• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2009

Outdoor iron artefacts are easily corroded by salts, especially $Cl^-$ion, from environmental pollutants and acid rain because of their location, so that they need conservational treatments such as stabilization. However the conservation of outdoor iron artefacts are limited to be consolidated for the present and there are a few the studies for the desalinization. The general desalinization method is that objects are immersed in reagent such as alkaline corrosion inhibiting solutions targeting on buried iron artefacts, thus they are not available for outdoor iron artefacts. In this study, concerning those difficulties, the different desalting method is experimented that materials soaked in alkaline solutions attach to objects and they are packed by waterproof to avoid evaporation. This paper experiment burial iron artefacts at first in order to fine out an adaptable method for outdoor iron artefacts. The soaking materials are Korean traditional paper, gauze, cotton wipers, spill pads and the desalting regent is NaOH 0.1M. Additionally the exiting desalinization method which is to immerse objects in solution is performed to compare. The analyses are microscopes, SEM-EDS, X-ray diffraction, pH meter and Ion chromatography. The result is that spill pads show the best desalting effect out of other materials similar to immersing desalting method.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.399-409
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• 2009

Outdoor iron artefacts are easily corroded by affection of environmental pollutants directly. Especially they need to be removed $Cl^-$ ions, but outdoor iron artefacts are excluded for desalination owing to their special features. Therefore this study contains the conservation processes of an iron stele of the Joseon Dynasty as the sample as well as desalination experiments that were carried out the desalting method using spill pads and the immersion desalting method together in order to compare. Desalting methods were compared by analyses such as an optical and metallurgical microscope, SEM-EDS, pH meter, Ion Chromatography and X-ray diffraction. As a result of the analysis, the optical and metallurgical microscopy show that the corrosion products are constituted by the layers and the metallurgical microstructure is a white cast iron. The SEM-EDS results of corrosion products detected mainly Fe, O, and especially Cl upto 2.48wt%. The results of pH and anion analysis for the washing solution, the desalting method using spill pads shows the similar effect to the immersion desalting method. As a result of XRD analysis before and after desalting corrosion products, goethite, magnetite, lepidocrocite and akaganeite are detected before desalting, but akaganeite is not detected after desalting at the desalting methode using spill pads, which indicates to have an effect on desalination. Therefore the results show that the desalting method using spill pads has an effect on desalination similar to the immersing desalting method.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.14
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• pp.99-109
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• 1981

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.16
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• pp.308-337
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• 1983

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.134-149
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• 2013

The Sudang-ri Site in Geumsan is considered the historic site where Baekje dominated the inland traffic route to Gaya through Geumsan and Jinan in the 5th Century. This study identified the production techniques of iron by conducting an analysis of metallographical microstructure of the artifacts such as an iron sword and an iron sickle that were excavated in Sudang-ri Site, Geumsan, one of the regions ruled by Baekje, and tried to figure out the characteristics and the technical systems of Baekje's ironmaking around the 5th Century by comparing them with other iron artifacts produced around the same time. The analysis showed that various production techniques were applied to the artifacts excavated in Sudang-ri Site, Geumsan. Depending on the production techniques, they can be divided largely into three methods: the simple shape-forging method, the steel manufacture method after forging, and the steel manufacture & heat-treatment method after forging. The iron sickle from the stone chamber tomb No. 1, which was produced only through forging, is mostly composed of soft ferrite at both edges of the blade and at the rear making the use of the weapon impractical. From this fact, it is presumed that they were produced as burial objects or ceremonial accessories for the person buried. The iron axe from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 1 and the iron swords and sickle from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 12, which were produced through the steel manufacture method after forging such as carburizing, did not go through the heat treatment such as quenching, but applied different production processes to each part. Therefore, it is deemed that they were produced as daily tools for cultivation rather than burial objects or ceremonial accessories. The production techniques following the forging process - carburizing and heat treatment - can be found on the iron swords from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 5 and the outer stone coffin tomb No. 12. The sturdy structure of the blade part and the durable structure of the rear processed with heat are deemed to have been produced as weaponry and used by the person buried. Based on the analysis of the iron artifacts excavated from Sudang-ri Site in Geumsan, the characteristics of iron production techniques were investigated by comparing them with the artifacts from Yongwon-ri Site in Cheonan, Bongseon-ri Site in Seocheon, and Bujang-ri Site in Seosan that were made around the same time as the cluster of Baekje tombs examined by the metallographical microstructure analysis of this study. For the iron artifacts analyzed here, the changes in the techniques were investigated using the iron swords common in all of the tombs. In the case of the iron swords, it was identified the heat treatment technique called tempering was applied from the 4th Century.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.397-406
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• 2010

The most ideal method to measure the water-soluble $Cl^-$ ion eluted from iron artifacts is conducting the analysis on desalting solution by Ion Chromatography. But most institutes related to cultural heritages use Cl meter by reason of lack of budget and experts. This study evaluated reliability and stability between Cl meter and Ion Chromatography by doing cross-validation with results from two methods to detect $Cl^-$ ion of desalting solution. From D.I water, extremely small quantities of $Cl^-$ ion was detected by the influence of remaining water-soluble $Cl^-$ ion at the electrode of Cl meter and water-soluble $Cl^-$ which remains in Sodium sesquicarbonate, components of reagent was detected as well. The first desalting solution had the most $Cl^-$ ions, $Cl^-$ ion slightly decreased from the second to the fourth desalting solution and tend to decrease again at the stage of dealkalified in D.I water. Each Cl meter has the standard deviation according to the measured numbers and the higher concentration of $Cl^-$ ion the desalting solution has, the wider the deviation is. But when the concentration of $Cl^-$ ion is low, it was stable to use Cl meter to detect the concentration of $Cl^-$ ion from iron artifacts because there is the small deviation, It is thought that conductivity meter method is not suitable for measuring $Cl^-$ ion, because the electrical conductivity of alkaline solution is too high to measure $Cl^-$ ion.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.64-77
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• 2013

