• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.595-625
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• 2012

Recently environment-friendly pellet boilers have interests as emissions of greenhouse gases are regulated internationally and energy security becomes more important to oil addicted countries including Republic of Korea. But the Korean market for pellet boilers is on the initial stage due to the high production costs relative to other conventional boilers. Hence the Korean government has supported financially and promoted the pellet boiler business. In this sense, it would contribute market stratergy and effective promotion policy for both of the government and private companies if we can forecast market shares of pellet boilers appropriately. For this purpose, this study surveyed potential consumers' preferences on pellet boilers among various alternatives using a choice experiment reflecting intangible costs. As the market share of new technology increases, intangible costs decline. According to different intangible cost scenarios, we experimented people's preferences on oil, gas, electric, and pellet boilers. A multinomial logit model was employed to estimate coefficient parameters of common attributes for various alternative boilers. Based on the estimates, we forecasted market shares of individual boilers. We found that as intangible costs decline, the market share of pellet boiler increase substantically while market shares of electric and gas boilers decrease dramatically. The market share of oil boiler did not change significantly. Meanwhile, as people are more rich, more educated, and exposed to advertisement on pellet boilers, the likelihood of choosing the pellet boiler increases.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.149-162
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• 2005

This paper suggest a way to detect a specific wanted figure in public places such as subway stations and banks by comparing color face images extracted from the real time CCTV with the face images of designated specific figures. Assuming that the characteristic of the surveillance camera allows the face information in screens to change arbitrarily and to contain information on numerous faces, the accurate detection of the face area was focused. To solve this problem, the normalization work using subsampling with $20{\times}20$ pixels on arbitrary face images, which is based on the Perceptron Neural Network model suggested by R. Rosenblatt, created the effect of recogning the whole face. The optimal linear filter and the histogram shaper technique were employed to minimize the outside interference such as lightings and light. The addition operation of the egg-shaped masks was added to the pre-treatment process to minimize unnecessary work. The images finished with the pre-treatment process were divided into three reception fields and the information on the specific location of eyes, nose, and mouths was determined through the neural network. Furthermore, the precision of results was improved by constructing the three single-set network system with different initial values in a row.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.774-779
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• 2007

