam traversed. The number of beam interruptions by the movement of the subject in the cage was. recorded hourly for 48 hours and was regarded as an index of general activity. In the 2nd experiment, each of the mamillary body group (52 animals), the operated control group (45 rats), and the normal control group (37 animals) was further divided into 4 subgroups and the adrenal ascorbic acid content of one of the 4 subgroups was measured before, another subgroup immediately after, a third subgroup 2 hours after, and the remaining subgroup 4 hours after termination of a cold stress ($-10^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour). Following results were obtained: 1. Though the total activities in 48 hours of the mamillary body group and the operated control group were not significantly different, the activities of the malnillary body group for a few hours. at the beginning of the measurement and also in the evenings of both the 1st and the 2nd experimental days were significantly greater than those of the operated control group. 2. Judged by the significant reduction in adrenal ascorbic acid content, the stress response of the mamillary body group was as marked as that of the operated control or the normal control group-immediately after termination of cold exposure. Recovery from the stress was accelerated significantly in the mamillary body group and insignificantly in the operated control group compared with that of the normal control group, the intergroup difference of the former two groups being insignificant. It was inferred from the above results that the mamillary bodies may exert an inconspicuous inhibitory influence upon the central mechanism of general activity, and that the mamillaryies bodies may not be the main seat of the stress mechanism, although more works are desirable to confirm the results.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.9
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• pp.99-131
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• 2005

Terrorism which became today's common phenomena over the world is one of the most serious threats the world confront. Although International society make and operate outstanding anti-terrorism system, terror would never end without solving fundamental problems. The main body of terrorism converts from nation to organization and from organization to cell, which makes it difficult for us to recognize the main body. Since the target of today's new terrorism is many and unspecified persons, terrorists will never hesitate to use mass destruction weapons such as nuclear, biological, chemical weapons, and also use cyber-technique or cyber-terrorism. So, effective counter-terrorism measures should be performed as follows. First, it must be better for international society should make long-time plan of solving fundamental problems of terrorism other than to operate directly on terror organization and its means. Second, preventive method should be made. The most effective method of eradicating terrorism is prevention. For this, it is necessary to remove environmental elements of terrorism and terrorist bases, and to stop inflow of money and mass destruction weapons to terrorists. Third, integrated anti-terror organization should be organized and operated for continuous counter-terrorism operations. Also international alliance for anti-terrorism should be maintained to share informations and measures. Fourth, concerned department in the government should prepare counter-terrorism plans in their own parts as follows and make efforts to integrate the plans. - Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs : conventional terror - Ministry of Health and Welfare : bio-terror - Ministry of Science and Technology : nuclear-terror Especially, they should convert their policy and operation from post-terror actions to pre-terror actions, designate terror as national disaster and organize integrated emergency response organization including civil, government, and military elements. In conclusion, pre-terror activities and remedy of fundamental causes is the best way to prevent terror. Also, strengthening of intelligence activities, international cooperations, and preventive and comprehensive counter-measures must not ignored.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 1996

Liquid-liquid extractions by use of microporous hollow fiber modules are fast compared with conventional extraction equipment because of the large surface area per volume. In these modules, the extractant and feed can be contacted at high speed and two flows are completely independent, so there are no problems with loading and channeling. In this paper, it was investigated the extraction selectivities for liquid-liquid extraction of Fe(II) and Ni(II) from dilute aqueous solution into TOA (tri-n-octylamine) and EHPNA (bis(2-ethylhexyle)hydrogenphosphite) as organic extractants by using the hydrophobic hollow fiber module. To determine the rate controlling step for mass transfer in hollow fibers, we also examined the effect of inside and outside flow rates of the hollow fiber module. From these experiments, we identified for the extraction of system with high partition coefficient in hydrophobic hollow fibers, mass transfer in the inside aqueous feed dominated the overall mass transfer, and in this paper, correlation between $K_w$ and $v_t$ was obtained as $K_w{\frac{d}{D}}=6.22\(\frac{d^2v_t}{LD}\)^{1/3}$ On the other hand, for the system with low partition coefficient, the resistance in the inside of hollow fibers was much less than membrane resistance because the extraction was not simple in the micropore. Thus, for systems with high partition coefficients, hydrophobic hollow fibers would be a better choice.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.965-973
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• 2017

