• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.92-103
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• 2012

The Cheomsungdae was built in the Silla dynasty during the reign of queen Seondeok. It has a round cylindrical structure with a flowing curved fa ade. The identity of the Cheomsungdae has not been revealed since there is not much historical evidence or documents about the building. This study is trying to investigate the building technique and method from the technical point of view of the past when it was constructed. There have been much work and studies done for the Cheomsungdae, but not much were focusing on the technical aspects of the building. In addition there are many questions and doubts about the hypothesis of the building technique of Cheomsungdae since there aren't any remaining documents or historical evidence supporting it. Among many questions, we think that the discussion on falsework technique is not considering traditional construction method of the Dujabee (a traditional construction technique using various tools and equipment for the stability of the building) technique. Therefore, it is hard to identify them as reliable historical facts. As the result of the study, we want to provide the basic data on the construction techniques of Korean traditional architecture and broaden the study scope of technical history by narrowing the errors. The study could be summarized into three points. 1. The historical architecture Cheomseongdae was constructed by using traditional crane techniques such as a Noklo (pulley ladder). Cheomseongdae was re-evaluated as a high level technology for the history of architecture. 2. The benchmark method on Cheomseongdae construction has been applied with a precise scientific method based on the geometrical principals using the central axis. 3. In terms of the history of Korean traditional architecture technology, as there aren't many studies done we proposed various basic data for the traditional crane techniques and criteria of Korean traditional architecture technology. We could expect various and active studies for the technical approach of the history of architecture.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2024

This study investigated acoustic features in spectral moment analysis, comparing accurate articulations with distortions of alveolar fricatives such as dentalization, palatalization, and lateralization. A retrospective analysis was conducted on speech samples from 61 children (mean age: 5.6±1.5 years, 19 females, 42 males) using the Assessment of Phonology & Articulation for Children (APAC) and Urimal-test of Articulation and Phonology I (U-TAP I). Spectral moment analysis was applied to 169 speech samples. The results revealed that the center of gravity of accurate articulations was higher than that of palatalization, while palatalization was lower than dentalization. The variance of dentalization was higher than that of both accurate articulations and palatalization. The skewness of dentalization was higher than that of accurate articulations, and the skewness of palatalization was higher than that of accurate articulations. The kurtosis of palatalization was higher than that of both accurate articulations and dentalization. No significant differences were observed for the position of fricatives (initial, medial) and tense type (plain, tense) across all variables of spectral moment analysis for each distortion type. This study confirmed distinct patterns in center of gravity, variance, skewness, and kurtosis depending on the type of alveolar fricative distortion. The objective values provided in this study will serve as foundational data for diagnosing alveolar fricative distortions in children with speech sound disorders.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.3 s.104
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• pp.241-251
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• 2004

Previous studies have focused on the causes of root resorption after orthodontic treatment and treatment methods to reduce this phenomenon, and have been mainly associated with developed, mature roots. As parents become increasingly interested in their children's' dentition, orthodontists are performing fixed orthodontic treatment on patients of less than 10 years and before the completion of the immature root. Thus, the author evaluated the changes of root length and root form of maxillary immature incisors after orthodontic treatment, compared with those of mature teeth, and investigated the correlation according to gender, treatment duration, and displacement of incisors. The sample consisted of an immature root group of twenty-eight persons (between 8 and 10 years old) and a mature root group of thirty-one persons (between 11 and 15 years old). The crown and root length of the maxillary four incisors were measured with a periapical radiograph, changes in root length and crown-root ratio were calculated, and root form was classified according to a scoring system. The results were as follows. 1. The development of immature roots was not affected by orthodontic treatment and mostly showed normal root length and apical form. 2. Root length of immature teeth was sustained or became shorter, partially in long treatment duration or with open bite patients. Even though the teeth reached their normal root length, they demonstrated a blunt form. 3. Most of the mature roots showed mild resorption, and the form of mature roots was more blunt than the developed form of the immature roots (p<0.05). 4. The developed form of the immature roots was statistically related to treatment duration, while the form of the mature roots was significantly related to the displacement of incisors (p<0.05). 5. In contrast, other variables such as gender, classification of malocclusion, changes in overbite, and changes of U1 to SN showed no correlation with the root resorption of both groups.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.2 s.85
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• pp.265-274
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• 1998

