• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.35
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• pp.243-274
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• 2009

This paper attempts to explore the theory of self-cultivation(修養論) for the Unity of Heaven and Man, Mind and Nature(天人心性合一) in the Doctrine of the Mean(中庸). In the unity of heaven and Man, the meaning of the way of Heaven are doctrine of the Mean, sincerity, Nature, Sage, five ways forward, mind of the way, and the meaning of the way of man are thinking to be Cheng(誠之), secularity, the way, education, three methods of excelling, the way of man. The way of Heaven(天道) is the principle of the Universe and give the original Nature to Mankind. The way of Man(人道) is what man should do to accomplish the way of Heaven, and in that process, the unity of Heaven and Man accomplished. The unity of the mand and nature explained by the concept of mind's equilibrium-harmony. When the emotion arise rightly by rectifying mind, the mind unify with the original nature. After the unity of Heaven and Man and the unity of mind and nature, the whole world can governed by nine guidelines(九經) on the base of self-cultivation. There are several methods to get the unity of Heaven and Man and the unity of mind and nature. These are represented by the preserving mind and extending knowledge. In that methods, right timing by watchful when alone, loyalty-sympathetic understanding, selecting Goodness and holding on to it firmly, and fulfilling the mind's equilibrium-harmony

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.53
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• pp.191-214
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• 2017

Zhangshi(張?) is a distinguished Chinese scholar, who is known as the South-east Three sages with Zhuxi(朱熹) Luzujian(呂祖謙). He is well known for his influence through exchanges of ideas with Zhu xi, but the research on his ideas is rather poor. This paper aims to understand the ideology in general by looking deeper into the study of Zhangshi's self-cultivation. Contents of his self-cultivation especially emphasized the subject of the mind in the way establishing the unity of heaven and human within the theory mind based on metaphysical foundation. It would be very meaningful to study his theory of self cultivation in his ideological tendencies. this essay Based on the unity of heaven and human, especially uniting the ways of heaven and morality, this essay is approaches to the way of self-cultivation. This paper first examines the meaning of heaven and human for Zhangsi, and presents a self-cultivation method as a unified method in two categories of relationships This not only emphasizes the subject of the mind in the process of realizing the unity of heaven and human, but also to highlight the possibility of human becoming one with the heaven. This research will be an important research work in understanding Zhangshi's own philosophical system.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.66
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• pp.251-276
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• 2017

This article is an attempt to identify the difference between "Oneness between Heaven and Man(天人合一)" thought proposed by Zhoudunyi(周敦?) in 'Taijirushuo(太極圖說)' and "Cheon-In-Sim-Seong-Haap-Il(A diagram about Unifying Heaven, Human, and Mind-and-Heart)(天人心性合一)" thought presented by Kwonkun(權近) in 'Ip-Hak-Do-Seol(入學圖說)'. Oneness between Heaven and Man thought, which have developed into practical ideas centered on self-cultivation theory, have a philosophical depth and logical system by Zhoudunyi(周敦?) with 'Taijirushuo(太極圖說)' in order to summarize the metaphysical cosmology and the treatise of human nature in Dynasty Song. Zhoudunyi established the concept of Wuji(無極) corresponding to Heaven(天), and suggested unified cosmology of 'Wuji(無極)-Taiji(太極)-Yin and Yang(陰 陽)-Five elements(五行)-Human(人間)-Everything(萬物)'. His cosmology is the perception that heaven, the creator of all things, is the relationship of unity, which is connected by man as the creature and the Order(命)and Nature(性). Thus, when people restores one's nature and realized that it is a mandate from Heaven, he said that heavenly unity can be realized and become a Saint(聖人). The idea of Zhoudunyi(周敦?) comes to Zhu Xi(朱熹) about 120 years later and it is concluded to be converged the Neo-Confucianism with Lichi theory. Accordingly, Zhoudunyi(周敦?) is evaluated as the master of the Neo-Confucianism to posterity. KwonKun suggested the idea of "Cheon-In-Sim-Seong-Haap-Il(A diagram about Unifying Heaven, Human, and Mind-and-Heart)(天人心性合一)" in 'Ip-Hak-Do-Seol(入學圖說)' at the end of Goryeo Dynasty. KwonKun's "Cheon-In-Sim-Seong-Haap-Il" thought is logically coherent by adding an element of the doctrines of Chu-tzu to his teacher Yi Saek's "Chun-In-Mu-Gan" and arranging that the functions of my mind and Li(理) are all together. Whereas Zhuodunyi is concerned with the creation principle of the universe and all things, KwonKun mainly cares about Heaven(天), Human(人), and Heart (心), and Nature(性) in the view of psychology. In addition, he suggested that "Cheon-In-Sim-Seong-Haap-Il" can be achieved by self-cultivation centered of Gyeong-thought(敬思想). The idea of KwonKun has become a stepping stone to the development of the doctrines of Chu-tzu based on psychology. His ideas came to Yi Hwang about 150 year later, and are integrated into four clue-seven emotion (Sadan Chiljung四端七情) thesis and Gyeong-thought(敬思想). However, unlike the Zhoudunyi, KwonKun is not properly evaluated despite his academic accomplishments.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2007