IDF 곡선은 전통적으로 지점에서의 과거 관측 강우량 시계열 자료를 수집하여 작성하여 왔으며, 이때 과거 강우량 자료는 정상성을 지니고 있고 미래를 대변한다는 가정을 전제로 한다. 그러나 이미 많은 연구자들에 의해 기후변화가 전구적으로 발생하고 있으며 우리나라에서도 더 이상 기후변화의 사실여부는 이제 더이상 논란 꺼리가 아니다. 특히, 기후변화의 영향을 직접적으로 받을 수밖에 없는 수자원 분야에서는 1990년대부터 잦은 홍수와 가뭄의 반복으로 곤란을 겪고 있다. 특히, 우리나라는 협소한 국토면적과 과다한 인구로 토지나 수자원 등 국토자원 이용의 강도가 다른 나라에 비하여 현저하게 높기 때문에 지구온난화에 따른 기후변화와 같은 약간의 기후변동으로도 심각한 문제가 발생할 가능성이 내포되어 있다. 특히, 기후변화는 유역 규모의 강우 발생 패턴과 강우량의 증가 및 감소에 영향을 미치게 되며 이로 인해 강우 시계열 자료는 비정상성과 경향성을 지니게 된다. 그러나 지금까지는 IDF 곡선의 작성시 강우의 경향성을 무시해 왔다. 본 연구에서는 기후변화가 IDF 곡선에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 GCM 기후변화 시나리오를 이용하여 IDF 곡선을 작성하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저, YONU CGCM의 제한실험과 점증실험을 실시하여 전구적 규모의 기후변화 시나리오를 작성하였으며, 통계학적 축소기법과 추계학적 일기발생기법을 이용하여 대상지점의 일 수문기상 시계열을 모의하였다. 그리고 BLRP(Bartlett Lewis Rectangular Pulse) 모형과 분해(koutsoyiannis, 2000) 기법을 이용하여 모의된 일 강우 자료를 시자료로 분해하였으며 이를 이용하여 IDF 곡선을 작성하였다. 그 결과, 기후변화 시 지속기간별 재현기간별 강우량이 현재에 크게 비해 증가됨을 확인할 수 있었다.으며 여러명이 동시에 서버에 접속을 하기 때문에 컴퓨터에 부하가 많이 걸리는 모델링이나 복잡한 분석은 실시하기 어려우며, 대용량 데이터를 전송할 수 있는 대역폭이 확보 되어야 한다. 또한, Internet 환경으로 개발을 해야되기 때문에 데스크탑용 GIS에 비해 개발속도가 느리며 개발 초기비용이 많이 들게 된다. 하지만, 네트워크 기술의 발달과 모바일과의 연계 등으로 이러한 약점을 극복할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 인터넷 GIS를 이용하여 홍수재해 정보를 검색, 처리, 분석, 예경보할 수 있는 홍수방재정보 시스템을 구축토록 하였다.비해 초음파 감시하 치골상부 방광천자가 정확하고 안전한 채뇨법으로 권장되어야 한다고 생각한다.應裝置) 및 운용(運用)에 별다른 어려움이 없고, 내열성(耐熱性)이 강(强)하므로 쉬운 조건하(條件下)에서 경제적(經濟的)으로 공업적(工業的) 이용(利用)에 유리(有利)하다고 판단(判斷)되어진다.reatinine은 함량이 적었다. 관능검사결과(官能檢査結果) 자가소화(自家消化)시킨 크릴간장은 효소(酵素)처리한 것이나 재래식 콩간장에 비하여 품질 면에서 손색이 없고 저장성(貯藏性)이 좋은 크릴간장을 제조(製造)할 수 있다는 결론을 얻었다.이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.에 착안하여 침전시 슬러지층과 상등액의 온도차를 측정하여 대사열량의 발생량을 측정하고 슬러지의 활성을 측정할 수 있는 방법을 개발하였다.enin과 Rhaponticin의 작용(作用)에 의(依)한 것이며, 이는 한의학(韓醫學) 방제(方劑) 원리(原理)인 군신좌사(君臣佐使) 이론(理論)에서 군약(君藥)이 주증(主症)에 주(主)로 작용(作用)하는 약물(藥物)이라는 것을 밝혀주는 것이라고 사료(思料)된다.일전 $13.447\;{\mu}g/hr/g$, 섭취 7일중 $8.123

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.15B no.6
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• pp.561-574
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• 2008

The spot detection phase of the 2-DE image analysis program segments a gel image into spot regions by an image segmentation algorithm and fits the spot regions to a spot shape model and quantifies the spot informations for the next phases. Currently the watershed algorithm is generally used as the segmentation algorithm and there are the Gaussian model and the diffusion model for the shape model. The diffusion model is closer to real spot shapes than the Gaussian model however spots have very various shapes and especially an asymmetric formation in x-coordinate and y-coordinate. The reason for asymmetric formation of spots is known that a protein could not be diffused completely because the 2-DE could not be processed under the ideal environment usually. Accordingly we propose an asymmetric diffusion model in this paper. The asymmetric diffusion model assumes that a protein spot is diffused from a disc at initial time of diffusing process, but is diffused asymmetrically for x-axis and y-axis respectively as time goes on. In experiments we processed spot matching for 19 gel images by using three models respectively and evaluated averages of SNR for comparing three models. As averages of SNR we got 14.22dB for the Gaussian model, 20.72dB for the diffusion model and 22.85dB for the asymmetric diffusion model. By experimental results we could confirm the asymmetric diffusion model is more efficient and more adequate for spot matching than the Gaussian model and the diffusion model.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.45-53
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of changes in soil temperature on biodegradation rate of diesel compounds from a field pilot test using hot air injection process. Total remediation time was estimated from in-situ biodegradation rate and temperature for optimum biodegradation. All tests were conducted by measuring in-situ respiration rates every about 10 days on highly contaminated area where an accidental diesel release occurred. The applied remediation methods were hot air injection/extraction process to volatilize and extract diesel compounds followed by a bioremediation process to degrade residual diesels in soils. Oxygen consumption rate varied from 2.2 to 46.3%/day in the range of 26 to $60^{\circ}C$, and maximum $O_2$ consumption rate was observed at $32.0^{\circ}C$. Zero-order biodegradation rate estimated on the basis of oxygen consumption rates varied from 6.5 to 21.3 mg/kg-day, and the maximum biodegradation rate was observed at $32^{\circ}C$ as well. In other temperature range, the values were in the decreasing trend. The first-order kinetic constants (k) estimated from in-situ respiration rates measured periodically were 0.0027, 0.0013, and $0.0006d^{-1}$ at 32.8, 41.1, and $52.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. The estimated remediation time was from 2 to 9 years, provided that final TPH concentration in soils was set to 870 mg/kg.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.149-153
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• 2008

