• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2009

In order to investigate contamination of heavy metal in seawater and cultured oyster, samples were collected November 2003 to July 2004 from 12 sites (13 sites for seawater) along the coast of Tongyeong, Korea. The mean concentrations of metal in oyster tissues were as follows: 0.09 (0.01-0.3) ${\mu}g/l$ for Cd, 0.47 (0.01-1.4) ${\mu}g/l$ for Cr, 0.59 (0.2-2.3) ${\mu}g/l$ for Ni, 1.02 (0.1-4.2) ${\mu}g/l$ for Pb and 0.48 (0.01-3.9) ${\mu}g/l$ for Hg in the seawater, whereas 2.45 (0-5.47) mg/kgDW for Cd, 3.63 (0.10-12.91) mg/kgDW for Cr, 3.2 (0.01-15.73) mg/kgDW for Ni, 3.51 (0.01-6.47) mg/kgDW for Pb and 0.39 (0.004-0.74) mg/kgDW for Hg, respectively. Most metal concentration values were below the permissible range for the related regulations. Mean bioconcentration factors (BCF) for each metal were as follows: 38,964 (1,771-207, 171) for Cd, 9,583 (1,231-80, 162) for Cr, 191 (3-20, 980) for Ni, 1,416 (245-5, 207) for Pb and 180 (5-716) for Hg, respectively. The BCF values from this study corresponded to the transitional phase from the pristine to the contaminated waters. Notably, Cd showed the highest BCF, which suggest that the Pacific oyster could be utilized as a useful biomarker for Cd contamination in sea water. The multidimensional scaling analysis suggested that the metal contaminants are mainly originated from combustion of fossil fuel and accumulated to oyster through food web.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.322-329
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• 2018

In this study the community characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates distributed in stream of Gaya Mountain were figured out and the correlation with the physicochemical water quality factors were calculated. During the study period, total 4 phyla, 6 classes, 13 orders, 36 families, 100 species of benthic macroinvertebrates were recorded. Ephemeroptera were the most dominant followed by Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Diptera, Non-insecta, Hemiptera, and Odonata. The overall dominant species was Cincticostella levanidovae by dominance rate in 17.72%, subdominant species was Hydatophylax nigrovittatus by dominance rate in 6.15%. The biotic indices showed the diversity index 5.17, richness index 12.44, dominant index 0.24 and evenness index 0.78, there is no absolutely dominant benthic macroinvertebrates in the stream of Gaya Mountain. We identified the correlation between the species number and individuals of main taxa and the physicochemical water quality factors. Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera showed a negative correlation with water temperature, but they represented a positive correlation with the dissolved oxygen. This results suggest that water temperature and dissolved oxygen are important physicochemical water quality factors affects the distribution of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, the indicators of clean water stream.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.463-470
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• 2019

Wild-simulated ginseng is requires standard establishment on location environment for long-term and eco-friendly cultivation. The this study was carried out to investigate the correlation between growth characteristics and location environment of wild-simulated ginseng for selection of suitable cultivation area. Samples were collected from a 9 site of wild-simulated cultivation area and examined growth characteristics and location environment. Correlation coefficient between growth characteristics and location environment was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation. The growth of wild-simulated ginseng was shown significantly higher in Geochang and Hamyang cultivation area. The results of correlation analysis was shown significantly correlation with percentage of conifer, total diameter at breast height, soil pH, K, Ca and Mg. The results of this study was clearly investigated the correlation between growth characteristics and location environment of wild-simulated ginseng, which is considered to will provide understanding for selection suitable cultivation area of wild-simulated ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 2023

This study was conducted to remove fluorine (F) (initial concentration of 9.5 mg/L) from leachate of reclaimed mine waste dump site via different methods: (1) co-precipitation using Ca-based materials; (2) adsorption using activated carbon and fly ash; and (3) coagulation and sedimentation using alum. The F removal efficiencies of each case were estimated as 65.6% (Ca co-precipitation), 27.9% (adsorption of activated carbon), 71.5% (adsorption of fly ash), and 96.6% (alum coagulation and sedimentation). In addition, the applicability of the continuous treatment process using alum coagulation was evaluated by lab-scale experiments using simulated mine drainage containing F of lower (6.4 mg/L) and higher (15.7 mg/L) concentrations, and it was confirmed that the treatment of both cases met the domestic standard (below 3 mg/L) for discharged water in clean areas. Furthermore, the results of bench-scale field tests indicated that the water quality standard of discharged water could be satisfied with the proper operation and management of the process.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2024