韓醫學的時間醫學是在天人合一思想的基礎上, 利用陰陽五行學說與五運六氣學說來研究人體周期性問題的學問, 經過長期的臨床實踐已經形成了其理論和體系, 至今其有效性亦得到驗證, 屬於比較實用的學問. 關於韓醫學的時間醫學, 在"黃帝內經"中已經提出日週期和月週期以及年週期等, 形成了時間醫學的基礎, 後在"傷寒論"中得到臨床上的實際應用. 自唐代王氷補入運氣篇後, 關於年週期和超年週期的硏究得到了比較大的發展. 後來, 曆經宋金元明淸, 出現了子午流注針法, 並於藥物服用時間的硏究, 時令病的認識, 對疾病的時間診斷學的硏究等方面, 均得到了持續而多樣的發展. 在以晝夜之變化爲特征的日週期中, 晝夜陰陽消長週期與晝夜升降浮沈週期, 對發熱疾患的治療及痊愈時間的預測有所幫助, 衛氣運行週期於睡眠機制的說明有所深化, 而五臟主時週期對五臟疾病的預防和病勢的預測以及投藥時期的確定有所幫助. 而日死亡週期可以活用於死亡時間的把握, 經脈氣血流注週期則對以後的按時取穴之子午流注針法和靈龜八法以及飛騰八法等的發展, 起到了主要作用.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.48
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• pp.445-479
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• 2024

The ideological context of the Unity of Heaven and Humankind (天人合一) is useful as an approach to understanding the meaning of 'human affairs (人事)' in Daesoon Thought. In Daesoon Thought, the meaning of 'human affairs' occurs within the context of 'the Way of humans (人道)' being based upon 'the Way of Heaven (天道).' However, in Daesoon Thought, the characteristic of 'the Way of Heaven' originates from the Supreme God of the Ninth Heaven (上帝) and His Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth (天地公事). Specifically, this entails the principle of 'what is devised by humanity (謀事在人), is achieved by Heaven (成事在天),' which is inverted to become 'what is devised by Heaven (謀事在天), is achieved by humanity (成事在人).' This is the principle of 'human affairs' that is revealed as the relationship between Humanity and Heaven is newly defined. In addition, the newly changed relationship between Humanity and Heaven is presented as the principle of 'divine beings and human beings mutually guide one another (神人依導).' This principle clearly expresses 'human affairs' in the context of Daesoon Thought. Accordingly, the two directions in which 'human affairs' are completed are expressed as two stages: spiritual enlightenment (靈通) and the Harmonious Union between Divine Beings and Human Beings (神人調化). These two directions in which 'human affairs' pursues 'the Way of Heaven' show a depth beyond just encompassing transcendence and immanence. The relationship between 'the Way of Heaven' and the Supreme God of the Ninth Heaven, in particular, is a useful point for appreciating the how the meaning of 'human affairs' in Daesoon Thought differs from other uses of the term which occur elsewhere.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.163-174
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• 2023

