• Title/Summary/Keyword: 차아염소산나트륨

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Accidental Extrusion of Sodium Hypochlorite during Endodontic Treatment in a Primary Tooth (유치의 근관 치료 중 차아염소산나트륨의 치근단 유입으로 인한 합병증)

  • Kim, Minji;Kim, Jinyoung;Lim, Sumin
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.264-269
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    • 2015
  • Although sodium hypochlorite is the most frequently used canal irrigant during endodontic treatment, its complications are not as well recognized as its effectiveness. This report demonstrates that sodium hypochlorite extrusion during endodontic treatment can cause severe complications. A 5-year-old boy experienced immediate pain and swelling, ecchymosis in surrounding tissues, and profuse bleeding from the root canal during endodontic treatment, because of accidental extrusion of sodium hypochlorite. The patient was hospitalized, and analgesics and antibiotics were prescribed. Accidental extrusion of the irrigating solution occurs more frequently in teeth with immature apices, root resorption, and apical perforations; therefore, caution is needed. When such complications occur, proper management and medications are needed.

Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Sodium Hypochlorite under Acidic pH Condition (산성 pH 조건에서 차아염소산나트륨의 항균 활성 향상)

  • Son, Hyeon-Bin;Bae, Won-Bin;Jhee, Kwang-Hwan
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.50 no.2
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    • pp.211-217
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    • 2022
  • Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is a disinfectant widely used in hospitals and food industries because of its antimicrobial activity against not only bacteria but also fungi and virus. The antibacterial activity of NaClO lies in the maintenance of a stable hypochlorous acid (HClO) concentration, which is regulated by pH of the solution. HClO can easily penetrate bacterial cell membrane due to its chemical neutrality and the antibacterial activity of NaClO is thought to depend on the concentration of HClO in solution rather than hypochlorite ions (ClO-). In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of NaClO according to pH adjustment by means of time kill test and assays of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration changes before and after NaClO treatment. We also investigated that the degree of cell wall destruction through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) exposed to 5 ppm NaClO at pH 5 exhibited 99.9% mortality. ROS production at pH 5 was 48% higher than that produced at pH 7. In addition, the ATP concentration in E. coli and S. aureus exposed to pH 5 decreased by 94% and 91%, respectively. As a result of FE-SEM, it was confirmed that the cell wall was destroyed in the bacteria by exposing to pH 5 NaClO. Taken together, our results indicate that the antibacterial activity of 5 ppm NaClO can be improved simply by adjusting the pH.

Localization Development of On-Site High Sodium Hypochlorite Generation (고농도 차아염소산나트륨 발생장치 국산화 개발)

  • Kim, Jung Sik;Shin, Hyun Su;Lee, Eun Kyoung;Jung, Bong Ik
    • Transactions of the KSME C: Technology and Education
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.83-90
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this study is to replace existing liquid chlorine with localization of on-site high (12%) sodium hypochlorite generation system. On-site high (12%) sodium hypochlorite generation system is higher the current efficiency of 38.7%, 54.6% reduction of salt consumption, and 97.3% lower rate of chlorate than on-site low (0.8%) sodium hypochlorite generation system.

Use of Sodium Hypochlorite for the Control of Bakanae Disease in Rice (벼 키다리병 방제를 위한 차아염소산나트륨 이용)

  • Shin, Dong Bum;Goh, Jaeduk;Lee, Bong Choon;Kang, In Jeong;Kang, Hang-Won
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.259-263
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    • 2014
  • For application of sodium hypochlorite as a seed disinfectant to the control of bakanae disease caused by Gibberella fujikuroi in rice, we investigated the effects of sodium hypochlorite for antifungal activity, eliminating fungus from seeds and reducing disease occurrence in vitro and greenhouse. The viability of the pathogen was significantly reduced at $80{\mu}l/l$ concentration of sodium hypochlorite, and the pathogens did not grow at over $100{\mu}l/l$ concentration of sodium hypochlorite. The effect of eliminating fungus was 90% at treatment of 0.3% sodium hypochlorite solution to infected rice seeds for eight hours. When the rice seeds were soaked into 0.5% and 0.3% sodium hypochlorite solutions for twelve hours, the disease incidences of rice seedling were remarkably reduced to 4.3% and 4.7%, respectively, compared to 97.3% of non-treatment control. The rates of seedling stand were 29.1% and 26.9% higher with the sodium hypochlorite treatment than that of non-treatment control. When prochloraz and sodium hypochlorite was treated to naturally severely infested rice seeds with bakanae disease, the disinfection effect was higher than that of prochloraz alone treatment. When the seeds were soaked in sodium hypochlorite before or after prochloraz, the rate of seed contamination was low as 4.0% or 6.3%, respectively, compared to prochloraz alone as 13.7%. The disease incidence was low as 3.7% or 8.3%, respectively, compared to prochloraz alone as 14.3%. The disinfection effect of treatment with prochloraz after sodium hypochlorite was higher than that of treatment with prochloraz before sodium hypochlorite.

