• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 2005

The CMR properties and magnetic properties of sulphospinels $Zn_xFe_{1-x}Cr_2S_4$ have been explored by X-ray diffraction, magnetoresistance measurement, and $M\ddot{o}ssbauer$ spectroscopy. The crystal structures in the range of x=0.05, 0.1, 0.2 are cubic at room temperature. Magnetoresistance measurement indicates that these system is semiconducting below about 160 K. The temperature of maximum magnetoresistance is almost consistent with Curie temperature. The Zn substitutions for Fe occur to increase the Jahn-Teller relaxation and the electric quadrupole shift. CMR properties could be explained with Jahn-Teller effect, and half-metallic electronic structure, which is different from both the double exchange interactions of manganite La-Ca-Mn-O system and the triple exchange interactions of chalcogenide $Cu_xFe_{1-x}Cr_2S_4$.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.24-27
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• 2008

We have prepared $MnFe_2O_4$ nanoparticles with polyol method. The crystallographic and magnetic properties were measured by using X-ray diffraction(XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM) and $M\"{o}ssbauer$ spectroscopy. The high resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM) shows uniform nanoparticle-sizes with $6{\sim}8$ nm. The crystal structure is found to be single-phase cubic spinel with space group of Fd3m. The lattice constant of $MnFe_2O_4$ nanparticles is determined to be $8.418{\pm}0.001{\AA}$. $M\"{o}ssbauer$ spectrum of $MnFe_2O_4$ nanparticles at room temperature(RT) shows a superparamagnetic behavior. In VSM analysis, the diagnosis of the superparamagnetic behavior is also shown in hysteresis loop at RT. $M\"{o}ssbauer$ spectrum at 4.2K shows that the well developed two sextets are with different hyperfine field $H_{hfA}=498$(A-site) and $H_{hfB}=521$(B-site) kOe.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.176-181
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• 2003

Rapid densification of a SiC powder with additive 0.5 wt% $B_4$C was conducted by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The unique features of the process are the possibilities of using very fast heating rate and short holding time to obtain fully dense materials. The heating rate and applied pressure were kept to be $100^{\circ}C$/min and 40 MPa, while sintering temperature and soaking time varied to 1800, 1850, 1900 and $1950^{\circ}C$ and 10, 20 and 30 min, respectively. All of the SPS-sintered specimens at $1950^{\circ}C$ reached near-theoretical density. The XRD found that 3C-to-6H transformation at $1850^{\circ}C$. The microstructures of the rapidly densified SiC ceramics consisted of duplex microstructure with ultrafine equiaxed grains under 2 $\mu\textrm{m}$ and elongated grains of 0.5∼2 $\mu\textrm{m}$ wide, length 3∼10 $\mu\textrm{m}$. The biaxial strength increased with the increase of sintering time. Strength of 392.7 MPa was obtained with the fully densified specimen sintered at $1950^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, in agreement with the general tendency that strength increases with decreases pore. On the other hand, the fracture toughness shows the value of 2.17∼2.34 MPa$.$$m^{1/2}$ which might be due to the transgranular fracture mode.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 2001

Magnetic Fe-Co(C) nanocapsules and Fe-Co nanoparticles were prepared by arc-discharge in two kinds of atmospheres, i.e. methane and a mixture of ($H_2$+Ar), respectively. Characterization and magnetic properties of this two kinds of ultrafine particles were investigated systematically by means of X-ray diffraction, Mssbauer spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy disperse spectroscopy analysis, chemical analysis, oxygen determination and magnetization measurement. Effects of carbon element, decomposed from a methane atmosphere in carbon arc process, on phase structures, magnetic states and surface characterization were studied in comparison to that of Ar element. Two ultrafine particles showed a little difference in the weight ratio of (Fe/co) and the size for Fe-Co nanoparticles was about two times bigger than Fe-Co(C) nanocapsules. The saturation magnetization of Fe-Co (C) nanocapsules was about 8% higher than that of Fe-Co nanoparticles while their phase constitutions were similar. Although no carbon could be detected by XRD measurement because of extremely thin shells on the surfaces of the cores, it is still believed that they are carbon and oxygen layers.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 2007