This study was carried out to obtain the basic data for an artificial cultivation of Phellinus sp.. The optimum conditions for the mycelial growth on the different sawdusts (Quercus aliena, Morns alba and Alnus japonica) substrate of an isolated Phellinus sp. were optimized by response surface methodology. The ratio of rice bran addition to sawdust and the suitable moisture content for the mycelial growth in the all sawdust media were about 30% (w/w) and $65{\sim}70%$ (w/v), respectively. The initial pHs for the mycelial growth of Quercus aliena and Morns alba were in the range of $pH\;5{\sim}6$, whereas Alnus japonica was obtained at pH 6. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was about $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, depending on the different kinds of wood substrates. From the response surface analysis, the values of independent variables of Quercus aliena at stationary points were determined to be 31.01 % (w/w) of rice bran, pH of 5.31 and 69.03% (w/v) of moisture content, and the expected value of mycelial growth was about 8.32 cm. Both the ratio of rice bran addition to sawdust $(X_1)$ and moisture content $(X_3)$ were effective to the mycelial growth. In the case of Morns alba, the ratio of rice bran addition to sawdust, initial pH and moisture content at the stationary points were 28.77% (w/w), 5.28 and 69.8 (w/v),respectively, and the expected mycelial growth of 7.60 cm was obtained. Stationary points for the mycelial growth in the sawdust media of Alnus japonica were 28.74% (w/w) of rice bran, pH of 6. 04 and 66.96% (w/v) of moisture content, and the expected values of mycelial growth was about 5.38 cm. Based on the above results, there was correlations between the mycelial growth and independent variables, and the effect of rice bran $(X_1)$ and initial pH $(X_2)$ for the mycelial growth were higher than the moisture content $(X_3)$. The optimum species of sawdust media for the my celial growth of Phellinus sp. was in the order of Quercus aliena > Morns alba > Alnus japonica.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.227-244
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• 2010

Abundant spinel lherzolite xenoliths showing distinctively different textural types such as protogranular, porphyroclastic, and mylonitic texture are trapped in the basaltic rocks from southeastern part of Jeju Island. These xenoliths show the textural spectrum from coarse-grained protogranular through porphyroclastic with bimodal grain size to fine-grained and foliated mylonitic texture. They tend to decrease in grain sizes and show more linear grain boundaries and more frequent triple junctions from protogranular through porphyroclastic to mylonitic. Spinel has different occurrence mode according the textural type. Spinel is always associated with orthopyroxene in protogranular texture, whereas it is scattered and independent of orthopyroxene in mylonitic texture. Additionally, porphyroblast from porphyroclastic and mylonitic textures has internal deformation features such as kink band, undulatory extinction and curved lamella, whereas neoblast is strain-free. These textural features indicate increasing degree of static/dynamic recrystallization from protogranular through porphyroclastic to mylonitic texture. The mg#[$=100{\times}Mg/(Mg+Fe_t)$] of olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene is relatively constant (ol: 88-91; opx: 89-92; cpx: 89-92) regardless of textural differences. The mg# of constituent minerals, NiO content (0.3~0.4 wt%) and MnO content (0.1~0.2 wt%) of olivine are similar to those of mantle xenoliths worldwide, also indicating that studied spinel lherzolite xenoliths were mantle residues having experienced 20~25% partial melting. The geochemical and textural characteristics have close relations showing that LREE and incompatible trace elements content of orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene increases from protogranular through porphyroclastic to mylonitic. These observations suggest that the studied mantle xenoliths experienced metasomatism by LREE enriched melt or fluid after partial melting, indicating a close relation between deformation and metasomatism. The metasomatism was possibly confined to narrow shear zones from where porphyroclastic and mylonitic textured xenoliths originated. These shear zones might favorably drive the percolation of LREE-enriched melts/fluids responsible for the metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle below the Jeju Island.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.103-108
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• 2008