A Study on Control Disinfection By-products in High Sodium Hypochlorite Generation (고농도 차아염소산나트륨 발생장치의 소독부산물 제어에 관한 연구)

  • Cho, Haejin;Shin, Hyunsoo;Ko, Sungho
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.183-189
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    • 2017
  • Sodium hypochlorite used in water disinfection processes is generally in the production of chlorine to 0.8%. As the dose of chlorine increases, disinfection by-products (Chlorate) also increase simultaneously and exceed water quality standards. In this study, the electrolytic cell of a sodium hypochlorite generator (12% chlorine) was adjusted to control the production of the disinfection by-products. As a result, it was possible to reduce Chlorate concentrations by more than 95% by adjusting the pH of the electrolytic cell from 1.53 to 4.2 (normal pH of the electrolytic cell). As a low current is required to obtain these results, a 15% improvement in the efficiency of the positive electrode is also observed. For the development of High Sodium Hypochlorite Generation can be used in a safe sodium hypochlorite solution, which is expected to contribute to improvement in the safety of the disinfection process.

COMPLICATIONS OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE DURING RE-ENDODONTIC TREATMENT OF MAXILLARY PRIMARY CENTRAL INCISOR : A CASE REPORT (상악 유중절치 재근관 치료에서 차아염소산나트륨의 합병증에 대한 증례 보고)

  • Hong, So-Yi;Kim, Jin-Woo;Kim, Ji-Youn;Mah, Yon-Joo;Ahn, Byung-Duk
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.39 no.2
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    • pp.186-191
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    • 2012
  • The sodium hypochlorite is widely used in endodontic treatment. While it is effective solution for disinfection of root canal system, complications during canal irrigation are rarely reported, especially in primary teeth. This report demonstrates that sodium hypochlorite extruding through the root apex might cause severe complications. A 4-year-old female patient was referred from local dental clinic to the emergency room for the management of sudden facial swelling and pain during re-endodontic treatment of the maxillary primary central incisor using sodium hypochlorite. The patient was given systemic steroids, antihistamines, antibiotics and analgesics and the maxillary primary central incisor was extracted to prevent secondary infection. Swelling began to subside after 2 days. A negative result was obtained from skin patch test with sodium hypochlorite. Thorough care must be taken in primary teeth to prevent the inadvertent injection of sodium hypochlorite to periapical tissues during root canal irrigation. When adverse reaction occurs, proper management such as analgesia, cold compression and adequate medication should be done.

Hypochlorite Production by Using SPEEK/APSf and SPEEK/APEI Bipolar Membranes Modified by the Direct Fluorination (직접 불소화에 의해 표면 개질된 SPEEK/APSf, SPEEK/APEI 바이폴라막을 이용한 차아염소산나트륨 생성)

  • Kim, Ka young;Cheong, Seong Ihl;Rhim, Ji Won
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.25 no.5
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    • pp.447-455
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    • 2015
  • In this study, Polysulfone (PSf) and polyetherimide (PEI) as the anion exchange polymers were aminated in the different ratio whereas the polyether ether ketone (PEEK) as the cation exchange polymer was sulfonated. The bipolar membranes of SPEEK (sulfonated PEEK)/APSf (aminated PSf) and SPEEK/APEI (aminated PEI) were prepared by the double-casting method. The surfaces of bipolar membranes were fluorinated in accordance with the amination ratio and applied to produce the hypochlorite. As the amination increased, the hypochlorite concentration is also increased. Typically, for SPEEK/APSf 3 : 1 membrane, the produced hypochlorite concentration was 61.0 ppm and its durability was 220 min for the non-fluorinated membrane while for the fluorinated membrane, the concentration of 58.6 ppm and its durability lasted 570 min. Also for SPEEK/APEI 3 : 1 membrane, the hypochlorite concentrations of 60.1 ppm and 58.3 ppm for before- and after-fluorination, respectively were observed whereas the durability was remarkably developed from 150 min to 440 min. Therefore, the surface fluorination takes an important role for the development of the membrane durability.

