• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 1988

To investigate and analyze the change in the forest community structure between non-attacked time(in 1980) and severly damaged time(in 1987) by pine gall midge, Thecodoplosis japonensis, four plots with five subplots were sampled at Cheongwon-gun of Chungcheungbuk-do. The total number of woody species per 0.2ha changed 32 in 1980 to 53 in 1987. According to the damage increasing, the importance value of the genus Quercus as a substituting species has sprung up. Especially the importance value of Quercus serrata and Q. aliena singnificantly increased in the heavily insect infested forest. As to changes of forest community structure during 7 years, diversity of investigation structure has increased. The similarity indices between 1980 and 1987 were 52.9% and 49.7% in the understory and shrub stratum, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.118-134
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigated the plant community structure and to revaluate the part of plant ecosystem on statement of environmental impact assessment in Muju resort golf course, Solch'on area, Tokyusan National Park. The actual vegetation was comprised of Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica-Q. serrata community(33.21%), Q. spp. community(27.30%), P. densiflora community(20.68%) and high mountain marsh(4.93%) etc., which communities were the major vegetation and the forest vegetation was came to being a peculiar to environmental condition. The degree of green naturality 8, 9 was covered 93% in survey area, and so this result reflect the stability of ecosystem. There was all the difference between the statement of environmental impact assessment of development concerned and this study result in the estimation of degree of green naturality. The plant community were divided into six groups in fifty-four plots by DCA and the dividing groups were P. densiflora, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica, P. densiflora-Q. serrata-F. mandschurica-B. davurica, Q. mongolica-Q. serrata-P. densiflora, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis, Salix koreansis- B. davurica community. Except P. densiflora forest in survey site, the ecological succession trend of the other communities was seemed to be from P. densiflora to Q. spp.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.3 s.78
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• pp.228-236
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• 1996

Flesh fungi were collected during field trips to mountain areas throughout the country from May to October of 1994. Through the observation and identification of specimens belonging to the Aphyllophorales, one genus, Tylospora, and six species, Athelia fibulata, Hypochnicium punctulatum, Tylospora fibrillosa, Stereum ochraceo-flavum, Steccherinum litschaueri, and Oligoporus undosus were confirmed new to Korea and are registered here with descriptions.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.440-448
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• 2013

Forest vegetation of Namdeogyusan (1,507 m) in Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 45 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 8 communities of other vegetation, the total of 53 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 22 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 11 communities of valley forest, 5 communities of coniferous forests, 7 afforestation and 8 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata and Quercus variabilis communities account for 79.30 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica community takes up 82.96 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 53.31 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora, and Quercus variabilis are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2003

Korea has plentiful precipitation but rainfall events concentrate on several months of rainy season in her weather condition. Korea, therefore, experiences drought for a given period every year. Moreover the soil has usually low water holding capacity, as it is composed coarse particles originated from the granite. Response of several oaks and the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) on water stress showed that water budget was significant factor determining vegetation distribution. In addition, dehydration level due to cold resistance mechanism of several evergreen plants during the winter season was closely related to their distribution in natural condition. Experimental result under water stress showed that the Korean red pine was very tolerant to desiccation but the seedlings showed high mortality during the dry season. The mortality tended to proportionate to soil moisture content of each site. A comparison between soil moisture content during June when it is severe dry season and moisture content of the culture soil when the pine seedlings reached the permanent wilting point due to water withheld proved that high mortality during the dry season was due to water deficit. Water potential of sample plants measured during the exposure experiment to the air pollutant showed a probability that water related factors would dominate the occurrence of visible damage and the tolerance level of sample plants. In both field survey and laboratory experiment, plants exposed to air pollution showed more rapid transpiration than those grown in the unpolluted condition. The result would due to injury of leaf surface by air pollutants. Aluminum (Al/sup 3+/) increased in the acid soil not only inhibits root growth but also leads to abnormal distribution of root system and thereby caused water stress. The water stresses due to air pollution and soil acidification showed a possibility that they play dominating roles in inducing forest decline additionally to the existing water deficit due to weather and soil conditions in Korea. Sludge, which can contribute to improve field capacity, as it is almost composed of organic matter, showed an effect ameliorating the retarded growth of plant in the acidified soil. The effect was not less than that of dolomite known in widely as such a soil ameliorator. Litter extract contributed also to mitigate the water stress due to toxic Al/sup 3+/. We prepared a model showing the potential interaction of multiple stresses, which can cause forest decline in Korea by synthesizing those results. Furthermore, we suggested restoration plans, which can mitigate such forest decline in terms of soil amelioration and vegetation restoration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.4
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• pp.397-409
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• 1987

This study was executed to analyze the user's impact on vegetation structure changes and user's psychology in Odongdo Island of Hallyo-Haesang National Park. Five sites were sampled for vegetation structure changes vi the study area according to the extent of impact observed. Also user's psychology was studied through questionnaire with the visitors and 366 answers were collected at random sampling in May, 1986. Evergreen broad-leaved forest, i.e. Machilus thunbergii, Cinnamomum camphora, and Camellia japonica forest, took possession of 32.5% (3.91ha) of total forest area when condisering the actual vegetation. Camellia japonica community covered 40.0% (4.72ha) and Sasa coreana community took possession of 41.8% (5.02ha). The area of environmental impact grade 3 and 4 area covered 44.3% of total forest area and it should be restored because self-repair seemed to be impossible. The evergreen broad-leaved forest was destoryed seriously with no younger trees in middle and lower layers by overuse impact and would be bared soon. So the preservation of autochthonous flora is required by the control of the number of users. It was shown that most of visitors come on holidays and Sunday and places which were favorably impressed were shown as the area of showing the sea and Camellia forest. Overall levels of satisfaction was comparatively low, consequently 55% of visitors were satisfied. This level of satisfaction was associated with number of users, landscape of forest and number of facilities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.4
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• pp.360-371
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• 1989