To develop an optimal composite recipe for a functional abalone porridge including abalone viscera, this study investigated the effects of added viscera on the physical, textural and sensory characteristics of the porridge. Several kinds of abalone porridge were prepared with 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5% of the viscera (w/w) and with round rice, half rice, or ground rice. pH of the porridge with half and ground rice decreased with increasing amounts of the viscera. TBARS value increased with increasing size of rice and increased with increasing amount of the viscera in the porridge with round and ground rice. Yellowness of the porridge increased significantly by the addition of the viscra. Among the four textural properties, consistency and firmness increased with increasing size of rice; in contrast, viscosity and cohesivness decreased with increasing size of rice. However, textural properties of the porridge were not significantly different by the addition of the viscera. In the sensory evaluation, sensory scores of the porridge with round and half rice were higher than with round rice for texture, taste and total. In conclusion, concerning overall sensory evaluation, round rice porridge with 2% viscera, half rice porridge with 3% viscera and ground rice porridge with 4% viscera showed the best results, implying that developing functional abalone porridge using the viscera may be worthy.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.5 s.94
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• pp.343-353
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the stress distribution of alveolar bone in case of on masse retraction with lingual K-loop archwire using the 3-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis followed by stress freezing process. Lingual K-loop archwire which had loop in 15mm height was used and activated by retraction force of 350gm per each side. The results were as follows 1. Central incisor : As the closer side to crown, the larger tensile stress was distributed at both mesial and labial surfaces and the larger compressive stress was distributed at distal surface. As the closer side to root apex, the larger compressive stress was distributed at lingual surface. The compressive stress was distributed at root apex. 2. Lateral incisor : The tensile stress was distributed at the coronal side of mesial surface. The compressive stress was distributed at distal surface. As the closer side to crown, the larger tensile stress was distributed at labial surface. The tensile stress was distributed at coronal side and the compressive stress was distributed at apical side of lingual surface. The compressive stress was distributed at root apex. 3. Canine The tensile stress was distributed at coronal side and the compressive stress was distributed at apical side of mesial surface. The tensile stress was distributed at distal surface. As the closer side to crown, the larger tensile stress was distributed at both mesial and distal surfaces. The compressive stress was distributed at root apex. 4. Second premolar : The tensile stress was distributed at mesial surface. The compressive stress was distributed at coronal side and the tensile stress was distributed at apical side of distal surface. The compressive stress was distributed at coronal side of buccal surface. As the closer side to crown, the larger tensile stress was distributed at lingual surface. The compressive stress was distributed at root apex. 5. First molar . As the closer side to crown, the larger tensile stress was distributed at both mesial and distal surfaces. No stress was distributed at buccal surface and palatal root apex. As the closer side to crown, the larger tensile stress was distributed at both lingual surfaces. The compressive stress was distributed a4 buccal root apexes. 6. Second molar The compressive stress was distributed at all root apexes. As the closer side to crown, the larger compressive stress was distributed at both mesial and lingual surfaces, and the larger tensile stress at both distal and buccal surfaces. Transverse bowing effect was observed in on-masse retraction with lingual K-loop archwire, however vertical towing effect was not. Rather, reverse vortical bowing effect was developed.

• Journal of Advanced Technology Convergence
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2023

This study was described about the EEG response results of tea tree oil fragrance for the development of functional shampoo additives. In the case of experimenters (1) the intensity change of the right brain alpha wave in electroencephalographic (EEG) response was increased after inhalation of the tea tree oil fragrance. (2) the change of physical tension and stress both the left brain and the right brain in EEG response showed a tendency to decrease after inhalation compared to before inhalation of the tea tree fragrance. (3) the mental distraction and stress was decreased after experimenters inhales the tea tree oil fragrances. These means the tea tree fragrances have both mental stability and stress relief. From above results, we prepared the functional shampoo additives with tea tree oil, and the we determined the alpha wave in EEG response after the functional shampoo additive fragrance for experimenters. As results, (4) the alpha wave intensity in left and right brain was significantly decreased after inhaling the functional shampoo additives fragrance. (5) physical tension and stress changes were decreased after inhalation of functional shampoo additive fragrance. (6) mental distraction and stress changes were also decreased after inhalation of functional shampoo additive fragrance. , From above results, the functional shampoo additives could be used as physical and mental relievers. Furthermore, the functional shampoo additives have the effects of scalp calming when the experimenter was treated shampoo with the functional shampoo additives.

• The Korea Swine Journal
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• v.30 no.1 s.341
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• pp.226-228
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• 2008

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.132-134
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• 2012