Much interests has been drawn for noble micro-engineering processes for the continuous size reduction on bulk materials from the field of micro-electronics with much downsized IC chips. A traditional microprocessing based on mechanical blade as well as a relatively long pulsed laser usually influence the physico-chemical properties of intact materials when the techniques are applied to process materials with a spatial resolution less than 10 microns. Meanwhile, ultrafast laser pulses are known to exhibit a very small heat-affect zone(HAE) compared to the traditional laser processing and to be applicable for the new functional materials with high performance in optical and electrical properties. In this report, we will review in brief the recent research works on the enhancement of micro-cutting speed of thin silicon wafer as well as the formation of Ge nanostructures based on ultrafast laser pulses.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.182-187
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the degradation of soft magnetic properties of Fe-Hf-N thin films after annealing in vacuum. They were annealed at 450℃∼650℃. The microstructure and crystal phase of the selected area of the thin films were analyzed by TEM and SAD. After annealing at 450℃-600℃, the coercivity of the films increased by 0.2 Oe and the effective permeability decreased by 1500 as compared with them before annealing due to the growth of α-Fe crystallites. The saturation magnetic flux density of the films increased by 0.5 KG after annealing under 600℃. However, the soft magnetic properties of the film annealed at 650℃ degraded abruptly, which was attributed to the destruction of nano-crystalline microstructure of the film due to the rapid growth of α-Fe crystallites with the segregation of N sited in the α-Fe lattice into HfN.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1993

Thin films of soft magnetic Fe-Hf-C alloys with nanoscale crystallites were investigated in this study. The films were fabricated by an RF diode magnetron sputtering apparatus and subsequently annealed in vacuum. The soft magnetic properties of the films were observed to differ depending on the different substrates such as Corning 7059, $CaTiO_3$ and $Al_2O_3-TiC$ with various underlayer(Cr, $SiO_2$) thickness. This results may be due to the interdiffusion between the substrate and the magnetic layer and/or between the underlayer and the magnetic layer, rather than the microstructural change such as grain size. The Fe-Hf-C films with high permeability up to 4000(at 1 MHz) and saturation magnetization up to 16 kG were obtained in the vicinity of phase boundary between the crystalline and amorphous state when the size of ${\alpha}-Fe$ grains is about 5 nm. And also the films were found to have thermal stability up to $600^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.46-50
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• 2014

The crystallographic properties and cationic distribution of $M_{0.2}Fe_{2.8}O_4$ (M =Mn, Ni, Cu) and $Fe_3O_4$ thin films prepared by sol-gel method have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and conversion electron M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectroscopy (CEMS). The ionic valence, preferred site, and hyperfine field of Fe ions of the ferrites could be obtained by analyzing the CEMS spectra. The $M_{0.2}Fe_{2.8}O_4$ films were found to maintain cubic spinel structure as in $Fe_3O_4$ with the lattice constant slightly decreased for Ni substitution and increased for Mn and Cu substitution from that of $Fe_3O_4$. Analyses on the CEMS data indicate that $Mn^{2+}$ and $Ni^{2+}$ ions substitute octahedral $Fe^{2+}$ sites mostly, while $Cu^{2+}$ ions substitute both the octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The observed intensity ratio $A_B/A_A$ of the CEMS subspectra of the samples exhibited difference from the theoretical value. It is interpreted as due to the effect of the M substitution for A and B on the Debye temperature of the site. The relative line-broadening of the B-site CEMS subspectra can be explained by the dispersion of magnetic hyperfine fields due to random distribution of M cations in the B sites.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 1997

We have studied crystallographic and magnetic properties of $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_ {1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ by Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The alloys were prepared by arc-melting under an argon atmosphere. The $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_{1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ has pure a single phase, whereas $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_{1.3}$ contains some $\alpha$-Fe, conformed with X-ray diffractometry and Mossbauer measurements. The $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_ {1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ has a $ThMn_{12}-type$ tetragonal structure with $a_0=8.637{\AA}$ and $c_0=4.807{\AA}$. The Curie temperature ($T_c$) is 600 K from the result of Mossbauer measurement performed at various temperatures ranging from 13 to 800 K. Each spectrum of below $T_c$ is fitted with five subspectra of Fe sites in the structure ($8i_1, 8i_2, 8j_2, 8j_1, 8f$). The area fractions of the subspectra at room temperature are 12.3%, 14.0%, 21.0% 11.8%, 40.9%, respectively. Magnetic hyperfine fields for the Fe sites decrease in the order, $H_{hf}(8i)>H_{hf}(8j)>H_{hf}(8f)$. The abrupt changes in the magnetic hyperfine field, an magnetic moment observed at about 160 K in $NdFe_ {10.7} Ti_{1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ are attributed to spin reorientations. The average hyperfine field of the $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_{1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ shows a temperature dependence of $[H_{hf}(T)-H_{hf}(0)]/H_{hf}(0)=-0.34(T/T_C)^{3/2}-0.14(T/T_C)^{5/2}$ for $T/T_c<0.7$, indicative of spin wave excitation. The Debye temperatures of $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_{1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ is found to be Θ=340$\pm$5 K.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.189-189
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• 1999