Simgok Seowon was established to honor Jo Gwang-jo, who is a scholar and politician in the mid-Joseon period. It is located in a propitious site based on Feng Shui. Its Jusan is Mugokeumseongchae(武曲金星體) with Wonhwahyul(圓窩穴), and its Ansan is Tamrangmokseongchae(貪狼木星體). It is a Jehyang(祭享)-centered Seowon that sets a Jehyang place in Hyeolcheo. Around the Sadang(祠堂), the Four gods including Jwacheongryong(左靑龍) Woobackho(右白虎), Jujak(朱雀), and Hyeonmu(玄武) protect the Hyeolcheo(穴處) well. It is a typical central axis symmetrical spatial arrangement where everything is located centered on Sawoo(祠宇). It is a type of Jeonhakhumyo(前學後廟) that arranges the main hall at the front of buildings and places the Sadang that is a Jehyang place at the back of Sadang. To the left side of the Sadang, Yeonji(蓮池) was created by applying the principles of Cheonwonjibang(天圓地方), which serves as Yusik(遊息) area with functions to adjust microclimate and to extinguish fires. Feng Shui plays an important role when determining orientation, direction, and location of the buildings. Therefore, it could be regarded as realizing the aesthetic spirit of Cheoninhabil(天人合一) to compose the Feng Shui-oriented spatial arrangement by recognizing accurately the relationship between nature and human being depending on topography, wind, water flow, and point of the compass.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.141
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• pp.287-311
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• 2017

The major purpose of this article is to analyze Lee Jema's idea of 'cultivating the self,' and therefore reveal a difference between his idea and 'cultivating and nurturing (the mind)' shown in traditional medicine and Neo-Confucianism. For this purpose, I first analyzed 'cultivating and nurturing (the mind)' of traditional medicine and Neo-Confucianism and showed Lee Jema's originality by studying philosophical foundations of Sasang constitutional Medicine. The idea of 'cultivating and nurturing (the mind)' is transcendental in that it pursues the unity between humans and the principle of natural changes or the Heaven. However, Lee Jema developed his own medical theory by analyzing an ontological structure of human beings and nature and life, and reinterpreting four beginnings on the basis of experience. He reinterpreted humans as a being in the structure of time and space, and relationships with others. In addition, he reinterpreted nature and life and four beginnings as the capability of wisdom and action and the function of mind and body. Therefore, he tried to overcome a transcendental thinking to aim for the unity of humans with the Heaven. Also, he discovered that the most important reason for disease is biased emotions (moral/private) because biased emotions influenced the function of mind and body. The causal relationship is the basis of his medical theory. Therefore, his idea of cultivating the self is focused on being careful not to make emotions biased. This reveals that even though Sasang constitutional theory came from the traditional medical theory and Confucian morality, it developed on a different philosophical foundation. In this regard, I tried to differentiate Lee Jema's idea of cultivating the self from 'cultivating and nurturing (the mind)' which aims for the unity between humans and the principle of changes or the Heaven.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.55
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• pp.9-33
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• 2014

이 논문은 중국 남송시대 성리학의 집대성자인 주자(朱子)(1130-1200)가 "중용"을 어떻게 분장절(分章節)하고, 그 구성을 어떻게 이해하였으며, 나아가 "중용"을 어떤 책으로 규정하면서 어떤 입장을 갖고 해석하였는지를 살펴보는 것을 목표로 한다. 주자는 이정(二程)형제가 "중용"을 "공문(孔門)에서 전한 심법(心法)"으로 정의한 입장을 수용하면서, "중용(中庸)"을 표창(表彰)하여 "예기(禮記)"에서 분리 독립시켜 사서(四書)의 하나로 정립하였다. 그는 40세 전후에 "장구" 및 "혹문"의 초고를 완성하고, 20여년 간 수정한 끝에 "중용장구"의 서문을 썼다. 주자는 "중용"이란 글을 최초로 나름의 원칙을 갖고 유기적인 체계속에서 33장으로 분장(分章)하고, 사대절(四大節) 혹은 육대절(六大節)로 그 체계를 나누었다. 그는 이러한 분장절(分章節)을 통해 "중용"이란 책은 중화(中和), 중용(中庸), 군자지도(君子之道)의 비은(費隱), 천도(天道)로서의 성(誠)과 인도(人道)로서의 성지(誠之), 그리고 천인합일의 길을 제시한 책으로 구성되어 있다고 말하였다. 나아가 우리는 주자가 "중용"이란 책을 공자의 손자인 자사(子思)가 도통의 단서를 계승하기 위해서 기술한 책이라고 말하면서, "서경(書經)" "대우모(大禹謨)"의 구절과 "중용"의 내용이 합치된다고 하는 주장을 살폈다. 마지막으로 우리는 주자의 "중용"해석에서 나타난 특징을 살펴보았다. 주자는 나름의 일관된 철학적 형이상학적 입장을 갖고 "중용"을 해석하였는데, 그의 해석에는 이기론(理氣論), 이일분수설(理一分殊說), 성즉리(性卽理), 성발위정론(性發爲情論), 그리고 존양(存養) 성찰(省察)의 수양법 등이 고스란히 반영되어 있다는 것을 살폈다. 그리고 우리는 주자가 이런 "중용" 해석을 통해 유학의 정통성을 정립함과 동시에 도불(道佛)을 위시한 여타 학파를 비판 극복하려고 했다는 점을 살폈다.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.36
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• pp.235-258
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• 2013

