• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.29-56
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• 2016

$F{\ddot{u}}r$ den Schadensersatzhaftung des Arztes, sog. die Arzthaftung, ist es vornehmlich vorauszusetzen: die $Sch{\ddot{a}}digungsbehandlung$ des Arztes, die Rechtswidrigkeit und das Verschulden. Zur Problematik der $Fahrl{\ddot{a}}ssigkeit$ in der Stufe des Verschuldens handelt sich es in dieser Beitrag um die Kritisierung der Rechtsprechung. $F{\ddot{u}}r$ die Entscheidung des Verschulden im medizinischen Fehler kommt es darauf an, ob die Sorgfaltspflicht des Arztes verletzt wird. $Daf{\ddot{u}}r$ wird der medizinische Standard rekurriert, den die Rechtsprechung nicht aus materieller, sondern aus normativer Sicht begreift. Erstaunlich $un{\ddot{u}}bereinstimmend$ mit deren Leitsatz wird der medizinische Standard als $Ma{\ss}stab$ der Sorgfaltspflicht materiell - zutreffend nur im Ergebnis - behandelt. Die Sorgfaltspflicht in der Medizin bedeutet nicht die natur-wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse, sondern eine "Best-$M{\ddot{u}}ssen$" Pflicht. Demnach ist der Standpunkt der Rechtsprechung, wonach den med. Standard normativ bewertet und die Sorgfaltspflicht darduch wieder normativ entscheidet, nicht anders als eine $w{\ddot{o}}rtliche$ Wiederholung. Die Arzthaftung in der Rechtsprechung ist aufgrund mit der Verneinung von der Sorgfaltspflichtverletzung nicht angenommen, welche in der Tat jedoch aus verschiedenen $Gr{\ddot{u}}nden$, wie die Rechtswidrigkeit, die $Fahrl{\ddot{a}}ssigkeit$ oder $Kausalit{\ddot{a}}t$, nicht angenommen. Der $Fahrl{\ddot{a}}ssigkeitsbeweis$ in der Rechtsprechung entwickelt sich mit dem Beweis nach objektivem $Ma{\ss}stab$, der Vermutung nach Anschein-Beweis und der $Beschr{\ddot{a}}nkung$ mit der Wahrscheinlichkeit. Bei Letzterem $geh{\ddot{o}}rt$ es $schlie{\ss}lich$ zum medizinischen Bereich. Ein Eintritt in den fachliche Bereich im Rahmen der Beweislast stellt der Beweiserleichterung $gegen{\ddot{u}}ber$. Aus diesem Hintergrund ist ${\S}630$ h Abs. 5 BGB bemerkenswert, wonach das Vorliegen eines groben Behandlungsfehler $regelm{\ddot{a}}{\ss}ig$ zur Vermutung von der $Kausalit{\ddot{a}}tszusammenhang$ $f{\ddot{u}}hrt$. Dieser Paragraph ist inhaltlich als Beweislastumkehr angesehen. Damit ist es von Nutzen im Fall des groben Fehler, der beim - elementaren - kunstgerechten Verhalten nicht entstanden $h{\ddot{a}}tte$, wie $Hygienem{\ddot{a}}ngel$, ${\ddot{U}}berdosierung$ des Narkotikum.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.369-376
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• 1997