The pollutant capacity occurred before and after the development of a watershed should be quantitatively estimated and controlled for the minimization of water contamination. The Ministry of Environment suggested a guideline for the legal management of nonpoint source from 2006. However, the rational method for the determination of treatment capacity from nonpoint source proposed in the guideline has the problem in the field application because it does not reflect the project based cases and overestimates the pollutant load to be reduced. So, we perform the standard rainfall analysis by analytical probabilistic method for the estimation of an additional pollutant load occurred by a project and suggest a methodology for the estimation of contaminant capacity instead of a simple rational method. The suggested methodology in this study could determine the reasonable capacity and efficiency of a treatment facility through the estimation of pollutant load from nonpoint source and from this we can manage the watershed appropriately. We applied a suggested methodology to the projects of housing land development and a dam construction in the watersheds. When we determine the treatment capacity by a rational method without consideration of the types of projects we should treat the 90% of pollutant capacity occurred by the development and to do so, about 30% of the total cost for the development should be invested for the treatment facility. This requires too big cost and is not realistic. If we use the suggested method the target pollutant capacity to be reduced will be 10 to 30% of the capacity occurred by the development and about 5 to 10% of the total cost can be used. The control of nonpoint source must be performed for the water resources management. However it is not possible to treat the 90% of pollutant load occurred by the development. The proper pollutant capacity from nonpoint source should be estimated and controlled based on various project types and in reality, this is very important for the watershed management. Therefore the results of this study might be more reasonable than the rational method proposed in the Ministry of Environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.2115-2123
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• 2000

This research was designed to investigate the mathematical model and kinetics of phenol desorption from spent activated carbon. elucidating the desorption characteristics of phenol in the case of using acetone. The Freundlich isotherm constant ($k_e$) is expressed as a function of temperature: $k_e(T)=0.1exp(797.297/T)$. The Freundlich isotherm constant(n) is a weak temperature function and is rarely affected by temperature below $50^{\circ}C$. whereas it is necessary to correct the n value with respect to temperature above $100^{\circ}C$ owing to significant deviation (~5%). Based on the assumption that the surface desorption reaction of phenol is rate limiting, the desorption model was developed. Desorption reaction constant($k_d$) was determined by means of fitting the theoretical results best to experimental ones. The Arrhenius relationships for $k_d$ was expressed by: $k_d(sec^{-1})=0.0479{\cdot}exp(-3037/T)$. The model was verified by comparing the experimental ones under different reaction conditions with the theoretical results determined by the previously estimated $k_d$. Since the difference between them is with 5%, it is expected that the desorption model of this research seems to be appropriate to explain the desorption of phenol from activated carbon by acetone. According to studies of the model. regeneration time and ratio was estimated as a function of temperature under present conditions as follows: (1) regeneration time : ${\tau}_{reg}(hr)=-0.08130T_c+8.4775$. (2) regeneration ratio : ${\eta}(%)=0.2210T_c+83.745$. The regeneration time at 15, 55, and $100^{\circ}C$. respectively. was 7, 4.2, and 0.35 hours, whereas the regeneration ratio was 87. 96. and 99%. respectively. Also. studies of the model would make it possible to determine the regeneration time and ratio under other specific conditions (temperature, applied acetone volume, amount of activated carbon, and initially adsorbed phenol amount).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2000