This study was performed to investigate effects of air pollution on the Pinus thunbergii forests in Onsan industrial districts, and environmental factors, contents of soluble sulfur in needles, and composition of sorest vegetation were examined. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The pH of soils, organic matter and total N were low near the source of air pollutants, and sulfur contents in the soils was high in general. Especially there was significant correlation between the sulfur contents in the soil and pH at 1% level. 2. The contents of soluble sulfur in needles ranged from 0.13% to 0.25% and were generally high, and plot 2 and 3 were the highest of all. 3. In the number of species, 7 species appeared in plot 3 and 20 species in plot 7, and they were low near the source of air pollutants. Total number of individuls, species diversity and evenness increased with in creasing distance from the source of air pollutants. 4. There were significant correlations between the contents of soluble sulfur in needles and the number of species and species diversity at 5%, 1% level, respectively. 5. Importance value of each species was low near the source of air pollutants but Quercus species showed high values in all plots. 6. On these studied plots, Pinus thunbergii, Quercus serrata and smilax china were tolerant, and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Platycarya strobilacea and Lespedeza maritima were sensitive to air pollution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 1993

To compare ecological succession stage between 1987 and 1992, this study was executed in Mt. Puk'an. 26 sample plots of 500$m^2$ were set up. The results were summarized as follows; 1. To analysis plant community structure, the classification by TWINSPAN and CCA, DCA and RA ordination were applied to the study area. That of Mt. Puk'an was divided 4 groups by altitude. The dividing groups are Robinia pseudo-acacia-Quercus spp. community, mixed forest community, Q. serrata community, and Q. mongolica community. The successional trends of tree species over 500m seem to be from Pinus densiflora to Q. mongolica and below 500m in altitude seem to be from Robinia pseudo-acacia through Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Prunus sargentii, Sorbus alnifolia to Q. serrata in the canopy layer. In the case of understory and shrub layer, the successional trends to be from Corylus sieboldiana, Zanthoxylum schinifolium through Rhus trichocarpa, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii to Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. 2. In comparing successional trends with 1987', the advanced data was not obtained in 1992. It was postulated that succession is not progressed by human disturbance and air pollution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 1990

To investigate and analyze the change of the vegetation community structure between the severely damaged time (in 1980) and the restored time (in 1987) by the pine gall midge. Thecodoplosis japonensis, four plots with five subplots were sampled at Gwangju-gun of Kyongki-do. The total number of woody species per $500m^2$ changed 39 in 1980 to 41 in 1987. According to the damage restoring, the importance value of the genus Quercus as substituting in the severely damaged forest showed a slight decrease but the importance value of Carpinus laxiflora, Sorbus alnifolia and Styrax obassia increased. As to changes of the vegetation community structure for seven years, the diversity of vegetation structure has increased. The similarity indices between 1980 and 1987 were 52.9% and 51.9% in the understory and shrub stratum, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.239-249
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• 1982

The outlines of superior stands, including species mixed, age classes, canopies, and ecological conditions of the stands, were examined in the forests of west Germany, Sweden, and Netherland. The establishment schemes of tree seed orchards for the production of high genetic quality seed were also investigated in the present study. 1. The meteorological conditions, abundant in precipitation and high in relative humidity, prove it to be oceanic climate characteristics in the Scandinavia located in high latitude and north-western part of Europe. The photo periodical characteristics following to day-length and the frost times determine the patterns of tree growth and distribution as well as the tree adaptability due to bud-setting and bud-flushing in Sweden forest. 2. The European forests are generally characterized by dense multistoried forest type composed of upper stories of tall tree species such as Norway spruce, fir, Scots pine and beech, lower stories of shade tolerant poles and saplings of spruce, fir, beech, and floor vegetations covered with birch, oak and hornbeam etc. 3. The single tree selection method and group shelterwood method are commonly applied for silvicultural system but shelterwood method and clearcutting method practiced partially in limited area. Badischer Femelschlagbetrieb and Bayerischer Femelschlagbetrieb are popularized to the regeneration of Schwarzwald but selection method applied in part. 4. Tree cuttings are properly limited so as not to exceed annual increment volume for the sustained yield and the preservation of ecosystem in European forest management. Land preservation and recreation function are more interested with the promotion of wood production in the forest management. 5. Careful attentions are paid to the reforestation of the introduced exotic species, such as Douglas-fir, red oak, pines from America, Japanese larch, Italian poplar etc., with concern against the insect and pest damage, and the meteorological damage. 6. Some intensive studies on tree improvement, such as selection of plus tree, selection of plus stand for seed collection, provenance trial, progeny test of clone, hybrid seed orchard for clone complexing, are performed in the countries and the great part of the seed required for reforestation are supplied from the seed orchard established in Sweden and Netherland.