In China, archaeological research on Xiongnu started later than in foreign countries. In the late $19^{th}$ century, several Russian archaeologists started to study Xiongnu's archaeological culture. However, since the late $20^{th}$ century, archaeological research of the Xiongnu in China quickly gained speed. The Xiongnu culture has been reported in Mongolia, northern steppe of China and eastern part of Eurasian steppe. Mainly, Xiongnu sites, dated from the late 2nd century B.C. to the 1st century A.D., are reported on the west side of Baikal Lake(Zabaikal), Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia of China. Based on the historical records and the archaeological remains, the North Xiongnu culture is defined to be the remains of Zabaikal, and the South Xiongnu culture the archaeological remains of Northern China. The expelled North Xiongnu, while fleeing to the western part of Eurasia, left traces of their own archaeological remains in southern Kazakhstan, Xinjiang of China, Altai, and finally appeared in the Europe as Huns. In order to adapt to the environment of northern steppe of China, Xiongnu used a nomadic economic system, giving uniqueness to its iron works. The most characteristic iron works of the Xiongnu is the highly-sophisticated iron weapons. Compared with the iron works of agricultural economic society, Xiongnu iron-works are short of production tools and various vessels. The "Nomadic type" iron works found in Xiongnu area date back to the Warring Country period or slightly later. Further research need to be conducted on "Nomadic type" Xiongnu iron works.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.89-98
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• 2011

It is quite difficult to identify its corrosion compound because they have a wide variety of crystal structures and they are mixed with two component. This study was conducted with the standard iron corrosion compounds through the analysis by Raman Micro-Spectroscopy, which aims to obtain standard Raman Data. To assess the reliability of standard iron corrosion compounds, SEM-EDS analysis and XRD analysis were conducted. Through SEM-EDS analysis, the elements of corrosion compound matched with those of standards iron corrosion compounds except Goethite. XRD analysis showed that the structures of corrosion compounds were identical to those of standard iron corrosion compounds, however, it was identified that Iron sulfate ($FeSO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$) is the Rozenite ($FeSO_4{\cdot}4H_2O$). Through Raman Micro-Spectroscopy analysis, the new peak was detected from the wavenumbers of hydroxide and iron oxide. It is considered that it is due to changes in the wavelength of the laser. As the wavenumbers of iron chloride and iron sulfate have been identified, eight kinds of Raman Data were obtained. It can be considered to contribute to cultral heritage for iron objects that Raman Micro-Spectroscopy analysis which is relatively easy to compare material properties and structures can be highly applicable to the research on cultural heritage with the limited amount of samples.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.333-344
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• 2011

Cleaning of foreign matter and corrosion products on surface among conservation treatment of iron artifacts is an important part for looking up a original form. The sand blaster is the most popular equipment when it removes the foreign matter and corrosion products on iron artifacts surface. Current foreign matter and corrosion products equipment, which mostly uses, is sand blaster. Glass dust which sprayed from sand blaster is harmful and causing environmental pollution. In order to solve these problems, we investigated the $CO_2$ snow cleaning that use a eco-friendly equipment to apply for cleaning foreign matter and corrosion products on surface of iron artifacts. It examined by using sand blaster and $CO_2$ snow cleaning to aged steel coupon and iron artifacts. In case of aged steel coupon, the result showed that the sand blaster and $CO_2$ snow cleaning methods were similar to the degrees of cleaning foreign matter and corrosion products, through surface roughness, color measurement and SEM. $CO_2$ snow cleaning applied to aged steel coupons weren't worn out the surface in comparison with sand blaster by SEM. When applied to the iron artifacts, power nozzle of the $CO_2$ snow cleaning was an excellent cleaning effect that surface wern't worn out in comparison with sand blaster. And, it showed that internal structure change of metal was no found before and after cleaning by X-ray radiography. Consequently, we confirmed that cleaning of the sand blaster and power nozzle of $CO_2$ snow cleaning were similar to the effect. But, it's very careful to use this method because of high outlet pressure of power nozzle for applying to the iron artifacts. As a result of experiments, it could be found that the cleaning methods should be selected depending on internal state of the artifacts.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 2000

A nondestructive experimental feasibility study was conducted using magnetometer to find buried cultural objects at pottery and steel matters in low-relief mountaineous area of Doojeong-dong, Cheonan, Chungnam Province from May 23 to July 18, 1998. Magnetic survey was carried out with $20cm{\times}20cm$ grid in a site of $20m{\times}40m$ before excavation, and the distribution of magnetic anomalies was compared with the results of excavation. Magnetic sensor was located on the surface of ground during the magnetic survey on the basis of an experimental result. Positive magnetic anomalies of maximum 130 nT are found over a pair of potteries. Magnetic anomaly map reveals several anomalous points in the 1st and 4th quadrants of the survey site, from where potteries and their fragments were confirmed. Six points out of seven points cprrelated with magnetic anomaly are found contain earthwares, whereas a magnetically uncorrelated location produced earthware made of unbaked clay. Steel waste such as cans and wires hidden in soil and bushes also influenced magnetic anomalies. Therefore, it is better to remove such steel wastes prior to magnetic survey if possible. Some magnetically anomalous points produced no archaeological object on excavation. This may be explained by shallower level of excavation than burial depth.