• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.48
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• pp.375-406
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• 2024

This study aims to define the meaning of 'Sangsaeng (mutual beneficence)' within the context of 'Sangsaeng ecological theory,' a form of discourse of that has emerged from Daesoon Jinrihoe's perspective on ecology. Sangsaeng ecological theory applies the concept of interdependence to ecology in order to explain how Sangsaeng, which is commonly used as an ethical system for humans, can be applied to the realm of ecology such that it extends its scope of application to include non-human beings. Interdependence, when applied to ecology, is formed via relationships between individuals. Such relationships can be positive, negative, or neutral, and the type of interdependence that emerges can be competitive, predatory, parasitc, and symbiotic. Even if the relationship between individuals ends negatively, it can still exert a positive effect on the ecosystem. Consequently, all of these produce a type of 'dependence'. However, relationships that end negatively can generate grievances, and from the perspective of Sangsaeng ethics, this type of interdependence is to be avoided. Therefore, by way of contrast, ecological Sangsaeng may include both relationships of positive interdependence and relationships of predation, parasitism, and competition in so far as there no grievances. Ecological theory requires a perspective that enables an understand of the relationship between nature and humans in an integrated way that does not separate them. One view of universe, known as Cheonji-saengin-yongin (Heaven and Earth give produce humans make use of them) provides insights into the relationship between the universe and humans and nature and humans from an interdependent perspective. Heaven and Earth take humans as the basis of their existence, and only after humans discover the law of nature and the sacredness behind it can a deep interdependence between Heaven and Earth and humans and nature and humans be established. However, as modern humans emerge, the interdependence between Heaven and Earth and humans collapses as they destroy nature and lower the authority of Shindo (divine order). Haewon Sangsaeng (the resolution of grievances for mutual beneficence) and Boeun Sangsaeng (the reciprocation of favors for mutual beneficence) is the solution to reestablish the interdependence that has been disconnected between Heaven and Earth and humans and nature and humans. The practice of Haewon Sangsaeng through Gongbu rituals is the way to restore interdependence between nature and humans. The process of humans achieving Dotong (mastery of the Dao) through religious practices is the practice of Boeun Sangsaeng, and humans will be reborn into Injon (Human Nobility or 'divine humans') with ecological nature and enjoy an eternal interdependent relationship with nature. In summary, Sangsaeng in the context of Sangsaeng ecological theory is the idea and practice of allowing nature and humans to restore their interdependence and live on eternally.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.423-432
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• 2013

Smart phones have been technologically advanced in many ways from basic cellular phones. However, most of all smart phone users in Korea still have been using the traditional Korean character keypads used in the basic cellular phones. It would be required to develop new keypads on smart phones with touch screen. In this paper, we extended the three standard Korean character keypads - Cheonjiin, Naragul, and SKY-Hangul - by adding dragging function on touch screen, then we compared writing speeds of the keypads based on the number of touching buttons and moving distance of the finger while writing a sentence. In addition, we proposed two new Korean keypads - 's-Gana' and 's-Bada', which are more suitable on smart phones. s-Gana assigned 7 representative consonants and 5 representative vowels in order on the 4x3 keypad, and s-Bada assigned consonants and vowels by considering their frequency of use. s-Gana and s-Bada keypads showed 3~19% and 9~24% of performance improvement, respectively, compared with the standard Korean keypads. Finally, we set up 5 requisites of SELF-T in order to evaluate the usability of Korean character keypads in smart phones, then we compared the keypads using the requisites.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.479-491
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• 2013

Products of the eruption of Mt. Baekdusan are identified as volcanic materials at the estuaries of the Songhuagang river to north, the Dumangang river to east and the Amnokgang river to west. More speficially, pyroclastic flows, lahars and volcanic floods can affect an area of 400km in radius, centering around Lake Cheonji caldera. However, unlike the millenium eruption, the flow situation has been changed. Because multi-purpose dams and reserviors with a combined pondage of mora than 2 billion tons of water have been built in the rivers of which sources are originated from Lake Cheonji caldera. In addition, the flow of fluids expected to take place when the volcano has erupted is thought to be affected by artificial constructions in both direct and indirect ways. This study calculates the direction of fluids flow by using numerical analyses of pyroclastic flows, lahars and volcanic floods that can occur when the volcano of Mt. Baekdusan has erupted. We also estimate the scope of damages by pyroclastic flows, lahars, volcanic flooding caused by the pondage of the dams and water storages in and around Mt. Baekdusan. Pyroclastic flows transported over the steep slopes at the early times of eruptions move over the mountain slopes, affecting airplanes, and lahars due to leaks of Lake Cheonji could reach as far as major rivers and streams near Mt. Baekdusan. Unlike historical accounts, volcanic flood is expected to be limited in its scope of influence to reservoirs bigger than Lake Cheonji in pondage.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.501-510
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• 2014