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid with conjugated double bonds at C9,C11 and C10,C12 positions. Of possible CLA isomers, a naturally occurring CLA isomer is c9,t11-CLA which is produced from linoleic acid by linoleate isomerase from various rumen and lactic bacteria, and mushroom mycelia. Meanwhile, synthetically prepared CLA contained an equal amount of c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA isomers, and other isomers as minor constituents. CLA was firstly mentioned in 1939 during the elaidinization reaction of linoleic acid. Thereafter, CLA was not an attractant to scientists because it was not scientifically interested any more. However, since the anticarcinogenic action was driven from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis in 1987, CLA-related researches were drastically elevated, resulting in approximately 6,100 research papers in literature, so far. CLA exhibited the significant biological activities: anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic, body-fat reducing, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, testosterone producing and other activities. Interestingly, two major CLA isomers, c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA, exhibited different biological activities. Meanwhile, t,t-CLA isomers which is minor constituent of chemically synthesized CLA from linoleic acid exhibited more potent anticarcinogenic activity in carcinogen-induced animal models and cancer cell lines than other CLA isomrs. In the present review, the significant biological activities of CLA were discussed along with historical studies of CLA since 1939.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2007

Humans are exposed by a range of pollutants in soil via exposure routes such as ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Risk assessment is a process of evaluating the adverse health effects of chemicals as a result of exposure to stressors, and it is a very useful tool to establish the cleanup goals in contaminated lands. In the exposure assessment that is one of main process in risk assessment, exposure factor plays a significant role to quantify the intake of soil pollutants. However there is a very limited study about the exposure factor applicable to Korea. In this study, we compared the exposure factors applied by the developed countries including the United States and representative European countries, and suggested the exposure factor that might be suitable in our situation. The exposure factors considered in this study include average lifetime, body weight, (exposed) skin surface area, life time, skin absorption, soil-skin adherence factor, and soil ingestion rate. This information is needed to quantitatively estimate the intake of soil pollutants in contaminated lands.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.54-59
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• 1998

As distributed control systems (DCS) and plant information systems (PIS) are introduced into gas industries, process monitoring systems based on process data have attracted significant interests. However, these technologies have not been fully due to strong nonlinearities of batch processes. The multiway principal component analysis, which has been recently developed, has solved these problems and has been widely used in the industries. However, the lack of statistical background of process operators has been one of major obstacles for maximum utilization of the technology This paper introduces a real time monitoring system for batch gas manufacturing processes that offers a variety of tools that operators can understand and use without serious difficulties. The proposed integrated system covers the whole spectrum of monitoring and diagnosis that include data collection, monitoring and diagnosis. The developed system has been verified to be very effective for monitoring and diagnosis using its application to the construction of monitoring system for a typical industrial batch reactor.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2021

This study investigated the smoke risk assessment of woods and plastics for construction materials, focusing on the smoke performance index-V (SPI-V), smoke growth index-V (SGI-V), and smoke risk index-VI (SRI-VI) according to a newly designed methodology. Spruce, Lauan, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polycarbonate (PC) were used for test pieces. Smoke characteristics of the materials were measured using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) equipment. The smoke performance index-V calculated after the combustion reaction was found to be 1.0 to 3.4 based on PMMA. Smoke risk by smoke performance index-V was increased in the order of PC, Spruce, Lauan and PMMA. Lauan and PMMA showed similar values. The smoke growth index-V was found to be 1.0 to 9.2 based on PMMA. Smoke risk by smoke growth index-V increased in the order of PMMA, PC, Spruce, and Lauan. COpeak production rates of all specimens were measured between 0.0021 to 0.0067 g/s. In conclusion, materials with a low smoke performance index-V and a high smoke growth index-V cause a high smoke risk from fire. Therefore, it is understood that the smoke risk from fire is high. It is collectively summarized by the smoke risk index-VI.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1970

1. Sixteen normal healthy subjects free from occult blood in the stool were selected and administered with their $^{51}Cr$ labeled own blood via duodenal tube and the recovery rate of radioactivity in feces and urine was measured. The average fecal recovery rate was 90.7 per cent ($85.7{\sim}97.7%$) of the administered radioactivity, and the average urinary excretion rate was 0.8 per cent ($0.5{\sim}1.5%$) 2. There was a close correlation between the amount of blood administered and the recovery rate from the feces; the more the blood administered, the higher the recovery rate was. It was also found that the administration of the tagged blood in the amount exceeding 15ml was suitable for measuring the radioactivity in the stools. 3. In five normal healthy subjects whose circulating erythrocytes had been tagged with $^{51}Cr$, there was little fecal excretion of radioactivity (average 0.9 ml of blood per day). This excretion is not related to hemorrhage and the main route of excretion of such an negligible radioactivity was postulated as gastric juice and bile. 4. A comparison of the radioactivity in the blood and feces of the patients with $^{51}Cr$ labeled erythrocytes seems to be a valid way of estimating intestinal blood loss.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.289-316
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• 2000