환경교육의 목적은 환경문제점에 대하여 자각하고 관심을 가지며 현존하는 문제점들에 대한 해결과 새로운 문제점의 예방을 위하여 개인적으로나 집단적으로 일할 지식, 기술, 태도, 동기 그리고 책임에 대하여 교육시켜 가는데 있으며 이와 같은 목적을 충족시키기 위하여 환경교육의 대상이 되는 개념으로서 경제사회발전과 환경보전의 조화라는 관점에서 관심을 모으는 ESSD개념은 유엔이 국제환경보전운동의 지침으로 삼고있는 환경적으로 건전한 지속적 개발(Environmentally Sound and Sustainable Development)개념으로서 개발은 환경용량의 범위 내에서 추구되어야 하며 지속성의 관점에서 정부와 모든 국민들은 그들 자신의 복리는 물론, 그들의 후손을 위해 환경을 보전하는데 공동의 노력을 쏟아야 할 윤리적 가치를 강조하고 있다. 우리나가가 현재 직면하고 있는 환경문제를 ESSD개년의 도입과 실천을 통하여 해결하고자 하는 의지가 있어야 할 것이며, ESSD개념에 입각하여 인관과 환경간의 관련성의 새로운 개념에 대한 인식을 국민모두가 갖도록 하는 환경교육을 통하여 환경에 관한 가치가 개개인의 생활양식은 물론 기업 환경의식이나 정부의 의사결정 과정에 구현되어야 할 것이다. ESSD개념은 환경교육에서 환경보전과 경제사회발전이 어떻게 양립될 수 있는가를 강조하는 것이 되어야 할 것이며 학교환경교육이나 일반성인을 대상으로 하는 환경교육에서는 물론 정치적 관심이나 각 부처간의 이익을 초월하여 개발과 환경보전을 역동적으로 통합시킬 수 있도록 입법부나 행정부처의 공무원을 대상으로 하는 환경교육에도 포함되어야 할 것이며 환경문제에 관련된 전문가를 교육하는 현행제도를 재평가하여 단지 단기적인 현실만이 아니라 ESSD개념에 바탕을 둔 장래 개발문제에 대처해 나갈 수 있는 환경전문가를 위한 교육과정의 설계와 교육방법론의 체계적인 연구조사가 있어야 할 것이다. 이러한 환경교육의 중요성에 대하서는 의제 21, 지방의제 21 그리고 인간정주 의제서에 계속적으로 강조되어왔으며 국내에서도 이에 대한 체계적인 차원에서의 대응이 준비되고 있으며 이에대한 많은 각별한 관심과 참여가 요구되어진다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.397-407
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• 2011

The Open Position System is a new personnel management system started in korea, 1999.Open Position System have purpose to use outstanding talents and to expertise from both public and private sector. Korean government adapted open position system in order to use the right man in the right place. And Korean government incresae application of Open Position System. But, in spite of strong good point of Open Position System, We have limitation to apply Open Position System in police organization, generally. Because police have unique characteristics compare with other public organization. There is constant controversy concerning unique characteristics of police organization. Now, Korean police adopt Open Position System in few division: Chiep of Driver's License Agency, Director General for Audit and Inspection of Nation police Agency, Chiep of police hospital. Therefore, this study explore, extention possibility of Open Position System in Korean police.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2008

The General Conference of International Labour Organization adopted the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 which created a single, coherent instrument embodying as far as possible all up-to-date standards of existing international maritime Conventions and Recommendations in its Ninety-fourth session on 23 February 2006. This Convention prescribes the social security for seafarers in the Regulation 4.5 in the Title 4. Regulation 4.1-Medical care on board ship and ashore and Regulation 4.2-Shipowner's liability are related to social security for seafarers. For the purpose of ratifying this Convention in our country, first of all, it is necessary to review the domestic laws and regulations concerned whether they fulfill or not the requirements of the Convention and have to make preparation insufficient sections. Therefore, this paper aims to find out different regulations between the domestic law and the Convention, as to be able to accept the requirements regarding the social security of the Convention, also suggest the solution on problems derived in this process.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.161-191
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• 1995

본 논문은 서구의 이론을 바탕으로 개발된 직무만족도에 관한 인과모형을 한국의 병원근무자들을 대상으로 실증적으로 검증하고 직무만족도를 결정하는 인과적 요인들을 파악하는데 목적이 있다. 본 모형의 종속변수는 직무만족도이고 독립변수로는 3개집단의 변수들로 크게 분류하여 선정되었는데 첫째, 사회적 변수들로써 직무의 자율성, 직무의 모호성, 직무 갈등, 직무의 양, 상사 및 동료와의 관계, 발전가능성, 직무의 단순성, 분배정의, 승진기회, 물리적 근무환경, 임금 등이며, 둘째, 심리적 변수들로써 기대 충족도, 근무의욕, 적극적 심성, 부정적 심성 등이고, 셋째, 환경적 변수들로써 외부 취업기회와 가족에 대한 책임 등이 사용되었다. 또한 독립변수들이 종속변수에 영향을 미치는데 있어 개인의 가치관이 어떻게 작용하는지도 검증하였다. 자료수집을 위해 대구에 위치한 750병상 규모의 한 대학병원에 근무하는 전직원을 대상으로 자기가 입식 설문조사를 실시하였으며 879매가 회수되어 74.7%의 응답율을 기록하였다. 수집된 자료중 사용 가능한 836명의 응답을 바탕으로 선형구조관계분석(LISREL)과 다중회구분석기법을 이용하여 인과 모형을 검증하였다. 분석결과 직무만족도에 유의한 영향력을 가지는 변수들은 직무의 모호성, 직무의 모호성, 동료관계, 직무의 단순성, 분배정의(이상 시회적 변수), 기대의 총족도, 근무의욕, 적극적 심성, 부정적 심성(이상 심리적 변수), 외부 취업기회(환경적 변수) 등인 것으로 나타났으며 개인의 가치관과 인구학적인 변수들은 직무만족도에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 본 연구에서 사용된 인과모형은 직무만족도의 변이를 75.4% 설명함으로서 기존의 다른 모형들 보다 높은 설명력을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 사용된 직무만족도의 인과모형은 한국의 조직에서도 적용이 가능한 것으로 보이며, 또한 직무만족도의 일반적 모형은 구조적 변수, 심리적 변수, 그리고 환경적 변수들을 모두 포함하는 포괄적인 모형이 타당하다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.29-65
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• 2012