THE EFFECT OF NAOCL TREATMENT AND STERILIZATION PROCEDURES ON THE CORROSION OF ENDODONTIC FILES (차아염소산나트륨 처리와 멸균법이 근관 치료용 파일의 부식에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Yang, Won-Kyung;Ra, Yoon-Sik;Lee , Young-Kyoo;Son, Ho-Hyun;Kim, Mi-Ri
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.121-127
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    • 2005
  • A variety files made of stainless steel (S-S) or nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) are used during endodontic treatment. The purpose of tt)is study was to evaluate the corrosion susceptibility of S-S and Ni-Ti endodontic files. Three brands of files were used for this study: $K-flex^{(R)}$ S-S files (Maillefer, USA), $Profile^{(R)}$ Ni-Ti files (Maillefer, USA), $K-3^{(R)}$ Ni-Ti files (SybronEndo. USA). 120 files of each brands (21mm, ISO size $\#20$) were divided into 12 groups according to 1) sterilization methods using Autoclave or Ethylene Oxide (E-O) gas, 2) Irrigation solutions using $5.25\%$ NaOCl or Saline, 3) the number of sterilization (1, 5, 10 times), After above procedures, each of the files was inspected by three examiners with a light microscope and camera at X25. Each file was judged and ranked according to the following criteria: 0;, no corrosion, 1; mild corrosion, 2; moderate corrosion, and 3; severe corrosion. The files of high score were examined under the Scanning Electron Microscope. Data were statistically analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). Most of the ten time-autoclaved files had showed mild to moderate corrosion. But, one or five time-autoclaved files did not show corrosive surface. NaOCl treatment and E-O gas sterilization did not influence on corrosion. There was a significant difference in corrosion susceptibility between sterilization methods and the number of autoclaving. However, there was no significant difference between brands and file materials.

Efficacy of Sodium Hypochlorite against E. coli on Various Leafy Green and Stem Vegetables (차아염소산나트륨이 비가열 엽경채류 중 병원성 대장균 사멸에 미치는 영향)

  • Su-jin Kim;Woo-Suk Bang
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.38 no.1
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    • pp.31-36
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    • 2023
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite in eliminating Escherichia coli strains from leafy green and stem vegetables, which are frequently sold at community service centers. A cocktail of non-pathogenic E. coli and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (E. coli O157:H7) was used to artificially contaminate the vegetables (initial numbers of bacteria 7-8 log CFU/g). The contaminated vegetables were soaked in sodium hypochlorite for 5 min and then washed three times with running water. After the treatment, number of viable bacterial cells on the vegetables was estimated. Sodium hypochlorite treatment reduced the E. coli population by 1-2 log CFU/g on leafy green and stem vegetables, a significant reduction from the initial number. Further, sodium hypochlorite showed better antimicrobial efficacy for leaves with a larger surface area, less roughness, and softness. There was no significant difference in the antimicrobial effect between 100 and 200 mg/kg of sodium hypochlorite. Therefore, it is not necessary to increase sodium hypochlorite concentration than the level suggested in the school meal hygiene management guidelines. However, sodium hypochlorite treatment is not sufficient to achieve a safe level of microorganisms on leafy green and stem vegetables since they generally have a high abundance of microorganisms on their surface. Thus, an alternative cooking method for fresh leafy green and stem vegetables in summer should be developed to ensure they are safe for consumption.

CYCLIC FATIGUE OF THE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE TREATED AND /OR STEAM AUTOCLAVED NICKEL-TITANIUM ENDODONTIC FILES (차아염소산나트륨 용액과 고압증기멸균이 근관치료용 니켈-타이타늄 파일의 주기적 피로 파절에 미치는 영향)

  • Cho, Hye-Young;Jung, Ii-Young;Lee, Chan-Young;Kim, Eui-Seong
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.54-65
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    • 2008
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sodium hypochlorite and steam autoclaving on the cyclic fatigue of nickel-titanium endodontic files. Two types of files with a .06 taper and #30 were used, $K3^{(R)}$ (SybronEndo, Glendora, California, USA) and Hero $642^{(R)}$(Micro-Mega, BesanCon, France). The files were divided into 6 experimental groups containing 10 files each group depending the soaking time in 6% sodium hypochlorite solution and number of cycles of steam autoclave. After sterilization, a cyclic fatigue test was performed on each file, and the fracture time was recorded in seconds. The control group underwent the cyclic fatigue test only. After the test, the surface characteristics of the files were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All groups containing the Hero 64~ files showed a similar cyclic fatigue fracture time. However, the cyclic fatigue fracture time with the $K3^{(R)}$ files was significantly shorter in groups which were treated with sodium hypochlorite than in the control group (P < 0.05), SEM revealed both Hero $642^{(R)}$ and $K3^{(R)}$ files to have significant corrosion on the file surface in groups treated with sodium hypochlorite, compared with the sharp and regular blades of the control group. $K3^{(R)}$ files showed more corrosion than the Hero $642^{(R)}$ files. Bluntness of the blades of the $K3^{(R)}$ file was observed in groups treated with steam autoclave. Although there was no obvious destruction on the surface of steam autoclaved Hero $642^{(R)}$ files, slight bluntness was observed. Sterilizing with a steam autoclave is much less destructive to $K3^{(R)}$ files than sodium hypochlorite. The longer time exposed to sodium hypochlorite, the more destructive pattern was shown on the blades of the files. Therefore, when using sodium hypochlorite solution, the exposure time should be as short as possible in order to prevent corrosion and increase the cyclic fatigue fracture time.