우리나라의 경우 지역사회 재난 관리계획과 훈련이 보건의료적 모형이라기 보다는 민방위 모형에 입각하기 때문에 사고 현장에서의 환자 중증도 분류, 합리적 환자배분 및 이송, 병원 응급실에서의 대처 등이 체계적으로 이루어지지 못하고 있으며, 지역사회가 이에 즉각적으로 반응할 수 없다. 본 연구는 삼풍 붕괴사고 시에 대응방식과 그 후의 우리나라 응급의료 체계를 분석함으로써 대형사고 예방과 재난관리를 위한 우리나라 응급의료체계의 개선방안과 간호교육에서의 준비부분을 제시하고자 한다. 1 삼풍 사고 발생시에는 이를 관장할 만한 법적 근거인 인위적 재해에 관한 재난관리법이 없었다. 따라서 현장에서는 의학적 명령체계를 확보하지 못했기 때문에 현장에서의 응급 처치는 전혀 이루어지지 못하였다. 현장에서의 중증도 분류. 응급조치와 의뢰, 병원과 현장본부 그리고 구급차간의 통신 체계 두절, 환자 운송 중 의료지시를 받을 수 있도록 인력, 장비, 통신 체계가 준비되지 못하였던 점이 주요한 문제였다. 또한 병원 응급실에서는 재난 계획이 없거나 있었더라도 이를 활성화하여 병원의 운영 체계를 변환해가지 못하였다. 2. 삼풍백화점 붕괴사고 한달 후에는 인위적 재해에 대한 재난관리법이 제정되고, 행정부 수준별로 매년 지역요구에 합당한 재난관리 계획을 세우도록 법으로 규정하였다. 재난 관리법에는 보건의료 측면에서의 현장대응, 주민 참여, 응급 의료적 대처, 정보의 배된. 교육/훈련 등이 포함되어 있어야 한다. 그러나 법적 기반이 마련된 이후에도 한국 재난 계획 내에는 응급의료 측면의 대응 영역은 부처간 역할의 명시가 미흡하며, 현장에서의 응급 대응과정을 수행할 수 있는 운영 지침이 없이 명목상 언급으로 그치고 있기 때문에 계획을 활성화시켜 지역사회에서 운영하기는 어렵다. 즉 이 내용 속에는 사고의 확인 /공고, 응급 사고 지령, 요구 평가, 사상자의 중증도 분류와 안정화, 사상자 수집, 현장 처치 생명보존과 내과 외과적 응급처치가 수반된 이송, 사고 후 정신적 스트레스 관리, 사고의 총괄적 평가 부분에 대한 인력간 부처간 역할과 업무가 분명히 제시되어 있지 못하여, 사고 발생시 가장 중요한 연계적 업무 처리나 부문간 협조를 하기 어렵다. 의료 기관과 응급실/중환자실, 시민 안전을 책임지고 있는 기관들과의 상호 협력의 연계는 부족하다. 즉 현재의 재난 대비 계획 속에는 부처별 분명한 업무 분장, 재난 상황에 따른 시나리오적 대비 계획과 이를 훈련할 틀을 확보하고 있지 못하다. 3. 지방 정부 수준의 재난 계획서에는 재난 발생시 보건의료에 관한 사항 전반을 공공 보건소가 핵심적 역할을 하며 재난 관리에 대처해야 된다고 규정하고 있다. 그러므로 보건소는 지역사회 중심의 재난 관리 계획을 구성하고 이를 운영하며, 재난 현장에서의 응급 치료 대응 과정은 구조/ 구명을 책임지고 있는 공공기관인 소방서와 지역의 응급의료병원에게 위임한다. 즉 지역사회 재난 관리 계획이 보건소 주도하에 관내 병원과 관련기관(소방서. 경찰서)이 협동하여 만들고 업무를 명확히 분담하여 연계방안을 만든다. 이는 재난관리 대처에 성공여부를 결정하는 주요 요인이다. 4 대한 적십자사의 지역사회 주민에 대한 교육 프로그램은 연중 열리고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 교육주제는 건강증진 영역이며. 응급의료 관리는 전체 교육시간의 8%를 차지하며 이중 재난 준비를 위한 주민 교육 프로그램은 없다. 또한 특정 연령층이 모여있는 학교의 경우도 정규 보건교육 시간이 없기 때문에 생명구조나 응급처치를 체계적으로 배우고 연습할 기회가 없으면서 국민의 재난 준비의 기반확대가 되고 있지 못하다. 5. 병원은 재난 관리 위원회를 군성하여 병원의 진료권역 내에 있는 여러 자원을 감안한 포괄적인 재난관리계획을 세우고, 지역사회를 포함한 훈련을 해야 한다. 그러나 현재 병원은 명목상의 재난 관리 계획을 갖고 있을 뿐이다. 6. 재난관리 준비도를 평가할 때 병원응급실 치료 팀의 인력과 장비 등은 비교적 기준을 충족시키고 있었으나 병원의 재난 관리 계획은 전혀 훈련되고 있지 못하였다 그러므로 우리나라 재난 관리의 준비를 위해서는 현장의 응급의료체계, 재난 대응 계획, 이의 훈련을 통한 주민교육이 선행되어야만 개선될 수 있다. 즉 민방위 훈련 모델이 아닌 응급의료 서비스 모델에 입각한 장기적 노력과 재원의 투입이 필요하며, 지역사회를 중심으로 대응 준비와 이의 활성화 전략 개발, 훈련과 연습. 교육에 노력을 부여해야 한다. 7. 현장의 1차 응급처치자에 대해서는 법적으로 명시하고 있는 역할이 없다. 한국에서는 응급구조사 1급과 2급에 대한 교육과 규정을 1995년 이후 응급의료에 관한 법률에서 정하고 있다. 이 교육과정은 미국이 정하고 있는 응급구조사 과정 기준과 유사하지만 실습실이나 현장에서의 실습시간이 절대적으로 부족하다. 덧붙여 승인된 응급구조사 교육 기관의 강사는 강사로서의 자격기준을 충족할 뿐 아니라 실습강사는 대체적으로 1주일의 1/2은 응급 구조차를 탑승하여 현장 활동을 끊임없이 하고 있으며, 실습은 시나리오 유형으로 진행된다. 그러므로 우리나라의 경우 응급 구조사가 현장 기술 인력으로 역할 할 수 있도록 교과과정 내에서 실습을 강화 시켜야하며, 졸업생은 인턴쉽을 통한 현장 능력을 배양시키는 것이 필요하다. 8. 간호사의 경우 응급전문간호사의 자격을 부여받게 됨에 따라, 이를 위한 표준 교육 지침을 개발함으로써 병원 전 처치와 재난시 대응할 수 있는 역량을 보완해야 한다. 또한 현 자격 부여 프로그램 내용을 고려하여 정규자격 간호사가 현장 1차 치료자(first responder)로 역할 할 수 있도록 간호학 교과과정을 부분 보완해야한다.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2019