Volcanic eruptions alone may lead to serious natural disasters, but the associated release of water from a caldera lake may be equally damaging. There is both historical and geological evidence of the past eruptions of Mt. Baekdusan, and the volcano, which has not erupted for over 100 years, has recently shown signs of reawakening. Action is required if we are to limit the social, political, cultural, and economic damage of any future eruption. This study aims to identify the area that would be inundated following a volcanic flood from the Cheon-Ji caldera lake that lies within Mt. Baekdusan. A scenario-based numerical analysis was performed to generate a flood hydrograph, and the parameters required were selected following a consideration of historical records from other volcanoes. The amount of water at the outer rim as a function of time was used as an upper boundary condition for the downstream routing process for a period of 10 days. Data from the USGS were used to generate a DEM with a resolution of 100 m, and remotely sensed satellite data from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to show land cover and use. The simulation was generated using the software FLO-2D and was superposed on the remotely sensed map. The results show that the inundation area would cover about 80% of the urban area near Erdaobaihezhen assuming a 10 m/hr collapse rate, and 98% of the area would be flooded assuming a 100 m/hr collapse rate.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2002

This study investigated the species composition and distribution of woody plants, and flora of vascular plants of Cheonjiyeon where is located in the most southern region of Korea. Twenty-nine taxa of trees were distributed in the valley, and of these, deciduous broad-leaved trees were 13. Of the total number of 2,547 trees, 1,429 were deciduous broad-leaved trees and remainder was broad-leaved evergreen. Deciduous broad-leaved trees covered 48.7% of the tree canopy while evergreen broad-leaved trees covered only 42.3%. The total number of shrub taxa was 37 with more evergreen shrub taxa than deciduous. Evergreen shrubs occupied 64.4％ of shrub canopy while deciduous shrubs covered only 35.4％. The result of the investigation of flora showed that there are 446 taxa of flora including 114 families, 320 genera, 397 species, 1 subspecies, 39 varieties, and 9 forma. Of these, two species, Rubus hongnoensis Nakai and Lycoris chejuensis K. Tae et S. Ko, are endemic plants of Jeju Island. The flora includes 17 taxa of rare plants that are distributed only in Jeju Island in Korea. Also, the flora includes 1 taxon, Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Loureiro) Poiret var. ellipticus (Thunb.) Hara, of Korean natural monument, 2 taxa, Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. and Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copeland, of legally protected wildlife and plants, 38 taxa of naturalized plants, and 75 taxa of introduced plants.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.283-284
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• 2007

• Defense and Technology
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• no.7 s.197
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• pp.66-79
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• 1995

지난 5월 12일에서 18일까지 4차 함상토론회가 독도 및 울릉도 해상의 천지함에서 개최되었다. 이날 토론회에서 21세기 동북아 안보와 해양안보 정세를 전망하고 유엔해양법 발효에 따른 주변국의 해양정책 변화 가능성을 분석하여 장차 한국의 해양권익을 보호하기 위한 방안을 모색해 보았다. 이에 주제발표와 열띤 토론으로 진행된 내용을 순서대로 요약해 보았다.

• The Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.2 s.369
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• pp.74-78
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• 2000

올해 말부터 우리나라에도 유전자변형 농산물(GMO)에 대한 표시제도가 도입된다. 유전자도입(GM) 식품의 안전성을 둘러싼 소비자단체의 캠페인은 유럽 천지를 뒤흔든 뒤 GMO의 주요생산지인 미국에서도 일기 시작했다. 그런데 최근에는 안전성을 둘러싼 논쟁이 과학계로 번지기 시작했다.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.31
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• pp.74-77
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• 1992

장백산이라 부르고 있는 우리나라의 조종산인 백두산, 하기야 장백산맥의 주봉을 이루고 있다고 하여 중국에서는 옛날부터 장백산이라고 부르고 있으니 우리가 올라간 곳은 백두산이 아니라 장백산이라고 불러야 맞을지는 모르겠다. 그러나 우리는 옛부터 백두산이라 볼러왔고 이 산이야말로 우리나라 한반도의 영봉으로 알고 있으니 백두산이란 이름으로 불러야 마음이 편하다고 하겠다.(중략)

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• v.40
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• pp.4-9
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• 1994

녹제동굴은 백두산천지의 서북쪽에 있는데 백운봉의 북쪽, 관일봉의 서남쪽, 지반봉의 북쪽산사면에 자리잡고 있다. 지반봉의 해발고도는 2603M이고 녹제동의 해발고도는 1900M이다. 그러므로 아고산사스레림대로부터 고산황막으로 과도되는 지대이다.(중략)