Because the household garbage had high water contents, it is difficult to compost it without an additive. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate possibility of using the waste newspapers as a humidity conditioner for the household garbage composting. The maximum temperature was $66.0^{\circ}C$ in spring, $69.2^{\circ}C$ in summer, $60.9^{\circ}C$ in fall and $56.0^{\circ}C$ in winter for composting periods. The seasonal pH value reached around 8.5 after 1 week and then repeated fluctuation at the narrow range in spring and fall, while it was stabilized at the range of $8{\sim}9$ after increasing to 8.5 after 1 week in winter. The water content was reduced little in winter, while decreased significantly in the other seasons. The water content after 8 weeks was 22.2% in spring, 47.6% in summer, 25.5% in fall and 72.5% in winter. The mass was reduced rapidly during the first week of each season, but it did not show much decrease. The volume reduced after 8 weeks to 59%, 32%, 27%, and 34% in spring, summer, fall and winter respectively. Organic matter content decreased over the four seasons. Nitrogen contents were in the range of 0.7% to 2.2% during the four seasons. The contents of inorganic compounds based on dry matyter were in the range of $0.94{\sim}2.59%\;P_2O_5$, $1.23{\sim}1.87%\;CaO$, $0.37{\sim}0.46%\;MgO$, $0.55{\sim}1.98%\;K_2O$. Concentration of heavy metals(Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, As) based on dry matter were less than the limiting value of the by-product compost.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.420-437
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• 1994

The starting point of the research is the relation between capital restructuring and urban restructuring. The economic restructuring, which has been caused by the economic crisis in the early 1970s in the United States has brought a spatial restructuring at different geographic scales. The degree of the success of urban restructuring is contingent to the local economic and political environments. The local contingent factor such as local politics should not be neglected for investigating the restructuring process. Through the case study of Chicago, the research provides two inconsistencies in applying the structural approach to the local level: first, the lack of the theoretical link between crisis and restructuring; and second, the crucial importance of local politics in shaping urban development.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.13-20
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• 2012

This research investigated the effect of $SCOD_{Mn}$ concentrations and pH adjustment at the stage before land application, namely 2nd-aeration treatment stage of liquid fertilizer in the liquid fertilizer treatment process of swine manure on the physicochemical compositions of 2nd-aeration treated liquid fertilizer. The liquid fertilizer used in this research is the alkaline fermented liquid fertilizer of swine manure more than pH 9.0 through aeration treatment (Alkaline fermentation treatment group). About the alkaline liquid fertilizer, phosphate neutralization treatment was conducted with phosphoric acid and it was a phosphate neutralization treatment group. In 2nd-aeration treatment of liquid fertilizer for 30 days, each group was divided into alkaline treatment groups (T-1, T-2, and T-3) and phosphate neutralization treatment groups (T-4, T-5, and T-6) according to early $SCOD_{Mn}$ concentrations. The research results are as follows. 1. As for $SCOD_{Mn}$ reduction rate, the average 29.9% in alkaline treatment groups and the average 36.9% in phosphate neutralization treatment groups were shown and so the relatively high reduction rate was shown in phosphate neutralization treatment groups. 2. After finishing the experiment, the group of the lowest $SCOD_{Mn}$ concentrations was the phosphate neutralization treatment group, T-6 with the lowest inflow concentrations. In case the final goal level of 2nd-aeration treated liquid fertilizer is assumed as concentrations less than $SCOD_{Mn}$ 3,000 ppm, it would be desired that inflow concentrations of 2nd-aeration treatment groups are adjusted less than $SCOD_{Mn}$ 5,500 ppm. 3. As for the persistence rate of nitrogen, the average 29.3% in alkaline treatment groups and the average 38.9% in phosphate neutralization treatment groups were shown and so phosphate neutralization treatment groups showed the relatively low loss rate of nitrogen, meanwhile, in the case of T-P, phosphate neutralization treatment groups maintained high concentrations (average 1,473 ppm). 4. In the event of 2nd-aeration treatment of liquid fertilizer, "alkaline fermentation treatment" condition in 'low phosphate-low nitrogen' type and "phosphate neutralization treatment" condition in 'high phosphate-high nitrogen' type are expected to be favorable.