Der neue strukturelle Ansatz der Kommbination eines Rahmen$\ddot{u}$bereinkommens und eines ausr$\ddot{u}$stungsspezifischen Sonderprotokolls bedingt einen neuen organisatorischen Anstz f$\ddot{u}$r die Zusammenarbeit zwischen internationalen Organisationen bei der Schaffung von internationalem Einheitsprivatrecht. So haben hier zwei internationale Organisationen gemeinsam die Verantwortung f$\ddot{u}$r einmultilaterales $\ddot{U}$bereinkommen $\ddot{u}$bernommen: auf der einen Seite UNIDROIT als die internationale Organisation, die generell f$\ddot{u}$r die Vereinheitlichung des Privatrechts kompetent ist; auf der anderen Seite ICAO als die f$\ddot{u}$r die private Luftfahrt zust$\ddot{a}$ndige internationale Organisation. Dieses neue, f$\ddot{u}$r die Luftfahrzeugausr$\ddot{u}$stung praktizierte organisatorische Modell eines joint venture zweier internationaler Organisation bei der Einheitsrechtsetzung, namlich die Betreuung eines allgemeinen privatrechtsvereinheitlichenden Rahmens$\ddot{u}$bereinkommens durch UNIDROIT und die Wahrnehmung der sektorspezifischen Belange in einem ausr$\ddot{u}$stungsspesifischen Sonderprotokoll durch die jeweils zust$\ddot{a}$ndige internationale Spezialorganisation, hat bereits f$\ddot{u}$r die Sektoren der Eisenbahn- und Weltraumausrustung Schule gemacht. Das in Kapstadt beschlossene v$\ddot{o}$lkervertragliche Regelungswerk hat erstmals ein einheitsrechtliches - grunds$\ddot{a}$atzlich weltweite Geltung anstrebendes - Sicherungsrecht geschafen. Dies kann f$\ddot{u}$r die Sachenrechtsintergration einen $\ddot{a}$hnlichen Durchbruch bedeuten, wis das Wiener UN-kaufrechts$\ddot{u}$bereinkommen von 1980 f$\ddot{u}$r das Schuldvertragsrecht. Voraussetzung daf$\ddot{u}$r ist allerdings die juristische Qualit$\ddot{a}$t und Praxisgerechtigkeit des Regelungswerkes und - insbesondere - das Funktionieren des Registersystems. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung f$\ddot{u}$r den Erfolg des $\ddot{U}$bereinkkommens wird auchsein, ob es Rechtssicherheit zu gew$\ddot{a}$hrleisten vermag.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2020

The IOPC Fund general assembly reported that the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (known as the HNS Convention) will meet the requirement for the convention to take ef ect between 2021 and 2022. When the convention comes into effect, the liability-limit insurance of the HNS transport ship will be enforced and the shipper receiving the HNS will pay the share of the contribution from the International Fund for damages exceeding the limit of the ship's liability insurance. Korea is one of the major shipping and shipper countries in the world; thus, this study aimed to the need to analyze the effect of the convention on the related industries. The survey of ships and contribution targets analyzed the research data of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. The P&I premium estimation was reviewed by the Korea Shipping Association and the K P&I as insured ships. In addition, the contribution of the HNS cargo volume was analyzed in an annual report by a representative international association for each cargo. About 1,500 ocean-going and domestic vessels have been identified as ships subject to the convention. The effect of changes in premiums under the convention was minimal for most ships. The effect of the shipping industry is expected, with about 150 domestic tankers expected to increase insurance premiums. In the case of shipper industries, 52 freight terminals were found to be eligible for the payment of the share of the international fund, as the proportion of freight volume in Korea was ranked second to fourth in the world by individual HNS accounts. This implies the obligation to pay contributions according to the convention. Considering the status of HNS transport ships entering and leaving ports and the quantity of HNS cargo, it can be concluded that the validity of Korea's convention is sufficient and that, it is necessary to coordinate with global major shipper countries.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.53
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• pp.5-28
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• 2011