초미세 전자 소자에 대한 개발에 대한 요구는 최근 들어 원자 단위의 구조물 제작에 대한 연구로까지 나아 가게 하고 있다. 좋은 물리적 성장을 가지는 양자도선(quantum wire), quantum dot와 같은 nano 단위 구조물 제작에 대한 요구는 그 가능성의 하나로 , 기울어진 vicinal) 표면위에서의 박막 성장에 대한 연구로 이어지고 있다. 기울어진 표면은 한 원자층으로 된 많은 계단들을 가지고 있는 표면이고, 이러한 계단들의 존재는 박막 성장 시 흡착 원자가 계단 끝에 부착될 확률을 증가 시켜, stepflow 성장과 같은 준 층별 성장을 만들 가능성을 높여주며, sub-ML증착에 대해서 원자가 계단면을 따라 길게 늘어선 양자도선과 같은 성장이 가능한 표면이라는 점에서 관심을 갖게 한다. 그러나 최근의 연구들에 의하면 기울어진 표면 위에서의 성장도 Schwoebel 장벽과 같은 분산 장벽의 존재로 계단과 수직인 축 방향으로 거친 모양의 island가 형성되는 Bails-Zangwill 불안정성이 나타나는 것으로 보고되고 있고, 이것은 준 층별 성장이나 양자 도선과 같은 성장을 방해하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 불안정성을 해결할 가능성으로 최근 들어 한 계단의 높이가 큰 step bunching 이 생겨난 표면위에서의 성장이 제기 되고 있으나, 아직 확인되지 않았다. 본 연구는 이러한 기울어진 표면 위에서 박막을 성장 할 때 층흐름(step flow) 성장이 가능한 역학적 동역학적 조건을 구하고자 하며, 방법으로는 KMC 시뮬레이션을 이용한다. 단원자로 구성된 계단이 있는 기울어진 표면 위에서의 homoepitaxy의 경우, 성장 양식은 계단과 계단 사이의 테라스 간격에 크게 의존한다. 테라스 간격이 좁을수록 성장은 보다 층흐름 성장에 근접한다. 그러나 다층으로 성장시킨 시뮬레이션의 결과는 일반적인 장벽 조건 아래에서는 계단의 방향과 수직인 방향으로 평평한 면에서와 동일한 크기를 가지는 island가 성장하는 것을 볼 수 있고, 이 것은 Bails-Zangwill 불안정성이다. 그러나 계단 사이의 테라스 간격이 매우 좁은 경우 5-6ML 성장 이하에서는 층흐름 성장과 동일한 성장이 이루어지나 계단을 따라서 미소한 크기의 거칠기가 나타난다. 동일한 기울어진 경사면에 대해서는 분산속도가 좋을수록 보다 계단 면을 따라 보다 큰 크기의 island가 나타난다. 분산 장벽과 같이 동역학적인 요소만으로는 완벽한 층흐름 성장은 높은 온도, 극히 낮은 분산 장벽이라는 조건 이외에는 얻기 어렵다. 그리고 층흐름 성장의 가능성으로 제시된 step bunching 일 일어난 다층 높이의 계단을 가진 면도 다층의 수만큼 계단수를 늘려주는 것과 동일한 결과가 나타나며, 이 경우도 층흐름 성장에는 근접하지만 완전한 형태의 성장은 얻기는 역시 어렵다. 따라서 원자단위의 도선이나 층흐름 성장은 계단과 계단 사이의 인력 또는 척력과 같은 역학적인 요소를 고려할 때 만이 가능할 것으로 보인다.