People say that dichotomous way of thought in the Occident separating human from nature resulted in ecological crisis. Furthermore, it is said that surmounting Occidental way of thought is necessary to heal ecological crisis, and ecological elements in Oriental traditional philosophy could be the alternative for changing anti-ecological disposition inherent in Occidental thought. Although so-called ecology did not exist in Oriental traditional philosophy, there is room for reviewing Oriental traditional philosophy in terms of ecological elements or ecological orientation. In modern society, however, the vitality and significance of ecological elements in Oriental traditional philosophy cannot be conclusively verified. On the other hand, Occidental thought regarded as the main culprit of environmental destruction may not contain anti-ecological contents. Therefore, this study critically reviews the possibility and significance of modern change of ecological thought in Oriental tradition by raising two questions, "Is Occidental view of nature anti-ecological?" and "Is Oriental view of nature ecological?"

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.32
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• pp.129-158
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• 2008

After Four-Seven debate in late 16C, Korean Neo-Confucian scholars had developed their theories on human nature and morality such as Insimdosimsoel (theories on the moral emotion and desire), Inmulsoengron(theories on human nature and animal nature), Mibalsimcheron(theories on the calm mind as the embodiment of morality). Confucian scholars had been active member of society since acceptance of Neo-Confucianism. They had the plans of social reforms on the basis of moral self cultivation from the elite Confucians to commoners. So the Confucian scholar took part in the foundation of new Confucian kingdom, the Joseon Dynasty(1392). Kwon gun(1352~1409), the famous Neo-Confucian scholar wrote Iphakdosoel(pictogram for beginer of Neo-Confucianism) which emphasized the importance of moral self cultivation and that the mandate of heaven in human nature is identical with Li, the moral principle which the origin of the human intrinsic moral ability as the basis of unity with man and heaven. He thought that ethical life is identical with mandate of heaven, so he insisted all the member of society should follow Li, the moral principle which the origin of human morality and social goodness. Also he emphasized the morality was the intrinsic and most important value of human being. Therefore ethical life became essential part of self cultivation. Joeng Ji-un(1509~1561) wrote the Chunmyongdosoel (pictogram of mandate of Heaven), the start point of Four-Seven debate in mid 16C. Joeng followed Kwon's theoretical line. He emphasized the importance of moral self cultivation and the human intrinsic moral ability. He wrote that the Four moral emotions arise from Li, the moral principle of mind, while Seven emotions arise from Ki, vital force of body. He insisted that human being should control Ki, the vital force to follow the Li, the moral principle of mind. This Korean Confucian scholars developed theories of morality and self cultivation. This theories not only show the philosophical speculation of Korean Confucian scholars but also show the social idealism and moral utopianism which grounded on the human morality. So they had trust in human morality which can guide human being into the right track to the good and peaceful society. These tendencies are main characteristics of Korean Neo-Confucianism which has seen from the begining of acceptance of Neo-Confucianism. Some modern philosophical criticism which insist the Korean Neo-Confucian theories such as Four-Senven theories was indulged in academic discussion are not only neglect the historical realty but also ignore the potential of Korean Neo-Confucian heritage.