This research examines the recent increasingly intensified non-reporting phenomenon by the press in South Korea and its legitimacy and validity. Non-reporting denotes cases in which the press does not report on significant issues in society. Although journalism scholars have raised this question, it remains unaddressed through case studies and formal criticism. This research compares the reporting and non-reporting by major media groups of cases related to the surveillance of civilians by the National Intelligence Service and the Defense Security Command under the Ministry of National Defense. This research specifies that the non-reporting phenomenon relates not to the ability to report, but to willingness to report, due to intervention by political factionalism of media groups. The non-reporting phenomenon results from the press ignoring their basic responsibility stemming from journalistic ethics and their social responsibility to fulfill their readers' right to know. Accordingly, this research revealed that the non-reporting phenomenon cannot be justified through diverse theoretical discussions and the journalistic code of ethics. Through the logical framework of public opinions and diverse empirical data to support it, this research demonstrates that the non-reporting phenomenon produces not unhelpful, but harmful effects to resolutions to ideological dissent in South Korean society.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.794-806
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• 2020

This study was conducted in order to attain an in-depth understanding of and describe the Ego-Integrity Phenomenon of the elderly of age 65 and older. The data was collected from June 2020 to July 2020 as an in-depth interview consisting of semi-structured questions. The data was analyzed using the Colaizzi's method, one of the phenomenology methods. All interviews were recorded and transcribed for analysis. Through analysis, 309 significant statements were extracted, and 88 formulations of meaning, 53 themes, 16 theme clusters, and 5 categories were derived. The categories and the theme clusters are as such : 'reflecting on the past life with delight' ('fruitfulness over the lifetime', 'achieving through fulfilling responsibilities', 'achieved specially and gratefully'), 'Currently lonely and distressed due to the bitter old days' ('Physical health needs and psychosocial needs are not met', 'Wasn't able to make good choices for parents and children', 'Elderly life is not easy'), 'Satisfaction from enduring tough and difficult journeys in life' ('Compensated for hard work at workplace and home', 'Problem solved through endurance and overcoming', 'Living a healthy elderly life by escaping from the habits of the past'), 'Realizing the way of life as an elderly' ('Now is the best and most satisfying moment', 'Managing self in old age', 'Living passionately, though it may be late', 'Retiring from the forefront of life with an abundant heart'), 'Passing on beautifully' ('Desires toward the later years', 'Hope during the last moments', 'Appearance and emotions when death approaches'). It was observed that during the Ego-Integrity Phenomenon of the elderly, they have come to discern the meaning of life by reminiscing the regrets and difficulties of the past, and through this reminiscence, they have come to attain a positive and transcendental hope for the rest of their lives. The Ego-Integrity of the elderly appeared to be subjective, dynamic, and occurring simultaneously rather than continuously. It is recommended to develop a variety of nursing interventions while taking into consideration the age and the type of experience of the elderly.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 2006

The regulation for the low and intermediate level radioactive waste to be transferred to the disposal facility, recently revised, require that radioactive waste generators should set up waste certification program to verify the radioactive waste conform to the waste acceptance criteria(WAC) before disposal. The radioactive waste disposal facility, scheduled to be constructed in Korea, will institute WAC for the wastes to be transferred to the facility. This WAC is expected to compose of the requirements for the radiological characterization, physical and chemical characterization, physical/chemical restriction, prohibited item, packaging, identification, labeling, and documentation. For the compliance with this regulation, The radioactive waste generators should verify that the waste meet WAC through performance of the waste certification program and are responsible for handing in all the certification documents to the disposal facility. This waste certification program plan was set up as a preliminary program for the certification of radioactive waste generated in Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and should be further revised until preparation of WAC by disposal agent.