In light of the development of modern high-tech industries, where human sustainability is becoming increasingly important, anorthosite needs to be reevaluated not only for its potential as a new source of aluminum, but also as a primary resource with a wide range of industrial applications. In particular, a relatively simple chemical composition with a high CaO content and Al₂O₃/SiO₂ ratio, along with its relatively low impurity levels and chemically stable nature offers significant advantages in industrial processes. Thus, anorthosite is considered as an important industrial resource in the age of energy transition. In this review, we examine the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of anorthosite that determines their stability and reactivity. Based on their characteristics, we propose the potential use of utilizing the anorthosite as an alternative to the Bayer process which has the limitations. We also explore its application as the eco-friendly geo-synthetic materials, and as the new materials for carbon dioxide storage and utilization. As the demand for aluminum applications accelerates, anorthosite is gaining their importance in the geological industry and clean energy field. Therefore, advanced and extensive research on anorthosite complex occurring in the Hadong and Sancheong regions of Korea is critical to obtain opportunities to enhance economic advantages through efficient utilization of national resources and to lead to sustainable development.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1970

The present status of control measures for public health important helminthic infections in Korea was surveyed in 1969 and the following results were obtained. The activities of parasitic examination and Ascaris treatment for the positives which were done during 1966 to 1969 were brought in poor result and could not decrease the infection rate. It is needed to improve or strengthen the activities. The mass treatment activities for paragonimiasis and clonorchiasis in the areas which were designated by the Ministry of Health were carried out during 1965 to 1968 with no good results in decrease of estimated number of the patients. There were too many pharmaceutical companies where many kinds of anthelmintics were produced. It may be better to reduce the number of anthelmintics produced and control the quality. The human feces, the most important source of helminthic infections, was generally not treated in sanitary ways because of the poor sewerage system and no sewage treatment plant in urban areas and insanitary latrines in rural areas. The field soils of 170 specimens were collected from 34 areas out of 55 urban and tourist areas where night soil has been prohibited by a regulation to be used as a fertilizer, and examined for parasites contamination with the result of Ascaris egg detection in 44%. Some kinds of vegetables of 64 specimens each from the supply agents of parasite free vegetables and general markets were collected and examined for parasites contamination with the results of Ascaris egg detection in 25% and 36% respectively. The parasite control activities and the ability of parasitological examination techniques in the health centers of the country were not satisfactory. The budget of the Ministry of Health for the parasite control was very poor. The actual expenditure needed for cellophane thick smear technique was 8 Won per a specimen. As a principle the control of helminthic infections might be led toward breaking the chain of events in the life cycle of the prasites and eliminating environmental and host factors concerned with the infections, and the following methods nay be pointed out. 1) Mass treatment might be done to eliminate human reservoirs of an infection. 2) Animal reservoirs which are related with human infections night be eliminated. 3) The excretes of reservoirs, particularly human feces, should be treated in sanitary ways by the means of sanitary sewerage system and sewage treatment plant in urban areas and sanitary latrines such as waterborne latrine, aqua privy and pit latrine in rural areas. The increase of national economical development and prohibition of the habit of using night soils as a fertilizer might be very important factors to achieve the purpose. 4) The control of vehicles and intermediate hosts might be done by the means of prohibition of soil contamination with parasites, food sanitation, insect control and snail control. 5) The improvement of insanitary attitudes and bad habits which are related with parasitic infections night be done by the means of prohibition of habit of using night soils as a fertilizer, and improving eating habits and personal hygiene. 6) Chemoprophylactic measure and vaccination may be effective to prevent the infections or the development of a parasite to adult in the bodies when the bodies were invaded by parasites. Further studies and development of this kind of measures are needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.99-110
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• 1999

With a growing awareness, transportation is the maior source of urban air pollution. Planners and policy-makers are strongly urged to care the impacts of transportation management strategies on environment. Since transport-related air Pollution can be regarded as negative externalities of transport, it is indispensable to evaluate chanties in air quality which seems to occur when proposed transport measures are implemented. In addition, transport measures should be integrated in a set of combined Paradigm regarding transport and environment. Based on the integrated Paradigm between transportation demand management(TDM) and environmental planning, the main focus is given to apply environment cost internalizing measures to the short-term congestion management Program(SCMP) in Seoul, that has been developed in 1998 by Seoul Development Institute. Three modules are analyzed: without and/or with ￦500, ￦1000 emission plus gas tax, respectively. From the empirical applications on Seoul city, one of the most exemplary findings in SCMP program is that, emission plus gas tax can be a very useful measure to reduce vehicular emissions by targeting major Pollutants differently, rather than by dealing with pollutants collectively. Further research that provides (1)showing the spatial variation of pollution levels along the intersections, (2)more developing combined Paradigm between transport, land use, and environment, (3)using environmental road capacity rather than Physical-aspects of road capacity, and (4)continuing R&D on air quality constrained TDM, can contribute significantly to applications of the real and efficient environment-constrained transportation planning.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.9-25
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• 2020