Psy's Gangnam style in 2012 showed K-pop's potential for global growth and BTS proved it by reaching three consecutive Billboard No.1. The success in the global music market brings tremendous economical and cultural power. This study is conducted for the continuous growth of K-pop music in the global music market by analyzing the musical factor of K-pop's global success. The top 20 most-viewed K-pop MV on Youtube is chosen as a research subject because Youtube is a worldwide platform that reflects global popularity. For the process of K-pop music creation, the role of the composer is expanded and many overseas producers participate in music creation. All 20 songs are created by the collective creation system and there is a consecutive collaboration between the main producers and certain artists. The top 20 most viewed K-pop songs have the musical characteristics of transnational genre convergence, hook songs, sophisticated sounds, frequent use of English lyrics, a reflection of the latest global trends, rhythm optimized for dance and clear concept. It makes the K-pop song easily remembered and familiar to overseas listeners. K-pop's healthy and fresh theme brings emotional empathy and reflects Korean sentiments. K-pop's global success is not a coincidence, but a result of continuous efforts to advance overseas. Some critics criticize K-pop's musical style is similar and it shows K-pop's limitation but K-pop progressed its musical evolution. By keeping the merits of K-pop's success factors and complementing its weak points, K-pop will continue its popularity and increase influence in the global music market.