In 2010 and 2015, total 77 surface sediment samples were collected to assess the anthropogenic effects of trace metals in surface sediments of Garolim Bay, and the physical characteristics (particle size and specific surface area) and geochemical components (major (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Ba) and trace metals (Mn, Cs, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb), organic carbon and calcium carbonate) were analyzed. Mean grain size of Garolim Bay surface sediments ranged from 0.51-5.58 Ø (mean 3.98 Ø) and increased from the inlet of bay to the inner bay, and from the waterway to the land. Most of the metal concentrations except for some elements showed the similar distribution to those of mean grain size and specific surface area. As the particle size decreased and the specific surface area increased, the metal concentration increased. In order to estimate the factors controlling the concentration of trace metals, factor analysis was performed, and three factors were extracted (92.7% of the total variation). Factor 1 accounted for 71.3% of the total variation, which was a grain size factor. Factor 2 accounted for 14.2% of the total variation, Factor 3 accounted for 7.2% of the total variance. Enrichment factor was calculated using the particle size corrected background concentration. Metals with a enrichment factor of 1.5 or higher and the number of samples were 4 for Cr (St. 1, 16, 27, 39) and 1 for Pb (St. 39), but there were little differences in the concentrations of 1M HCl leached metals for these metals. The percentage of 1M HCl leached fraction to total metal concentration decreased in the order of Pb~Co>Cu>Zn~Mn>Ni>Cr. Comparing this value with contaminated and clean sediments in other coastal areas, the percentages for each metal were similar regardless of the trace metal levels in all regions. This fact might be resulted from the reaction between the 1M HCl solution and the different sediment constituents, indicating that there is a limit to apply this percentage of leached metal to the estimation of the contamination extent.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.32
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• pp.465-488
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• 2016

This paper attempts to read in different ways and to interpret newly on Cheoyongrang mhang-hae-sa in "Sam-guk-yu-sa". Ulsan have held Cheoyong Cultural Festival for 47 times according to "Sam-guk-yu-sa". However, there have been a frequent identity crisis about Cheoyong Cultural Festival because of controversial issue about Cheoyong, This paper interpretate Cheoyongrang mhang-hae-sa newly to overcome these crisis, Cheoyong's dancing and retreating was not the resignation and tolerance, but the treat and warning, as the dance of Namsansin god of Posukjeong, Buk-acksin god of Keumkangryung and Jisin god of Dongryejeon was the warning of Silla's ruination. 'The Mhang' of Mhang-he-sa temple should be interpreted not as 'watch' but 'fifteen days'. Mhang-he means the roads buried in darkness and vanished had become a sea. The name of Shin-bhang-sa temple means Gae-un-po province of Ulsan had become 'the newly purified region' because of the inspection of King Heon-ghang. The main keyword of Cheoyongrang mhang-hae-sa is 'Byuk-sa-jin-gyung'. 'Byuk-sa-jin-gyung' means to repel the impious and pray the pleasure. The purpose of the personal Gut and national Gut, Narae, was also 'Byuk-sa-jin-gyung'. The reinvented bridal room with a fresh life was like the world of Byuk-sa-jin-gyung. The dance of God Sa-bhang was, as well the desperate desire to New Silla. Cheoyong was a shaman with a superior authority who set up the power to foresee to the god of smallpox. The image of Cheoyong at is not the resignation and tolerance, but the foresight and authority. Therefore, the slogan of Cheoyong Cultural Festival, the resignation and tolerance, should be reexamined. The new Cheoyong Cultural Festival should adopt the concept of foresight and authority and Byuk-sa-jin-gyung. Cheoyong Cultural Festival, have been held for 49times, often had identity problems. The identity of Cheoyong have been misinterpreted as the resignation and tolerance. The slogan of Cheoyong Cultural Festival should be reexamined. The new Cheoyong Cultural Festival should adopt the concept of foresight and authority and Byuk-sa-jin-gyung.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.666-671
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• 2012

Gas hydrates are inclusion compounds formed when small-sized guest molecules are incorporated into the well defined cages made up of hydrogen bonded water molecules. Since large masses of natural gas hydrates exist in permafrost regions or beneath deep oceans, these naturally occurring gas hydrates in the earth containing mostly $CH_4$ are regarded as future energy resources. The heat of dissociation is one of the most important thermal properties in exploiting natural gas hydrates. The accurate and direct method to measure the dissociation enthalpies of gas hydrates is to use a calorimeter. In this study, the high pressure micro DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) was used to measure the dissociation enthalpies of methane, ethane, and propane hydrates. The accuracy and repeatability of the data obtained from the DSC was confirmed by measuring the dissociation enthalpy of ice. The dissociation enthalpies of methane, ethane, and propane hydrates were found to be 54.2, 73.8, and 127.7 kJ/mol-gas, respectively. For each gas hydrate, at given pressures the dissociation temperatures which were obtained in the process of enthalpy measurement were compared with three-phase (hydrate (H) - liquid water (Lw) - vapor (V)) equilibrium data in the literature and found to be in good agreement with literature values.